Q&A Hero

Q: During memory retrieval, cortical regions that were important during encoding are reactivated.

Q: Lesions to the hippocampus typically do not result in profound memory problems unless the lesions also encompass the amygdala.

Q: People with amnesia often show preserved implicit learning and nondeclarative memory.

Q: Patient H.M. had severe retrograde amnesia.

Q: Korsakoffs syndrome is associated with alcoholism.

Q: Patients with damage to the medial temporal lobe and hippocampus typically do not have difficulty performing short-term memory tasks such as the digit span.

Q: Most forms of classical conditioning can be considered declarative memory.

Q: Semantic memory is a kind of declarative memory that concerns events we recall from our own lives.

Q: In the Atkinson and Shiffrin modal model, information can be lost by both decay and interference at each stage.

Q: Which of the following statements is true regarding the role of NMDA receptors in mediating LTP in the brain? a. NMDA receptors are critical to inducing LTP but not to maintaining LTP. b. NMDA receptors block LTP in the brain unless magnesium ions are present. c. NMDA receptors are depolarized by the binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. d. NMDA receptors create LTP by transporting magnesium ions from outside the cell into the cell.

Q: Imagine that a new drug is discovered that acts by depleting the brain of free magnesium ions. How would this drug affect long-term potentiation (LTP)? a. The amount of LTP would increase. b. The amount of LTP would decrease. c. The amount of LTP would not change. d. The amount of LTP would first decrease, then increase.

Q: Long-term potentiation does NOT occur unless the neurotransmitter __________ is present in the synapse to bind to postsynaptic NMDA receptors. a. GABA b. norepinephrine c. serotonin d. glutamate

Q: Hebbian learning occurs when a. a synapse is strengthened by the synchronous activity of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. b. a synapse is weakened by the synchronous activity of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. c. short-term memories represented in the hippocampus are consolidated to the cortex. d. short-term memories represented in the cortex are consolidated to the hippocampus.

Q: Herpes simplex encephalitis shares which characteristic with semantic dementia? a. a similar prevalence rate b. potential damage to the anterior temporal lobe c. viral transmission d. hippocampal atrophy

Q: Under the multiple trace theory, the neocortex is to semantic memory as the hippocampus is to a. procedural memory. b. relational memory. c. semantic memory. d. episodic memory.

Q: Under the standard consolidation theory, the involvement of the hippocampus in accessing memories is best described as a. temporary. b. permanent. c. flexible. d. rigid.

Q: When individuals encode information that relates to themselves, which of following regions is particularly likely to be active? a. occipital lobe b. amygdala c. retrosplenial cortex d. parahippocampal cortex

Q: Neuroimaging studies of the left and right hemispheres in memory function indicate that a. memory structures in the brain are similar in function in the left and right hemispheres. b. encoding and retrieval processes in long-term memory may be lateralized to different hemispheres. c. implicit memory function is localized primarily to the left hemisphere, whereas explicit memory is localized to the right hemisphere. d. working memory information is processed primarily in the left hemisphere.

Q: Recent neuroimaging and neuropsychological work in memory has attempted to disentangle __________, which seems to implicate the hippocampus and the posterior parahippocampal cortex, from __________, which seems to implicate the perirhinal cortex. a. acquisition ; consolidation b. consolidation ; acquisition c. recollection ; familiarity d. familiarity ; recollection

Q: Neuroimaging work has suggested that during the retrieval of a list of studied items, the hippocampus is most active a. for items that are correctly recollected as old items. b. for items that are incorrectly recollected as old items. c. for items that are correctly rejected as new items. d. for items that are incorrectly rejected as new items.

Q: In the delayed nonmatching to sample task, animals are taught in a single trial that a specific object is associated with a food reward. When this object is shown again in a subsequent trial in the presence of a new object, the animal a. must select the old object again to receive a food reward. b. must select the new item to receive a food reward. c. must select first the old item, then the new item, to receive a food reward. d. must select first the new item, then the old item, to receive a food reward.

Q: It appears that the medial temporal lobes and the diencephalon are important in consolidating explicit long-term memories but are not themselves the storage sites for this knowledge because a. most skills and habits acquired before injury to these structures will remain intact. b. only priming and conditioning show signs of impairment following damage to these structures. c. only nonassociative learning and priming show signs of impairment following damage to these structures. d. most episodic and semantic memories acquired before injury to these structures will remain intact.

