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Q:
Contrast the properties of minerals with those of vitamins.
Q:
Explain the relationship between dietary sodium and hypertension. What are the roles of calcium, magnesium, and potassium in regulating blood pressure?
Q:
What are the major sources of sodium in the diet of the U.S. population? Describe ways in which consumers can lower intakes of salt in their diets.
Q:
What are the features of the DASH eating plan, and why is it thought to be effective in the prevention and treatment of high blood pressure?
Q:
Explain the functions of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D in the regulation of calcium metabolism.
Q:
Define calcium rigor and calcium tetany. What role does dietary intake of calcium play in these disorders?
Q:
List five nonmilk sources of calcium.
Q:
Discuss major risk factors in the development of osteoporosis. What population groups are most at risk? What dietary measures are advocated for high-risk groups?
Q:
Discuss the choices of diet and drugs for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in women.
Q:
Discuss the scientific evidence for the role of dietary antioxidants in reducing risk for chronic diseases.
Q:
Explain the relationship between free radicals and degenerative diseases.
Q:
Discuss the adverse effects of free radicals.
Q:
What are the major food and non-food sources of vitamin K? What factors may adversely affect vitamin K nutrition in the body?
Q:
Discuss the role of vitamin K in bone metabolism.
Q:
Describe the known functions of vitamin E and proposed therapeutic treatment for specific disorders.
Q:
List the different forms of vitamin E found in the diet as well as their vitamin E activity in the body. What are the major food sources of vitamin E?
Q:
Explain the difficulties in obtaining the recommended amounts of vitamin D from the diet.
Q:
How does vitamin D function to raise blood levels of calcium and phosphorus?
Q:
Describe how the body can synthesize active vitamin D with the help of sunlight.
Q:
Why are children more likely than others to be affected by vitamin A toxicity?
Q:
Why is the eye especially vulnerable to vitamin A degradation at night?
Q:
Explain the role of vitamin A in growth and reproduction.
Q:
Explain the mechanism associated with the function of vitamin A in the visual response.
Q:
Outline the conversion of the different forms of vitamin A and the chief functions of each.
Q:
a. Acne k. Antibiotics b. Rickets l. Osteomalacia c. Keratin m. Calbindin d. Hemolytic n. Xerophthalmia e. Carotene o. Anticoagulant f. Vitamin A p. Fibrin g. Vitamin E q. Vegetable oils h. Vitamin K r. Erythrocyte hemolysis i. Cholesterol s. Green leafy vegetables j. Coagulation t. Retinol-binding protein 1)Transport protein of vitamin A 2)Promotes bone dismantling prior to bone growth 3)Condition that results from severe vitamin A deficiency 4)The protein of hair and nails 5)Chronic inflammation of skin follicles and oil-producing glands 6)Pigment in carrots and pumpkins 7)Precursor for vitamin D synthesis 8)Vitamin D deficiency disease in children 9)Vitamin D deficiency disease in adults 10)A vitamin K-dependent transport protein 11)May be beneficial for treating fibrocystic breast disease 12)Vitamin E deficiency disorder in premature infants 13)Typical food source of vitamin E 14)Type of anemia prevented by vitamin E 15)Substance that promotes synthesis of prothrombin 16)Another term for blood clotting 17)Use of this increases risk for vitamin K deficiency 18)Substance that prevents clotting of the blood 19)Composition of a blood clot 20)Food source of vitamin K
Q:
Naturally occurring vitamin K in foods is ____________________, whereas vitamin K produced by GI bacteria is ____________________.
Q:
Newborn infants present a unique case of vitamin K nutrition because they are born with a(n) ____________________ .
Q:
Of all the members of the vitamin E family, only ____________________ is maintained in the body and can meet the body's needs for the vitamin.
Q:
In ____________________, the bones fail to calcify normally, causing growth retardation and skeletal abnormalities.
Q:
In vitamin D deficiency, production of ____________________, a protein that binds calcium in the intestinal cells, slows.
Q:
Though called a vitamin, the active form of vitamin D is actually a(n) ____________________.
Q:
Because the body can derive vitamin A from both retinoids and carotenoids, its content in foods and its recommendations are expressed as ____________________.
Q:
Blindness due to vitamin A deficiency is called ____________________.
Q:
The innermost membrane of the eye, composed of several layers, including one that contains the rods and cones is called the ____________________.
Q:
The three different forms of vitamin A that are active in the body are ____________________.
Q:
Substances that promote oxidation are usually termed a.prooxidants. b.antioxidants. c.free radical generators. d.reactive electron oxidants. e.oxidative facilitators.
Q:
Which of the following is a characteristic of free radicals? a.They are destroyed by cigarette smoking. b.They arise from normal metabolic reactions. c.They typically stop chain reactions associated with the production of peroxides. d.They are known to accumulate even in the presence of abundant antioxidant nutrients. e.They are more common in infants and children than adults and the elderly.
