Q&A Hero

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of the response to stress? a. Men often follow a pattern of "tend-and-befriend" b. Women usually engage in the "fight-or-flight" response c. Older men and women tend to lose their ability to adapt to stress d. Common psychological stressors in older people include alcohol abuse and smoking e. The physiologic responses triggered by stress decrease the likelihood of physical responses to the stressors

Q: Longevity is defined as a. long duration of life. b. a person’s age in years from date of birth. c. maximum number of years of life attainable by a species. d. average number of years lived by people in a given society. e. the years of life left for someone who has attained a given age.

Q: Once a woman reaches the age of 75 years, about how many more years of survival would be expected? a. 9 b. 11 c. 13 d. 15 e. 17

Q: Approximately how many years is the maximum human life span? a. 75 b. 100 c. 115 d. 130 e. 145

Q: What is the life expectancy of white males and females in the United States? a. 62 (males), 68 years (females) b. 77 (males), 81 years (females) c. 82 (males), 86 years (females) d. 87 (males), 90 years (females) e. 89 (males), 93 years (females)

Q: What was the average life expectancy of a person born in the year 1900? a. 47 years b. 55 years c. 61 years d. 68 years e. 71 years

Q: Approximately what fraction of the U.S. population is at least 65 years old? a. 1/100 b. 1/30 c. 1/10 d. 1/8 e. 1/3

Q: What is the fastest-growing age group in the United States? a. 21-34 years b. 35-49 years c. 50-64 d. 65-84 years e. Over 85 years

Q: What is the life expectancy of black males and females in the United States? a. 72 (males), 78 years (females) b. 78 (males), 85 years (females) c. 81 (males), 86 years (females) d. 85 (males), 89 years (females) e. 90 (males), 93 years (females)

Q: Describe relationships among obesity, hypertension, and blood cholesterol in children and adolescents.

Q: Discuss the role of peer pressure in shaping food preferences of adolescents.

Q: Describe the importance of calcium intake during adolescence. Do most adolescents meet their calcium needs?

Q: Discuss factors that undermine positive nutrition influences at school.

Q: What are the criteria for selecting surgery for treatment of obesity in adolescents?

Q: Discuss the effects of obesity in childhood. What steps can be taken to prevent and to treat this condition?

Q: List possible reasons for the increase in the incidence of peanut allergy.

Q: What is the relationship between nutrition and hyperactivity in children?

Q: Describe the physical and mental effects of lead exposure on children.

Q: Discuss the short- and long-term consequences of iron deficiency in children on behavior and on school performance.

Q: Explain the appropriate procedure for introducing new foods to infants.

Q: Discuss the special nutritional needs of the preterm infant and ways to meet these needs.

Q: What is the association between breastfeeding and body weight in later life?

Q: Explain the feeding pattern of healthy breastfed infants.

Q: Describe the growth curve of infants from birth to one year. Compare the energy needs of this age group with those of adults.

Q: a. 1 in 7 k. Puberty b. 4-8 l. Linoleic c. 21 m. Weaning d. 80 n. Vitamin D e. 100 o. Colostrum f. Iron p. Lactoferrin g. Casein q. Lactadherin h. Folate r. Epinephrine i. Honey s. Bifidus factors j. Sucrose t. Alpha-lactalbumin 1)Expected weight at one year, in pounds, of an infant with a birthweight of seven pounds 2)Typical daily energy need, in kcalories per kg body weight, of an infant 3)Essential fatty acid in breast milk 4)Chief protein in human breast milk 5)Chief protein in cow's milk 6)Nutrient that is low in human milk but adequate in infant formulas 7)Pre-milk substance from the breast, containing antibodies 8)Substance in breast milk that promotes growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestines 9)Substance in breast milk that deprives intestinal bacteria of iron 10)A breast milk protein that fights virus-induced diarrhea 11)Process whereby breast milk is gradually replaced by formula or semi-solid foods 12)Low content of this nutrient makes goat's milk inappropriate for infants 13)Typical energy source in infant soy formulas 14)Possible source of infant botulism 15)Deficiency of this nutrient in children causes symptoms similar to mild lead toxicity 16)Approximate percentage of young children diagnosed with food allergies 17)Substance given to prevent anaphylactic shock in people with food allergies 18)Percent chance of becoming an obese adult for an obese teen with one obese parent 19)Period in life when an individual becomes physically capable of reproduction 20)Percentage of high school students who are smokers

Q: ____________________ is a craving to consume nonfood items.