Q: The memory performance of patients K.F. and E.E., when compared to the memory performance of people with amnesia, such as patient H.M, demonstrates a double dissociation between two types of memory. Which of the following statements best describes these results? a. H.M. has a deficit limited to explicit memory, whereas K.F. and E.E. have deficits limited to implicit memory. b. H.M. has a deficit limited to long-term memory, whereas K.F. and E.E. have deficits limited to short-term memory. c. H.M. has anterograde amnesia, whereas K.F. and E.E. have retrograde amnesia. d. H.M. has an injury to the medial temporal lobes, whereas K.F. and E.E. have injuries to the lateral temporal lobes.

Q: Which of the following statements is true of the kind of amnesia demonstrated by people with bilateral hippocampal damage (like patients H.M. and R.B.) or people with diencephalon injury (like people with Korsakoffs syndrome)? a. They forget their dates of birth. b. They can still learn new skills, such as the serial reaction time task, after the injury. c. They remember meeting new people after the injury. d. They have good memory for learning facts after the injury but fail to show priming effects.

Q: After a brain injury, a person is found to have isolated retrograde amnesia. Which of the following brain regions is probably damaged? a. the medial temporal lobes b. the anterior temporal lobes c. the superior parietal lobes d. the dorsolateral frontal lobes

Q: Following a case of encephalitis, a person has developed lesions in his anterior temporal lobes, but his medial temporal structures are intact. Which of the following is most likely to be true of this person? a. The person has isolated anterograde amnesia. b. The person has isolated retrograde amnesia. c. The person has Korsakoffs syndrome. d. The person has a specific deficit of implicit memory.

Q: Patient H.M. is to the __________ as patients with Korsakoffs syndrome are to the __________. a. medial temporal lobes ; cerebellum b. cerebellum ; diencephalon c. diencephalon ; medial temporal lobes d. medial temporal lobes ; diencephalon

Q: Which of the following is NOT an area of cortex in the medial temporal lobe that interacts with the hippocampus in the formation of new long-term memories? a. cingulate b. entorhinal c. parahippocampal d. perirhinal

Q: Which brain structure is located in the medial temporal lobe and is of particular importance in the formation of new long-term memories? a. the hypothalamus b. the colliculus c. the hippocampus d. the caudate

Q: After suffering a severe head injury, a patient demonstrates a dense anterograde amnesi a. She a. has trouble remembering events that occurred before the injury. b. cannot remember events that occurred after the injury. c. has equal difficulty remembering events that occurred before and after her injury. d. has normal long-term memory but impaired working memory.

Q: Your favorite cartoon character has been struck over the head and can no longer remember his name or where he lives. This is an example of a. anterograde aphasia. b. retrograde aphasia. c. anterograde amnesia. d. retrograde amnesia.

Q: Which of the following would be the most difficult for the famous patient H.M. and other patients with medial temporal lobe removal? a. reading a string of numbers written on a piece of paper b. remembering a series of seven numbers for 20 seconds c. learning the words for numbers in a foreign language d. improving in the ability to write numbers with the nondominant hand

Q: A 1957 study of patients who had undergone removal of the medial temporal lobe for the treatment of epilepsy suggested that a. the removal of either the right or the left medial temporal lobe results in profound amnesia. b. greater amnesia is associated with the removal of the left medial temporal lobe. c. greater amnesia is associated with the removal of the right medial temporal lobe. d. profound amnesia is associated only with bilateral medial temporal lobe removal.

Q: Deficits in memory as a function of brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma are known collectively as a. aphasia. b. agnosia. c. anomia. d. amnesia.

Q: __________ does NOT affect behavior consciously. a. Nondeclarative memory b. Declarative memory c. Episodic memory d. Explicit memory

Q: Classical conditioning is an example of a specific type of __________ memory. a. priming b. semantic c. episodic d. nondeclarative

Q: Barbara remembers that Madrid is the capital of Spain, but she has no idea when or where she acquired this knowledge. Her __________ memory is accurate, but her __________ memory is incomplete. a. semantic ; episodic b. nonassociative ; semantic c. episodic ; implicit d. explicit ; implicit

Q: Implicit memory is to __________ as explicit memory is to __________. a. priming ; episodic memory b. conditioning ; priming c. episodic memory ; semantic memory d. procedural learning ; nondeclarative learning

Q: Declarative or explicit memory is knowledge that a. one can access consciously. b. one cannot access consciously. c. is a form of sensory memory. d. is a form of short-term memory.