Q:
Approximately what percentage of the body's store of vitamin K is derived from GI tract bacterial synthesis? a.Less than 5 b.25 c.50 d.85 e.95
Q:
Which of the following is a major form of vitamin K in foods? a.Ergodione b.Ergoquinone c.Tocopherone d.Phylloquinone e.Ergotamine
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of vitamin K? a.Deficiencies lead to intravascular clotting. b.Major dietary sources are whole grains and legumes. c.No adverse effects have been reported with high intakes. d.Primary deficiencies are more common than secondary deficiencies. e.Dietary vitamin K comes mostly from orange vegetables.
Q:
What population group has the highest risk for vitamin K deficiency? a.Young adults b.Elderly c.Newborns d.Teenagers e.Middle-aged adults
Q:
Which vitamin is routinely given as a single dose to newborns? a.Vitamin A b.Vitamin E c.Vitamin K d.Vitamin B12 e.Vitamin C
Q:
Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by intestinal bacteria? a.A b.C c.D d.E e.K
Q:
Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin K nutrition? a.Deficiency may lead to hemophilia. b.Toxicity may increase risk for hemophilia. c.Absorption is inhibited when bile production diminishes. d.Supplements are highly effective against osteoporosis. e.The UL is 10% above the RDA for both men and women, across all age groups.
Q:
Of the following, which would most readily induce a vitamin K deficiency? a.Achlorhydria b.Antibiotic therapy c.Presence of oxalic acid in food d.Insufficient intake of green leafy vegetables e.High-fat, high-protein diet
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of osteocalcin? a.It activates lysosomes involved in remodeling bone. b.It binds calcium in the GI tract to enhance absorption. c.It requires vitamin K to bind to bone-forming minerals. d.It works synergistically with the kidneys to reduce urinary calcium excretion. e.It binds to vitamin K and is excreted in feces.
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of vitamin K? a.Vitamin K participates in synthesis of bone proteins. b.Large amounts can be stored in adipose tissue. c.Good food sources are legumes and raw fruits. d.Intestinal bacterial synthesis provides over 90% of the body's need for most people. e.A single oral dose is given at birth to promote blood clotting.
Q:
In what chief capacity does vitamin K function? a.Blood clotting b.Energy metabolism c.Calcium utilization d.Epithelial tissue renewal e.Synthesis of gonadotrophic hormones
Q:
What is prothrombin? a.A storage protein for vitamin K b.A transport protein for vitamin E c.A protein needed for bone formation d.A protein needed for blood clot formation e.A protein that decreases the "stickiness" of red blood cells
Q:
Which of the following is characteristic of the tocopherols? a.Good food sources include lean meats and dairy. b.The various tocopherols perform similar roles in the body. c.They are usually found in foods high in polyunsaturated fats. d.The various tocopherol compounds can be converted to the active alpha-tocopherol. e.The upper level for adults in 2000 mg/day.
Q:
Which of the following are major sources of vitamin E in the diet? a.Meats b.Citrus fruits c.Vegetable oils d.Milk and dairy products e.Egg whites
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of vitamin E in foods? a.Vitamin E is fairly stable to heat. b.Most convenience foods are poor sources of vitamin E. c.Saturated oils are the major dietary sources of vitamin E. d.The amount of alpha-tocopherol in foods is underestimated. e.Lean meats are better sources than fatty meats.
Q:
Which of the following is a property of the tocopherols? a.Easily destroyed by air and oxygen b.Act as precursors for the menaquinones c.May dissolve from foods into cooking water d.Absorbed from the intestines into the portal circulation e.Very resistant to degradation
Q:
Which of the following conditions may improve with vitamin E therapy? a.Diabetes b.Pernicious anemia c.Muscular dystrophy d.Intermittent claudication e.Dementia
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of vitamin E? a.The vitamin functions as a hormone-like substance. b.Toxicity symptoms include bone abnormalities. c.Deficiencies occur from inability to absorb dietary lipids. d.Important food sources include enriched breads and pasta. e.The RDA is based on the tocopherols and the tocotrienols.
Q:
Which of the following disorders may result from vitamin E deficiency in people? a.Rickets b.Xerophthalmia c.Muscular dystrophy d.Erythrocyte hemolysis e.Osteomalacia
Q:
What form of tocopherol shows vitamin E activity in the human body? a.Alpha b.Beta c.Gamma d.Delta e.Epsilon
Q:
The major function of vitamin E is to inhibit the destruction of a.lysosomes. b.free radicals. c.mucopolysaccharides. d.polyunsaturated fatty acids. e.monounsaturated fatty acids.
Q:
How is vitamin E thought to play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease? a.It inhibits absorption of dietary cholesterol. b.It slows oxidation of low-density lipoproteins. c.It interferes with cholesterol synthesis by the liver. d.It speeds removal of blood cholesterol by the liver. e.It enhances the inflammatory response.
Q:
The main function of vitamin E in the body is to act as a(n) a.peroxide. b.coenzyme. c.antioxidant. d.free radical. e.immune stimulant.