Q: ____________________, the over-the-counter version of orlistat, should not be given to anyone younger than age 18.

Q: Adverse reactions to foods that do not involve the immune system are called ___________________.

Q: A true ____________________ occurs when fractions of a food protein or other large molecule are absorbed into the blood and elicit an immunologic response.

Q: Limited research suggests that food additives such as ____________________ preservative may exacerbate hyperactive symptoms such as inattention and impulsivity in some children.

Q: Honey should never be fed to infants because of the risk of ____________________.

Q: ____________________ in breast milk help to establish and maintain growth of desired bacteria in gastrointestinal tract and inhibit pathogen attachment to the intestinal mucosa.

Q: The component of breast milk that inhibits the development of inflammatory bowel disease and supports a healthy epithelial barrier is ____________________.

Q: No single nutrient is more essential to growth than ____________________.

Q: After the age of ____________________ years, children can be transitioned to fat-free milk if care is taken to avoid excessive restriction of dietary fat.

Q: About how many meals each week are eaten outside the home by adolescents? a. 3 b. 7 c. 10 d. 14 e. 18

Q: Approximately what fraction of an average teenager’s daily energy intake is derived from snacks? a. 1/4 b. 1/3 c. 1/2 d. 2/3 e. 3/4

Q: Which of the following is a feature of beverage intake in adolescents? a. Juice intake is spread throughout the day. b. Milk intake occurs primarily between meals. c. Males typically drink less milk than females. d. Four standard colas a day provides enough caffeine to alter behavior. e. Soft drinks are typically consumed in addition to milk, not instead of it.

Q: Girls younger than the age of 14 who have started to menstruate, need additional ____ milligrams of iron per day. a. 1 b. 1.5 c. 2 d. 2.5 e. 3

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of the adolescent period? a. Obesity occurs more often in African-American females. b. Appetite for red meat increases in females to meet iron needs. c. More nutrient-dense foods are needed by males because of their faster development. d. The risk for calcium insufficiency is greatest in males due to their high intake of soft drinks. e. The adolescent growth spurt begins around age 12 for females and 10 for males.

Q: One factor that has limited the success of the School Breakfast Program is that a. the cost is prohibitive. b. the meals are not nutritious. c. children simply do not participate in it. d. fewer than 10% of the nation€s schools participate in it. e. many pediatricians oppose it.

Q: What minimum fraction of the RDA for key nutrients for children 10-12 years of age should be provided by public school lunches? a. 1/8 b. 1/4 c. 1/3 d. 1/2 e. 2/3

Q: When children are allowed to eat freely from a variety of foods, they usually select foods that arehighin a. iron. b. fiber. c. sugar. d. protein. e. fat.

Q: If a child is reluctant to try a new food, it is best to a. send the child to his/her room. b. withhold dessert until all food on the plate is eaten. c. quietly remove it and present it again at another time. d. encourage other family members to coax the child to eat it. e. ignore the child until he or she eats it.

Q: Even in preschoolers whose habits are being established, existing dietary attitudes are relatively resistant to change. How should wise parents react? a. Be patient and persistent. b. Impose their own eating habits on the children. c. Wait until the children start school to initiate changes. d. Exert continuous pressure to initiate good food habits. e. Punish inappropriate eating behavior.

Q: Who is best able to manage the growth and weight gain of overweight children? a. School nurse b. Parents/caregivers c. Health-care professional d. School physical education instructor e. Peers

Q: Which of the following is an effective strategy for dealing with obesity in a child? a. Encourage the individual to eat quickly and then leave the table. b. Institute new eating habits such as teaching the individual to clean the food plate. c. Engage the individual in at least 1 hour per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity. d. Take control and strongly encourage the individual to lose weight by limiting food intake and exercising vigorously. e. Behavior modification programs that reward healthy choices and punish unhealthy choices.

