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Q:
A person with conduction aphasia is most likely to have difficulty in a.comprehending spoken language. b. speaking fluently. c.repeating spoken language. d. understanding function words like if or but.
Q:
The concept of words in the same neighborhood is analogous to which of the following in the semantic domain? a.words that rhyme b. words that are spelled similarly c.words related in meaning d. none of the above
Q:
When you are shown the written word neuroscience and you read it aloud, you are translating___________information into__________information about this word a. syntactic ; semantic b. semantic ; orthographic c.orthographic ; phonological d. phonological ; syntactic
Q:
_____________is to the meaning of a word as__________is to the spelling of a word. a. Orthography ; phonology b. Phonology ; prosody c.Prosody ; semantics d. Semantics ; orthography
Q:
Which of the following statements regarding the organization of semantic networks is FALSE? a.The most frequently associated nodes have the largest distances between them in the network. b. Concepts that have strong associations to each other in meaning have strong connections. c.If one node is activated, the greatest amount of spreading activation will accrue in its closest neighbors. d. Spreading activation is greater between nodes that are accessed together frequently than between nodes that are accessed together infrequently.
Q:
The mental lexicon is thought to be organized as a semantic network in which word meanings are connected to each other, as in the diagram here. Based on what you know about how strength of association between word meanings is represented in semantic networks, determine which of the following statements regarding the network is true. a.Jackal is a less frequently accessed animal word than cat. b. The association between dog and jackal is weaker than the association between cat and jackal. c.Jackal is a less frequently accessed animal word than dog. d. The association between dog and cat is stronger than the association between animal and cat.
Q:
An aphasic person who makes semantic paraphasia errors in her speech might say __________ when she actually intends to say __________ a.kit ; cat b. am ; is c.cow ; horse d. spin ; snip
Q:
Language errors in which a person substitutes words that are related in meaning for one another are called a.lemma confusions. b. syntactic substitutions. c.semantic paraphasias. d. orthographic intrusions.
Q:
WhichofthefollowingisNOTapropertyofthewordbank? a.It has many phonological neighbors. b.It has many semantic neighbors. c.It has more than one pronunciation. d.It has more than one meaning.
Q:
The symptoms of all of the following neurological language syndromes suggest the disruption of an organized semantic network in which word meanings are stored, EXCEPT a.Wernickes aphasia. b. deep dyslexia c.progressive semantic dementia. d. conduction aphasia.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT true of infants speech recognition abilities? a. At birth infants can distinguish between any phoneme. b. The babbling of infants becomes more and more like the native language as they age. c.At 9 months infants are unable to recognize foreign language phonemes. d. Early babbling has phonemes from all the languages in the world.
Q:
Which of the following best describes the three main components of word or lexical processing in the correct order, according to most modular models of word recognition? a. lexical access lexical integration lexical selection b. lexical access lexical selection lexical integration c. lexical selection lexical access lexical integration d. lexical selection lexical integration lexical access
Q:
Which of the following best describes a case that depends primarily on prosodic aspects of language? a.The ability to recognize the characteristic rise that occurs at the end of a sentence in a speakers voice when she asks a question. b. The ability to discriminate between homophones like blue and blew when they are used in sentences. c.The ability to pronounce head correctly, even though it is an irregular word. d. The ability to retrieve the correct name associated with a familiar pictured face.
Q:
__________ specifically refers to the variations in the pitch of a speakers voice that convey emotion and emphasis in speech. a.Phonology b. Prosody c.Speech segmentation d. Orthography
Q:
Segmenting the boundaries between words is a particularly difficult computational problem in a.reading. b. writing. c.speech perception. d. prosody.
Q:
The observation that we can understand the speech of different speakers, regardless of variations in the pitches of the speakers voices, the speakers rates of speech, and the speakers dialects, indicates that a.the prosodic components of speech have little functional significance in speech comprehension. b. the recognition of spoken words depends on orthography rather than other aspects of language. c.speech comprehension involves semantic analysis of words rather than phonological analysis of words. d. speech recognition cannot rely on the direct matching of specific sounds to language representations in memory.
Q:
A major issue in the study of word recognition involves the extent to which relatively low-level sensory representations interact with relatively high-level information, such as the context in which a word appears. A modular model of word comprehension would be most likely to argue that a.there is a great degree of interaction between low-level and high-level representations. b. processing at each level is independent, and there is little or no interaction between them. c.certain levels may interact freely, whereas others cannot. d. the degree to which the levels of word processing interact with each other depends on the type of word being processed.