Q:
Which of the following vitamins has been noted as preventing the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins? a.A b.E c.K d.D2 e.D3
Q:
Absorption efficiency of vitamin D supplements is markedly improved when they are taken a.with a large meal. b.with a small meal. c.with orange juice. d.on an empty stomach. e.with milk.
Q:
What is the Recommended Dietary Allowance for vitamin D in individuals around 20 years of age? a.5 g b.10 g c.15 g d.20 g e.50 g
Q:
Which of the following is a naturally occurring food source of vitamin D? a.Egg yolks b.Red meats c.Tomato juice d.Whole-wheat bread e.Egg whites
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D synthesis? a.Tanning lamps and tanning booths do not stimulate vitamin D synthesis. b.Sunscreens with sunburn protection factors of 2 and above prevent synthesis of vitamin D. c.The ultraviolet rays of the sun are able to easily pierce heavy clouds and smog to promote vitamin D synthesis. d.Dark-skinned people require longer sunlight exposure than light-skinned people to synthesize equivalent amounts of vitamin D e.The risks of skin cancer often outweigh the benefits of sun exposure for very light-skinned people.
Q:
Which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet? a.Meat b.Fortified milk c.Fruits and vegetables d.Enriched breads and cereals e.Whole grains
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D? a.Toxicity from vitamin D may result from overexposure to the sun. b.Requirements are much higher in the elderly due to degenerative bone diseases. c.Fortification of milk with the vitamin is common in order to provide people with a reliable source. d.Absorption from most food sources is very poor, necessitating the enrichment of grain products. e.People who stay in the shade and wear long-sleeved clothing are 10 times as likely to develop vitamin D deficiency as those who rarely do so.
Q:
Which of the following conditions is known to lead to formation of mineral deposits in the blood vessels and kidney? a.Excessive intake of vitamin D b.Inadequate intake of vitamin D c.Excessive intake of tocopherols d.Inadequate intake of tocopherols e.Imbalances of vitamin D and tocopherols
Q:
Which of the following enables much of the world's population to maintain adequate vitamin D status? a.Outdoor exposure of the skin to sunlight b.Wide availability of low-cost fish products c.Wide availability of food assistance programs d.World Health Organization distribution of vitamin D capsules e.Genetically modified crops such as Golden Rice
Q:
Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin D nutrition? a.Vitamin D deficiency may be created by a calcium deficiency b.Only about one-half of the world's population relies on sunlight to maintain adequate vitamin D nutrition c.Prolonged exposure to sunlight degrades the vitamin D precursor in skin, thus preventing vitamin D toxicity d.In people living in northern U.S. cities, vitamin D stores from synthesis during the summer are usually sufficient to meet the needs during the winter e.Pigments in dark skins increase vitamin D synthesis.
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D? a.The bioavailability of vitamin D from soy milk is low b.Lifeguards on southern beaches have increased risk for vitamin D toxicity c.Most adults living in the southern United States need small amounts of dietary vitamin D d.The average consumption in the United States does not meet the recommended intake e.Taking vitamin D on an empty stomach improves absorption by as much as 50%.
Q:
Your old friend from high school has just moved to Northern Canada to do full-time research on bats in caves. She typically works in the caves during the day when the bats are there and leaves at sundown when the bats are active. As your friend only purchases organic and all-natural foods, which of the following would you most likely advise she buy regularly at the grocery store? a.Whole-grain bread b.Vitamin D-fortified milk c.Vitamin A-fortified carrot juice d.Omega-3 fatty acid-fortified milk e.Vitamin K-rich whole grain cereals
Q:
Which of the following may result from excessive intakes of vitamin D by adults? a.Increased bone density b.Increased bone calcification c.Deformity of leg bones, ribs, and skull d.Mineral deposits in soft tissues such as the kidney e.Early-onset osteoarthritis
Q:
What population group is at highest risk for osteomalacia? a.Infants b.Elderly men c.Adult women d.Children ages 2-12 years e.Whites living in tropical areas
Q:
What is the name of the vitamin D-deficiency disease in adults? a.Rickets b.Osteomalacia c.Keratomalacia d.Hyperkeratosis e.Osteopenia.
Q:
A child with bowed legs is likely deficient in vitamin a.A. b.B12. c.C. d.D. e.E.
Q:
Where is calbindin primarily found in the body? a.Liver b.Kidneys c.Intestine d.Chylomicrons e.Stomach
Q:
The main function of vitamin D is to promote a.secretion of calcitonin. b.synthesis of 7-dehydrocholesterol. c.synthesis of carotenoids and controls absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. d.calcium and phosphorus absorption, and calcium mobilization from bone. e.conversion of calcium and phosphorous to more readily absorbable compounds.
Q:
What percentage of the U.S. population is deficient in vitamin D? a.5 b.10 c.20 d.30 e.40
Q:
Which of the following compounds serves as the major precursor for the body's synthesis of vitamin D? a.Cholesterol b.Tryptophan c.Beta-carotene d.Eicosapentanoic acid e.Histamine