Q: Which of the following is a feature of nutrition and behavior in children? a. Hyperactivity responds favorably to a low-sugar diet. b. The adverse effects from caffeine first appear only after drinking 6 cans of cola in one day. c. Television commercials featuring snack foods have been found to affect children€s food preferences. d. Because most children are sensitive to the stimulating effects of caffeine, they are able to control their intake of cola beverages. e. Research indicates a strong relationship between food dyes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Q: What is the leading cause of high blood pressure in children? a. Obesity b. High sodium intake c. Insufficient calcium intake d. Insufficient potassium intake e. Excess vitamin E intake

Q: To help improve a child’s BMI, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends limiting television and video time for children older than 2 years to how many hours per day? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5

Q: The typical can of soft drink contains the equivalent of how many teaspoons of sugar? a. 1 b. 3 c. 7 d. 10 e. 16

Q: What population group consumes the most soft drinks each day at school? a. Teenage boys b. Teenage girls c. 10 to 12 year-old boys d. 10 to 12 year-old girls e. 8 to 10 year-old boys and girls

Q: According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, what is the recommended maximum number of hours/day of television viewing for a child under 2 years of age? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3 e. 5

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of obesity in childhood? a. The typical obese child does not learn food behaviors from his family. b. A nonobese child of nonobese parents has a less than 10% chance of becoming obese in adulthood. c. An obese adolescent with one obese parent has virtually a 100% chance of becoming obese in adulthood. d. The typical obese child today has approximately the same energy intake as did children 30 years ago. e. Obese children should be put on restrictive diets to reduce their weight as quickly as possible.

Q: Approximately what percentage of U.S. children between 2 and 19 years of age are overweight? a. 4 b. 8 c. 16 d. 32 e. 48

Q: If a child is allergic to soy, which of the following should be avoided? a. Milk b. Diglycerides c. Peanut butter d. Textured vegetable protein e. Seitan

Q: A child with a true allergy to milk is actually allergic to the milk’s a. casein. b. lactose. c. medium-chain fats. d. bovine growth hormone. e. contamination with antibiotics.

Q: A child known to be allergic to peanuts who begins to show signs such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the tongue, and severe abdominal discomfort is most likely in immediate need of a life-saving injection of a. cortisone. b. serotonin. c. epinephrine. d. acetylcholine. e. histamine.

Q: A life-threatening whole-body allergic reaction is known as a. anaphylactic shock. b. hyperhistamine response. c. hyporespiratory syndrome. d. wheezing food intolerance. e. immunoresponsive allergy.

Q: What food is responsible for the most life-threatening allergic reactions in people? a. Eggs b. Peanuts c. Shellfish d. Cow€s milk e. Soy

Q: Which of the following foods are most often the cause of anaphylactic shock? a. Eggs, peanuts, and milk b. Bananas, juice, and cola c. Apples, noodles, and rice d. Pears, oatmeal, and chocolate e. Barley, corn, and quinoa

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of a food allergy? a. It always elicits symptoms in the person. b. It always involves the production of antibodies. c. It always shows up immediately after exposure to the allergic food. d. It is elicited from very small, simple molecules as well as large, complex molecules. e. It is less severe than an intolerance.

Q: A child who develops antibodies to a certain food is said to have a a. food allergy. b. food intolerance. c. specific inducible episode. d. transient immune suppression. e. histamine inhibition response.

Q: What is thought to account, in part, for the rise in the prevalence of peanut allergy? a. Excess sodium consumed as part of the peanuts. b. Roasting peanuts at very high temperatures makes them more allergenic. c. Impaired digestion/absorption resulting from elevated leptin and adiponectin levels. d. Increased inflammation of the immune system due to altered ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids. e. Hyperstimulation of the immune system by multiple vaccines.

Q: What percentage of young school aged children exhibit hyperactivity? a. 5% b. 7% c. 9% d. 11% e. 13%

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of lead exposure and health? a. Absorption of lead is higher on an empty stomach. b. Lead toxicity is most prevalent in children around the time of puberty. c. Lead-induced anemia is similar to the anemia of vitamin B12 deficiency. d. The symptoms of lead toxicity can be reversed by adding iron to the diet. e. Lead exposure is extremely rare in the U.S..