Q: Of the following choices, damage to the __________ is most likely to result in impairment to the visuospatial sketch pad, or visual working memory. a. parietaloccipital cortex b. medial temporal lobe c. hippocampus d. perisylvian region

Q: One finding that supports the idea that information in working memory is represented by an acoustic (auditory) code rather than a semantic (meaning-based) code is that when participants are given a list of words to learn and then are immediately tested for recall, a. performance is worse when the list contains items that are similar in meaning. b. performance is better when the list contains items that are similar in meaning. c. performance is worse when the list contains items that are similar in sound. d. performance is better when the list contains items that are similar in sound.

Q: The component that is responsible for acoustically coding information in working memory is the a. visuospatial sketchpad.b. central executive. c. phonological loop. d. subvocal loop.

Q: One property of the central executive mechanism proposed by Baddeley and Hitch is that a. it controls the phonological loop but not the visuospatial sketch pad. b. it is not linked to a single modality. c. it operates primarily over visual information. d. it operates primarily over auditory information.

Q: The term __________ refers to a limited-capacity store that not only retains information over the short term (maintenance) but also permits the performance of mental operations with the contents of this store (manipulation). a. working memory b. short-term memory c. sensory memory d. long-term memory

Q: A patient visits a neurologist and complains of memory problems like remembering telephone numbers. After a few tests, the neurologist determines that there is a large impairment in the digit span, but no impairment in remembering the past or in forming new memories. Which brain area is the most likely to be impaired? a. the left medial temporal lobe b. the right medial temporal lobe c. the left perisylvian cortex d. the right perisylvian cortex

Q: You learn of an experiment conducted in 1942 by a researcher named Malmo. Malmo discovered that monkeys with certain lesions were impaired in a delayed-response task, but not when the lights were turned off. Malmo hypothesized that switching off the lights removed potential interference. Which of the following theories incorporates this kind of short-term interference? a. the phonological loop b. Hebbian learning c. procedural memory d. the modal model of memory

Q: Which of the following statements concerning types of memory in the modal model of memory is FALSE? a. At any moment, there is more information in sensory memory than in short-term memory. b. Some contents of sensory memory are selected via attention and next processed in longterm memory. c. Sensory memory has a briefer duration than short-term memory. d. Long-term memory has a longer duration than sensory memory.

Q: Which of the following best describes the flow of information in the Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) modal model of memory? a. short-term storage long-term storage sensory memory b. short-term storage sensory memory long-term storage c. sensory memory short-term storage long-term storage d. sensory memory long-term storage short-term storage

Q: According to the modal model of memory, information that is currently held within short-term memory originates from a. sensory memory. b. working memory. c. both sensory and working memory. d. neither sensory nor working memory.

Q: One major difference between the visual icon and the auditory echo is that the a. visual icon is a sensory memory representation, whereas the auditory echo is a short-term memory representation. b. auditory echo lasts longer than the visual icon. c. visual icon is a type of explicit memory, but the auditory echo is a type of implicit memory. d. auditory echo involves conscious recollection, whereas the visual icon does not.

Q: Visual sensory memory is to __________ as auditory sensory memory is to __________. a. iconic memory ; echoic memory b. partial report ; whole report c. echoic memory ; iconic memory d. whole report ; partial report

Q: Organizing individual bits of information into higher-order units can increase the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory. This strategy is called a. the recency effect. b. encoding. c. the serial position effect. d. chunking.

Q: George Miller and other investigators found that humans can hold about __________ items in short-term memory at a time. a. three b. five c. seven d. nine

Q: Research using the mismatch field (MMF), which is the magnetic equivalent of the mismatch negativity (MMN), has suggested that auditory sensory memory has a duration of about a. 10 milliseconds. b. 100 milliseconds. c. 1 second. d. 10 seconds.

Q: The encoding of information to be stored involves two stages: __________, in which inputs in sensory buffers and sensory analysis stages are registered, and then __________, in which a stronger representation for storage is created. a. consolidation ; storage b. storage ; retrieval c. retrieval ; acquisition d. acquisition ; consolidation

Q: __________ refers to the processing of incoming information to be stored. a. Retrieval b. Recall c. Encoding d. Explicit memory

Q: __________ is the process of acquiring new information, whereas __________ is the trace that results from this process and can be revealed at a later time. a. recall ; recognition b. recognition ; recall c. learning ; memory d. memory ; learning

Q: A diagnosis of apraxia is mainly exclusionary: a person is said to have apraxia if he or she has a coordination problem that cant be linked to a deficit in controlling the muscles themselves.

Q: With time, people who experience a hemiplegia typically experience a full recovery.

