Q&A Hero

Q: Why should new foods be introduced to an infant one at a time? a. It prevents overfeeding. b. Any allergic reactions can be detected. c. Immunological protection hasn't been developed. d. The swallowing reflex is not under voluntary control. e. It reduces risk of upset stomach.

Q: At what age does the normal infant first develop the ability to swallow nonliquid food? a. 1 to 2 months b. 2 to 4 months c. 4 to 6 months d. 6 to 9 months e. 9 to 12 months

Q: Which of the following represents a good age to introduce solid foods to infants? a. Two weeks b. Two months c. Five months d. Nine months e. One year

Q: Of the following cereals, which is most likely to result in an allergic reaction upon first feeding? a. Oat b. Rice c. Corn d. Wheat e. Barley

Q: Which of the following feeding practices is recommended for preterm infants? a. They should be fed exclusively on breast milk. b. They should be fed on breast milk enriched in a 1 to 1 ratio with cow’s milk. c. They should be fed preterm breast milk, occasionally fortified with specific nutrients. d. They should be fed only on special formulas because the nutrient content of breast milk is too low. e. They should be fed raw cow’s milk fortified with infant vitamins.

Q: Which of the following defines nursing bottle tooth decay? a. Caries development resulting from frequent use of non-sterile bottles and nipples. b. Bacterial attack of teeth due to severe tooth misalignment from sucking on oversized bottle nipples. c. Marked tooth decay of an infant due to prolonged exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids from a bottle. d. Tooth decay resulting from constant exposure to food due to inability of the infant to swallow normally. e. Tooth decay resulting from the rubbing of the nipple against the teeth and consequent thinning of enamel.

Q: Goat’s milk is inappropriate for infants due to its low content of a. iron. b. folate. c. protein. d. calcium. e. vitamin D.

Q: What is the most realistic advice for reducing lead exposure from the tap water used to prepare infant formula? a. Because the lead in hot water pipes settles out overnight, draw the water from this source first. b. Whenever possible, boil the water to vaporize the lead and thus decrease the amount remaining in the water. c. Because the first water drawn from the tap each day is highest in lead, let the water run a few minutes before using it. d. To inhibit lead absorption, add a small amount of citrus juice to the water to provide citric acid to complex with the lead. e. Filtering the water through a clean coffee filter will typically remove the majority of lead contamination.

Q: Which of the following is a common source of lead poisoning in infants? a. Maternal passage of lead to fetus b. Baby bottles made from lead crystal c. Contaminated water used to make infant formula d. Preparation of infant formula in galvanized containers e. Environmental contamination from leaded gasoline

Q: Which of the following formulas is available for infants with lactose intolerance? a. Egg b. Soy c. Barley d. Powdered cow€s milk e. Goat’s milk

Q: To gradually replace breast milk with infant formula or other foods appropriate to an infant’s diet is to a. feed. b. wean. c. nurse. d. breastfeed. e. mature.

Q: Compared with cow’s milk, breast milk contains a. less protein and calcium. b. less lactose and vitamin C. c. more fat and less carbohydrate. d. more energy and less vitamin E. e. more vitamin D.

Q: What is lactadherin? a. An iron-binding protein in breast milk b. A vitamin D-binding protein in breast milk c. A breast milk protein that inactivates a GI virus that causes diarrhea d. A protein supplement to infant formulas that simulates the digestibility properties of alpha-lactalbumin e. A protein that promotes epidermal growth

Q: What factor in breast milk binds iron and prevents it from supporting the growth of the infant's intestinal bacteria? a. Colostrum b. Lactoferrin c. Hemoferritin d. Bifidus factor e. Lysozyme

Q: Which of the following is associated with bifidus factors? a. Increased iron absorption b. Increased bacterial growth c. Decreased allergy protection d. Decreased hormone production e. Impaired immune response

Q: Which of the following is a feature of infant development and nutrition? a. Overfeeding a breast-fed infant is easier than with a formula-fed infant. b. Breast-fed infants obtain iron-binding proteins that inhibit bacterial infections. c. Breast-fed infants are at high risk of iron deficiency for the first 6 months of life. d. For optimal development, infants should be transitioned to formula after one year of breast-feeding. e. Goat's milk is an appropriate substitute for infants who cannot tolerate cow’s milk.