Q:
You receive a text message that reads What time do you want to have lunch tomorrow night? Which word would lead to an N400 for you? a.time b. you c.tomorrow d. night
Q:
The P600, also known as the SPS, is an ERP component that is sensitive to the violation of expectations based mostly on a.the physical appearance of words. b. the pronunciation of words c.semantics. d. syntax.
Q:
You receive a text message that reads My steak eaten up by the broccoli. Which word would lead to a P600 for you? a.steak b. eaten c.the d. broccoli
Q:
In Hagoorts language model, the memory component is mediated by the_________, the unification component by the___________, and the control component by the_________. a. inferior frontal cortex ; temporal lobe ; lateral frontal cortex b. inferior frontal cortex ; lateral frontal cortex ; temporal lobe c. temporal lobe ; lateral frontal cortex ; inferior frontal cortex d. temporal lobe ; inferior frontal gyrus ; lateral frontal cortex
Q:
Evolutionarily, repeated interactions are____________ than one-shot encounters. less memorable
more memorable
less important
more important
Q:
A nearly ERP component associated with morphosyntactic violations is the
a.LAN.
b.N400.
c. P600.
d.MMN. P600.
Q:
In studies with implanted electrodes, Sahin and colleagues found that Brocas area processed which elements of language? a.lexical b. grammatical c.phonological d. all of the above
Q:
According to Levelt’s (1989) model of speech production, two main processing stages are involved in generating a meaningful utterance. In the___________stage, the speaker determines what he or she intends to express to the listener; in the____________stage, word choices and the grammatical role that each word will play are determined.
a.microplanning ; macroplanning
b. macroplanning ; lemma
c.microplanning ; lemma
d. macroplanning ; microplanning
Q:
Under certain circumstances, when the conceptual representation of an item is activated, there is subsequent difficulty activating the corresponding word form in the mental lexicon, even though other information about the item can be accessed. This phenomenon is called a.minimal attachment. b. dysarthria. c.lemma interference. d. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
Q:
According to Levelt, information-specific networks exist for word forms at the__________level and for the grammatical properties of words at the__________level.
a.N400 ; P600
b. lexeme ; lemma
c.semantic ; parsing
d. frontal ; temporal
Q:
Animal calls were thought to be purely emotional. Which of the following findings with monkey calls does NOT contradict this view? a.A call in presence of a snake led to monkeys looking down. b. A call in presence of a leopard led monkeys to flee into the trees. c.A call is seldom made when a monkey is alone. d. Calls can be strung together in predictable orders.
Q:
A normal adult speaker has passive knowledge of about 50,000 words.
Q:
Homo Sapiens have made the leap from____________to__________sequences. a. gestural ; manual. b. manual ; gestural. c.manual ; vocal. d. vocal ; manual.
Q:
What is the main reason that there has been more success teaching nonhuman primates to use sign language than spoken language? a.Hand signals are easier than vocalizations. b. Vocalizations are better controlled in humans. c.Control of manual gestures is better in nonhuman primates. d. All of the above.
Q:
The information that a listener derives from the speech rhythm and pitch of the speakers voice is referred to as morphological.
Q:
Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that make a difference to meaning.
Q:
Saying the word horse when intending to say the word cow is an example of a semantic paraphasia.
Q:
Semantic priming effects are due to spreading activation in many models of lexical processing.
Q:
Modular models of language comprehension argue for a high degree of interactivity between different specialized modules.
Q:
The Spanish language uses the logographic system for written words.
Q:
The three primary ways in which words are symbolized in different writing systems are alphabetic, syllabic, and logographic.
Q:
Three main subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex are the a. primary motor cortex, lateral prefrontal cortex, and frontal pole. b. lateral prefrontal cortex, frontal pole, and medial frontal cortex. c. frontal pole, medial frontal cortex, and anterior cingulate. d. medial frontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and primary motor cortex.
Q:
Listening to a sentence like He spreads the warm bread with socks will evoke a P600 brain potential.
Q:
The immediate assignment of syntactic structure of incoming words is known as parsing.
Q:
Which of the following statements best describes the anatomical connectivity of the prefrontal lobes to the rest of the brain? a.Most synapses in the prefrontal cortex originate from subcortical regions rather than from other cortical regions in the brain. b. Almost all connections in this area carry inputs from other regions of the cortex rather than from subcortical regions. c.Connections in this region tend to carry inputs from other parts of the prefrontal cortex rather than from other lobes of the brain. d. There are extensive projections to and from the prefrontal cortex to all other lobes of the brain.