Q: The supplementary motor area (SMA) is particularly active during externally guided movements.

Q: The term embodied cognition refers to the idea that our conceptual knowledge is grounded in knowledge about the body and movement.

Q: Activity in the premotor cortex reflects not only the trajectory of a movement but also the context in which the movement occurs.

Q: Before a movement is initiated, the population vector in the motor cortex has already shifted in the direction of the planned movement.

Q: In performing a sequence of complex actions, such as playing the piano, each movement is planned primarily in relation to the immediately preceding and subsequent movements.

Q: Although simple reflexes can occur without sensory input, the generation of rhythmic walking movements requires sensory feedback from the environment.

Q: Single axons of the corticospinal tract can extend for more than one meter.

Q: Keeles work with people with Parkinsons disease suggests that they may have difficulties in which of the following cognitive operations? a. discriminating scents b. spatial memory c. facial recognition d. set shifting

Q: Hyperkinesia is to _________ as hypokinesia is to _________. a. Parkinsons disease ; Huntingtons disease b. Huntingtons disease ; Parkinsons disease c. apraxia ; hemiballism d. hemiballism ; apraxia

Q: What disorder is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic fibers in the substantia nigra, which results in deficits in initiating voluntary movements, bradykinesia, and the progressive emergence of a resting tremor? a. Huntingtons disease b. Parkinsons disease c. hemiballism d. cogwheeling

Q: A patient has damage to the basal ganglia, particularly within the striatum, and demonstrates both chorea and hyperkinesia. What is your diagnosis? a. Parkinsons disease b. Huntingtons disease c. hypermetria d. bradykinesia

Q: One reason that lesions to the cerebellum disrupt the eye blink conditioning response is because a. the cerebellum regulates the production of acetylcholine in peripheral motor neurons. b. this structure is involved in timing the activation of different effectors involved in a learned motor sequence. c. the cerebellum controls the initiation of eye movements. d. this structure normally inhibits the activity in the motor cortex, and when this inhibition is disrupted, motor learning is impaired.

Q: Lesions to this region of the cerebellum lead to postural instability and difficulty in keeping ones eyes fixed on a visual object despite head or body movements. a. the spinocerebellum b. the vestibulocerebellum c. the neocerebellum d. the dentate nucleus

Q: Once a brain-machine interface (BMI) takes on the ability to reward a rat that was previously rewarded by pressing a lever, how will the rats lever-pressing rate change? a. There will be no change. b. Lever-pressing will slightly increase. c. Lever-pressing will slightly decrease. d. Lever-pressing will eventually stop.

Q: Chapins early work on a brain-machine interface (BMI) in rats used an online population vector that matched the _________ of the rats movement. a. direction b. force c. velocity d. complexity

Q: Franz and colleagues (1996) asked a patient who had had his corpus callosum surgically severed to draw figures like the ones here, each simultaneously with a different hand. Compared to neurologically intact control participants, they found that this patient a. was better at producing movements simultaneously with both hands, even when they differed in direction. b. was selectively impaired when simultaneously producing movements with each hand when they differed in direction. c. performed poorly and was especially impaired when the figures closely resembled each other. d. was better at producing movements simultaneously with both hands only when they differed in direction.

Q: In the days following her stroke, Patient E cannot refrain from reaching out and grasping nearby objects even when she has been asked not to do so. This syndrome probably is the result of the abnormal dominance of the a. lateral supplementary motor area loop. b. lateral premotor loop. c. medial supplementary motor area loop. d. medial premotor loop.

Q: In the period of time immediately following focal brain injury to the supplementary motor cortex, patients may reach out and grasp objects with the affected arm when they have not been asked to do so, or even when they have been explicitly told not to do so. This is an example of a. apraxia. b. hemiplegia. c. Huntingtons disease. d. alien hand syndrome.

Q: The two general subtypes of apraxia are a. ideomotor and ideational. b. ideational and associative. c. associative and apperceptive. d. apperceptive and ideomotor.

Q: After suffering a focal brain injury, a patient has great difficulty in pantomiming particular motor actions such as turning a key in a lock. Because other problems like hemiplegia, muscle weakness, sensory deficits, and lack of motivation have been ruled out, your diagnosis would be a. agnosia. b. apraxia. c. anomia. d. akinetopsia.

Q: The loss of a motor skill that cannot be attributed to hemiplegia, muscle weakness, sensory deficits, or motivation is called a. hemiparesis. b. hypermetria. c. apraxia. d. akinetopsia.