Q: What is colostrum? a. A clot in the bloodstream b. A major protein in breast milk c. A hormone that promotes milk production d. A milk-like substance secreted right after delivery e. Antibodies found in breast milk

Q: What is thought to be the primary function of the oligosaccharides in breast milk? a. Stimulation of the let-down reflex b. Protection from infections in the infant c. Stimulation of salivary amylase in the infant d. Enhanced bioavailability of DHA and arachidonic acid e. Increase the permeability of intestinal mucous

Q: What is the chief protein in human breast milk? a. Casein b. Lactose c. Albumin d. Alpha-lactalbumin e. Lactoferrin

Q: For optimal breast-feeding benefits, it is recommended that the infant be encouraged to suckle on the first breast offered a. for about 1-2 minutes. b. for no more than 5 minutes. c. before he shows signs of hunger. d. until he stops actively suckling. e. until he begins to cry.

Q: The recommended amounts of vitamins and minerals for infants are based on the a. average amounts present in body tissues of thriving infants. b. adult RDA scaled down to infants on a per kg body weight basis. c. older child’s RDA scaled down to the infant on a per kg body weight basis. d. average amounts ingested by thriving infants breastfed by well-nourished mothers. e. average amounts found in breast milk.

Q: What is the relative weight of an infant brain compared to an adult’s brain? a. Half as much b. About the same c. Three times as much d. Six times as much e. Ten times as much

Q: What organ in the infant uses more than half of the day’s total energy intake? a. Liver b. Brain c. Kidney d. Skeletal muscle e. Small and large intestines

Q: What would be a normal body weight after one year for a healthy infant with a birthweight of 8 lbs? a. 12 lbs b. 16 lbs c. 24 lbs d. 30 lbs e. 36 lbs

Q: What is the typical weight gain (lbs) of an infant between the first and second year of life? a. 5 b. 10 c. 15 d. 20 e. 25

Q: Describe the risks associated with caffeine intake during pregnancy.

Q: Describe the two most common neural tube defects and what is known about their development.

Q: Describe the physical and mental abnormalities associated with fetal alcohol syndrome.

Q: List the benefits of breastfeeding for the infant and for the mother.

Q: Provide examples of the effects of environmental contaminants on pregnancy outcomes.

Q: Discuss the effects of tobacco use in the pregnant woman and its effects on health of the newborn.

Q: Describe the condition known as preeclampsia. What are its risk factors and what is known about its prevention?

Q: Define gestational diabetes and list risk factors. How is it managed?

Q: List the complications experienced by low-birthweight infants.

Q: Discuss important concerns for vegetarian diets during pregnancy or lactation.

Q: Discuss the changes in macronutrient needs in pregnancy.

Q: Discuss the consequences of being overweight or obese at the time of pregnancy.

Q: Discuss the association between maternal nutrition and the risk for development of chronic diseases in her child.

Q: Discuss the term ′critical periods′ in relation to pregnancy.

Q: What is the role of the placenta and how does it develop?

Q: a. 1 in 75 k. Zygote b. 1 in 13 l. Embryo c. 7 1/2 m. Alcohol d. 17-30 n. Eclampsia e. 25 o. Amniotic f. 35 p. Birthweight g. 38 q. Preeclampsia h. Iron r. Breastfeeding i. Pica s. Eat small, frequent meals j. Folate t. Drink at least 8 glasses of liquid a day 1)A newly fertilized ovum 2)Fluid in which the fetus floats 3)Developing infant from 2 to 8 weeks after conception 4)Number of days after conception during which the neural tube is highly vulnerable to nutrient deficiency 5)Number of U.S. women who report binge drinking during pregnancy 6)Adequate intakes of this nutrient within the 30 days prior to conception are especially important to lower risk of birth defects 7)Most reliable indicator of an infant's health 8)An infant born prior to this number of weeks of pregnancy is classified as preterm 9)Upper limit for the recommended number of pounds that a pregnant woman of normal weight should gain 10)Approximate weight, in pounds, of average newborn baby 11)Number of grams of extra protein per day recommended for the pregnant woman 12)Dietary supplements of this nutrient are recommended early in pregnancy 13)A recommended practice to prevent or relieve heartburn 14)A recommended practice to prevent or alleviate constipation 15)A craving for non-food substances 16)A condition characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine 17)A condition characterized by seizures 18)Number of women who report drinking during pregnancy 19)Excess intake of this substance in pregnancy is known to result in mental retardation of the child 20)A practice that conserves maternal iron stores

Q: Low-birthweight infants are defined as infants who weigh ____________________ or less.

Q: The recommended gain for a woman who begins pregnancy at a healthy weight and is carrying a single fetus is ____________________ to ____________________ pounds.

Q: An infant with a birthweight at the 90th percentile or higher for gestational age (roughly 9 pounds or higher) is said to have ____________________.