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of iron deficiency in children? a. It affects brain function before anemia sets in. b. It rarely develops in those with high intakes of milk. c. It is the primary factor in tension-fatigue syndrome. d. Mild deficiency enhances mental performance by lowering physical activity level, thereby leading to increased attention span. e. Children who had iron deficiency as infants recover completely when iron levels are normalized.

Q: Which of the following is characteristic of children who regularly eat breakfast or skip breakfast? a. Breakfast-skippers actually show lower scores on IQ tests than those who eat breakfast. b. Attention spans are similar but a significant number of breakfast-skippers show hyperglycemia. c. Breakfast-skippers initially show decreased mental performance but with time they adapt and show almost identical achievements. d. Breakfast-skippers who change to eating breakfast show a temporary improvement in mental concentration but also a moderate degree of hypoglycemia. e. Children who skip breakfast and often quite thin and malnourished.

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of hunger and behavior in children? a. Children who fail to eat breakfast typically become hyperactive after eating lunch. b. The nutrient deficit arising from skipping a breakfast is usually made up over the following 2 days. c. Children who eat nutritious breakfasts are absent from school less often than their friends who do not. d. Although breakfast-skippers show reduced attention spans, their scores on intelligence tests remain unaffected. e. While hunger can have short-term effects, there is little evidence for long-term effects.

Q: Which of the following was a finding of the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study? a. Most toddlers but not infants consumed insufficient intakes of sodium. b. The most popular food among these population groups was baked potatoes. c. Most infants but not toddlers demonstrated food intake patterns consistent with MyPlate recommendations. d. About one-fourth of the infants and toddlers failed to consume even one serving of fruits or vegetables daily. e. Less than 10% of young preschoolers consumed nutrient-poor, energy-dense beverages, desserts, and snack foods each day.

Q: Which of the following is a feature of nutrition in childhood? a. Very few children take nutrient supplements of any kind. b. Total energy requirements are higher for a typical 3 year old than a 12 year old. c. Iron-deficiency anemia in children is prevalent in Canada but not the United States due to fortification. d. Children who fail to consume vitamin D-fortified foods should receive a daily supplement of 10 micrograms. e. Vegetarian and vegan diets are unsafe for children.

Q: Which of the following is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency among U.S. and Canadian children? a. Iron b. Protein c. Calcium d. Vitamin C e. Vitamin A

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of fat in the diet of children? a. The recommended daily fat intake up to age 12 is age plus 20 g. b. There is an RDA for total fat for children beginning at 3 years of age. c. Low-fat diets usually provide sufficient amounts of the micronutrients. d. Fat intakes below 30% of total energy do not impair growth provided that total energy intake is adequate. e. Children between 4 and 18 years of age should get at least 50% of their energy from fat.

Q: Children should spend no more than ____ hours per day watching television, playing electronic games, and using the computer (except for homework) a. 1 to 2 b. 2 to 3 c. 3 to 4 d. 4 to 5 e. 5 to 6

Q: Approximately how many kcal per day does an average 6 year old need to obtain? a. 400 b. 800 c. 1600 d. 2400 e. 3200

Q: Which of the following is true regarding energy metabolism of the preschool child? a. Food intake is remarkably similar from meal to meal. b. Overweight individuals have appetites similar to normal-weight individuals. c. Energy needs per kg body weight increase from 1 year of age to 5 years of age. d. A 1 year old who needs 800 kcal/day would require only about 1600 kcal at 6 years of age. e. An active 10 year-old requires about 3200 kcal/day.

Q: Young children who drink more than 2 to 3 1/2 cups of milk a day are most likely at increased risk for deficiency of a. iron. b. folate. c. vitamin A. d. vitamin C. e. vitamin D.

Q: Infants fed honey or corn syrup are at increased risk for a. protein malnutrition. b. botulism. c. osteopenia. d. type 1 diabetes. e. lead poisoning.

Q: Which of the following nutrients need to be supplied first by solid foods in a baby’s diet? a. Vitamin C and iron b. Vitamin A and zinc c. Vitamin B12 and fluoride d. Vitamin E and magnesium e. Sodium and manganese

Q: What should be the first cereal introduced to the infant? a. Oat b. Corn c. Rice d. Wheat e. Barley