Q:
John is unable to carry on the most rudimentary conversations. Whenever someone changes the subject he persists on the same topic for several minutes. Eventually, people simply leave him alone talking to himself. John has___________ a.deficits in planning complex behaviors. b. perseveration in responding. c.fluent aphasia. d. disruption of working memory.
Q:
The most caudal part of the frontal lobe contains the_________region. a.lateral prefrontal cortex b.premotor c.anterior cingulate d.primary motor
Q:
Focal injuries of the prefrontal cortex generally produce all of the following cognitive changes or symptoms EXCEPT a.deficits in planning complex behaviors. b. perseveration in responding. c.fluent aphasia. d. disruption of working memory.
Q:
The ventromedial zone is also known as (the) a.primary motor cortex. b.Wernickes area. c.anterior cingulate cortex. d.orbitofrontal cortex.
Q:
A patient with a frontal lobe lesion kneels and prays when watching another person do the same thing in the middle of the cafeteria. This is an example of a.deficits in planning complex behaviors. b. perseveration in responding. c.utilization behavior. d. disruption of working memory.
Q:
Which of the following best describes a real-life example of the delayed-response task?
a.After reading and studying on Sunday afternoon, you take a cognitive neuroscience exam on Monday morning.
b. After looking up the phone number of a local pizza place, you walk across the room to the telephone and begin dialing it.
c.After staring intently at a bright streetlamp, you notice that there is an afterimage of the light even when you move your eyes to another location.
d. Every time you visit the doctor to receive a shot, she gives you a cherry lollipop. After several visits you find that the taste of cherry lollipops makes you anxious.
Q:
The information that you are currently thinking about, perceiving, or using to guide responding is held in this type of memory store. a.source memory b. anterograde memory c.working memory d. implicit memory
Q:
Working memory has been called the____________of the mind.
a.blackboard
b. bookshelves
c.filing cabinet
d. staple gun
Q:
You are driving in a car. Which of the following stops will require the most working memory? a.stopping at a supermarket b. stopping at home c.stopping at a friends home d. stopping at a business you have never visited before
Q:
A monkey is taught that food is associated with a stimulus card that has a star on it. After training, the animal receives a lesion to the lateral prefrontal cortex. The monkeys memory for the foodstimulus card association is then tested by presenting the animal with the two stimulus cards diagrammed here. How will the monkey now respond? a.The monkey will remember the correct response and choose stimulus card 1 to earn a food reward. b. The memory trace left by the training period will be disrupted by the surgery, and the monkey will randomly select among the stimulus cards. c.The monkey will no longer be able to retrieve old memories, even if the representations are intact, and will randomly select among the stimulus cards. d. The monkey will no longer be able to recognize visual patterns and will randomly select among the stimulus cards.
Q:
A monkey that has previously received a lesion in the lateral prefrontal cortex is shown two food wells, each of which is covered by a marked stimulus card: As the monkey watches, a food reward is placed into the left well and then both wells are covered. If the monkey is now allowed to retrieve the food reward immediately, it will a.correctly select the left food well. b. select from either of the food wells randomly. c.incorrectly select the right well. d. no longer respond to either of the food wells.
Q:
Lesions of the lateral prefrontal cortex disrupt___________memory but not____________memory.
a.long-term ; working
b. long-term ; short-term
c.working ; long-term
d. working ; short-term
Q:
Whereas the_____________will be most active during the encoding of a face stimulus,the_________will be active during the delay period.
a.prefrontal gyrus ; fusiform gyrus
b.fusiform gyrus ; prefrontal cortex
c.anterior cingulate ; hippocampus
d.hippocampus ; anterior cingulate
Q:
Which of the following is true about the prefrontal cortex? a.The prefrontal cortex seems to play a role in working memory but not in long-term storage of information. b. The prefrontal cortex seems to play a role in long-term storage of information but not in working memory. c.The prefrontal cortex is important for both working memory and long-term storage of information. d. The prefrontal cortex is not essential for either working memory or long-term storage of information.
Q:
The human analog of the delayed-response task that is used as a test of cognitive development in
human infants is the_________
task.
a.delayed-reward
b. object permanence
c.sensorimotor development
d. conservation of quantity
Q:
Neuroimaging experiments have demonstrated that working memory engages the a.prefrontal cortex to a larger degree than any other cortical area. b. anterior cingulate to a larger degree than any other cortical area. c.prefrontal cortex and more posterior brain areas involved in perception and mental representation. d. anterior cingulate and more posterior brain areas involved in perception and mental representation.