Q: The influence of substances during fetal growth on the development of diseases in later life is called ____________________.

Q: The embedding of the blastocyst in the inner lining of the uterus is called ____________________.

Q: The developing infant from 2 to 8 weeks after conception is called a(n) ____________________.

Q: The developing infant from 8 weeks after conception until term is called a(n) ____________________.

Q: A newly fertilized ovum is called a(n) ____________________.

Q: The ropelike structure through which the fetus′s veins and arteries reach the placenta is called the ____________________.

Q: The "bag of waters" in the uterus, in which the fetus floats is called the ____________________.

Q: Which of the following is a feature of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)? a. FAS cannot be treated, only prevented. b. Cognitive function is affected the least when physical abnormalities are most severe. c. Diagnosis is apparent within 6 months of birth for virtually all children with FAS. d. The most severe physical abnormalities in most FAS children are covert rather than overt. e. No harm will result to the infant unless the mother is actually drunk.

Q: Approximately how many infants each year are born in the United States with fetal alcohol syndrome? a. 2,000 b. 4,000 c. 6,000 d. 12,000 e. 18,000

Q: Which of the following is a feature of hypertension in pregnancy? a. Chronic hypertension increases risk for stillbirth. b. Chronic hypertension often leads to macrosomia. c. Gestational hypertension usually develops in the first trimester. d. Gestational hypertension is most common in women who had normal blood pressure before pregnancy. e. Gestational diabetes typically persists after pregnancy.

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of preterm infants? a. They are often underweight and have difficulty breathing. b. Even with adequate nutrition support, they rarely show catch-up growth. c. If they are merely small-for-gestational age, they usually show catch-up growth. d. They are typically born to women of high socioeconomic status. e. Even very-low birthweight infants typically have good survival and outcomes.

Q: Which of the following physical activities would be permitted for the pregnant woman? a. Scuba diving b. Water aerobics c. Exercising in hot, humid weather d. Exercising while lying on her back e. Kick boxing

Q: Which of the following is a feature of being overweight and pregnant? a. Folate-related neural tube defects b. Increased prevalence of caesarian section c. Inability to carry twins to birth completion d. Increased risk of birthing a small-for-gestational age infant e. Decreased risk of gestational hypertension

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of low-birth-weight infants? a. They show greater prevalence for liver fat infiltration. b. They demonstrate catch-up growth within 3 months of birth. c. They have an increased risk for insulin resistance later in life. d. They have proportionately larger kidneys and greater risks for low blood pressure. e. They are more commonly born to upper socioeconomic status women.

Q: What is a blastocyst? a. The 5-day-old zygote that becomes implanted in the uterine wall b. The terminal end of the umbilical cord that attaches to the placenta c. Fingerlike projections on the uterine wall that act to separate fetal from maternal tissues d. The network of placental blood vessels that exchanges nutrients and waste products from mother to fetus e. The structure that develops in place of the brain in an anencephalicinfant

Q: What is an acceptable range of weight (lbs) of a healthy newborn infant? a. 4-4 ½ b. 5-6 c. 6 1/2-8 d. 8 1/2-10 e. 10 1/2-12

Q: What is the acronym for the food assistance program designed to help nutritionally at-risk children, infants, and pregnant women? a. FAP b. WIC c. EAT d. MOW e. ARND

Q: Which of the following statements describes a relationship between alcohol intake and fetal development? a. Birth defects are most severe when the woman drinks around the time of conception. b. Infants born with fetal alcohol syndrome typically show immediate signs of brain impairment. c. Eating well and maintaining adequate nutrient stores will prevent alcohol-induced placenta damage. d. Toxicity to the fetus begins to occur when fetal blood alcohol levels rise above maternal blood alcohol levels. e. Most of the fetal abnormalities associated with maternal alcohol consumption can be corrected after birth.

Q: What is the benefit of postpartum amenorrhea? a. It stimulates milk production. b. It conserves iron in the mother. c. It stimulates the let-down reflex. d. It stimulates the suckling reflex in the infant. e. It is a reliable form of birth control.

Q: Which of the following is an effect of alcohol intake in the mother who breastfeeds? a. It alters the flavor of the breast milk. b. It stimulates lactation. c. It passes into the breast milk and stimulates the infant's acceptance. d. It first appears in the breast milk approximately 12 hours after ingestion. e. It has no clinically significant impact.

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of alcohol intake and lactation? a. Alcohol easily enters breast milk. b. Alcohol actually stimulates lactation. c. Infants drink slightly more breast milk when the mother consumes up to 1 drink per day. d. The small amounts of alcohol that are secreted along with breast milk stimulate infant digestion. e. The positive impact of alcohol consumption on the mother outweighs any slight negative impact on the infant.

Q: Which of the following statements describes an association between nutrient intake and lactation? a. Milk production is increased by higher fluid intake. b. Ingestion of garlic may lead to an off-flavor of the milk. c. Inadequate protein intake lowers the protein concentration of the milk. d. The energy RDA for milk production calls for an additional 1000 kcalories per day. e. Nicotine does not pass into a woman€s breast milk.

Q: Why might a lactating woman need to take an iron supplement? a. To improve the flavor of breast milk b. To increase iron content of breast milk c. To replace the iron stores she lost during pregnancy d. To account for the re-start of menstruation that usually occurs 1-2 months postpartum e. To increase the volume of breast milk

Q: Which of the following is a feature of lactation? a. Breast milk protein content may be enhanced by moderate exercise. b. The volume of breast milk may be increased by drinking plenty of fluid. c. The iron content of breast milk may be increased by taking iron supplements. d. Breast milk quantity but not quality is most affected by nutritional inadequacies. e. Breastfeeding is an automatic physiological response.

Q: The number of extra kcalories per day needed to produce a normal supply of milk during the first six months of lactation is approximately a. 100. b. 250. c. 500. d. 1000. e. 1500.

Q: What causes the "let-down reflex"? a. Oxytocin b. Estrogen c. Prepartum amenorrhea d. Postpartum amenorrhea e. FSH

Q: A feature of heavy caffeine use in human pregnancy is that it may a. worsen edema. b. increase the risk of preterm birth. c. increase the risk of birth defects. d. increase the risk of stillborn infants. e. dampen respiratory function

Q: Which of the following is a feature of heavy metal intake and pregnancy? a. Mercury, but not lead, can easily cross the placenta. b. Lead and mercury both damage the fetal nervous system. c. Pregnant women are advised to limit consumption of shark and swordfish to no more than once per week. d. Pregnant women are advised to avoid shellfish around the critical period of brain development but may resume normal intake thereafter. e. King mackerel and tilefish are both safe to consume as much as desired.

Q: Which of the following recommendations for pregnant women and alcohol intake has been issued by the U.S. Surgeon General? a. They should drink absolutely no alcohol. b. They should refrain from drinking hard liquor only. c. They are permitted to ingest no more than 2 drinks per day. d. They are permitted to ingest small amounts of alcohol during the first 3 months but none thereafter. e. Organic beer and wine is acceptable.

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic associated with adolescent pregnancy? a. The recommended weight gain is approximately 35 lbs. b. The incidence of stillbirths and preterm births is 5-10% lower compared with adult women. c. The incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension is 5-10% lower compared with older women. d. The time in labor is usually shorter than for older women because there are fewer overweight teenagers. e. Maternal death rates are 5 to 7 times greater among adolescent mothers in the developed world.

Q: Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of eclampsia? a. Convulsions by the mother b. Convulsions by the newborn c. Low blood pressure in the mother d. Low blood pressure in the newborn e. Poor glycemic control in mother and infant

Q: What is the name of the condition characterized by high blood pressureand protein in the urine of a pregnant woman? a. Preeclampsia b. Gestational diabetes c. Teratogenic hypertension d. Pregnancy-induced blood pressure crisis e. Malignant renal hypertension syndrome

Q: Which of the following is a characteristic of gestational diabetes? a. It predicts risk of diabetes for the infant. b. It leads to type 2 diabetes in some women. c. It occurs in over one-half of normal weight women. d. It occurs more often in women with a history of having premature births. e. It may be dangerous for the woman but has little impact on the developing fetus.

Q: What is gestational diabetes? a. A severe form of type 1 diabetes in newborns. b. Abnormal blood glucose maintenance during pregnancy. c. Reactive hypoglycemia expressed during the third trimester of pregnancy. d. A temporary loss of insulin secretion during the first trimester of pregnancy. e. A complication of pre-existing diabetes that can occur during pregnancy.

Q: Which of the following is a feature of the WIC program? a. It caps the number of children in the program at 2 million. b. It is strictly remedial and available chiefly to women living in the inner city c. It offers assistance to all at-risk pregnant women regardless of economic means d. It saves an estimated $3 in medical costs in the first two months after birth for every dollar spent e. It serves pregnant and nursing women as well as children up to age 7

Q: Which of the following is the standard classification for a very-low-birthweight infant? a. 3 1/2 lbs or less b. 4 1/2 lbs or less c. 5 1/2 lbs or less d. 6 1/2 lbs or less e. 7 1/2 lbs or less