Q:
A person who has difficulty with recency memory tasks would have the most difficulty with which of the following? a.remembering a list of items to purchase at the market b. setting a table with forks, knives, and spoons c.recognizing the difference between two similar ingredients d. entering the ingredients for a recipe in the correct order
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a gradient along which the prefrontal cortex is organized? a.anterior-posterior b. ventral-dorsal c.left-right d. lateral-medial
Q:
Which patient group is most likely to be impaired on a task in which one must decide which of two pictures was seen most recently? a.patients with frontal lobe injuries b. patients with temporal lobe injuries c.patients with parietal lobe injuries d. patients with occipital lobe injuries
Q:
You conduct a single-cell recording study of a lateral prefrontal cortical cell while an animal performs a delayed-response task. Which of the following response profiles best matches the behavior of the cell if it is primarily involved in working memory function? (Each vertical line represents an action potential.) a. b. c. d.
Q:
Action-outcome decisions involve a more__________form of processing whereas stimulus-response are more___________.
a.habitual ; automatic
b. automatic ; controlled
c.controlled ; automatic
d. none of the above
Q:
_______________theories describe what people ought to do whereas ______________theories describe what people actually do. a.Normative ; descriptive b. Descriptive ; normative c.Decision-making ; goal-oriented. d. Goal-oriented ; decision-making.
Q:
People with frontal lobe injuries and control participants were asked to figure out a way to clean a floor when there are no towels. Which of the following statements would be associated with frontal lobe patients and not controls? a.The floor is dirty. b. Just take your blouse off and clean it with that. c.We can clean the floor with the soles of our shoes. d. We need a cloth or paper to clean the floor.
Q:
Prediction error is NOT correlated with which of the following: a.the difference between what is expected and what is obtained b. changes in dopamine activity c.updating of valuation of information and learning d. the unconditioned stimulus
Q:
You encounter a bear that triggers an emotional response. Which of the following areas would not show increased dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway? a.amygdala b. hippocampus c.anterior cingulate cortex d. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Q:
Ventromedialprefrontalcortexinvolves____________valuationwhereasdorsolateralprefrontalcortexinvolvesmore______________valuation. a.controlled ; automatic b. automatic ; controlled c.long-term ; short-term d. short-term ; long-term
Q:
Primary reinforcers involve___________whereas secondary reinforcers do not.
a.acquired value
b. no value
c.some value
d. survival value
Q:
One conceptualization of the prefrontal cortex, offered by Shimamura (2000), which could explain the seemingly disparate set of impairments associated with damage to this area is that a.one underlying function of the prefrontal lobes is to select the information that is most task-relevant. b. separate regions within the prefrontal cortex are specialized for these different functions. c.the prefrontal cortex is not directly involved in memory but is a relay station for information processing that occurs in the temporal lobes. d. information in the prefrontal cortex is temporarily represented in other neural sites, including the basal ganglia, during working memory.
Q:
Imagine that a frontal lobe patient meets a very good friend and his family doctor. Which of the two would this patient be able to engage more easily in a short conversation? a.the very good friend b. the family doctor c.both would be equally easy d. both would be equally difficult
Q:
Thompson-Schill and colleagues (1997, 1998) conducted an experiment in which participants generated an appropriate verb in response to a presented noun. They found that the processing of nounssuchasrope, which have many semantically associated verbs, elicited_________activity in the inferior frontal cortex than did nouns such as scissors, which do not. This result supports the________hypothesis of inferior frontal lobe function.
a.greater ; working memory retrieval
b.greater ; selection
c.less ; working memory retrieval
d.less ; selection
Q:
An experiment that requires participants to respond based on one goal, such as naming digits, on some trials and another goal, such as naming letters, on other trials is an example of a(n)__________ paradigm. a.error-monitoring b. task-switching c.Stroop d. contention-scheduling
Q:
In the task-switching experiment between a digit task and a letter task, a digit or letter response was indicated by a word or by a color. Which of these conditions was particularly problematic when switching between digits and letters for frontal lobe patients? a.letters indicated by words b. digits indicated by colors c.digits indicated by words d. none of the above
Q:
In a delayed response task, participants were asked to look at faces or scenes or engage in passive viewing. Which of the following results distinguished older adults from young adults when viewing faces relative to passive viewing? a.The older adults showed reduced activation in the fusiform face area. b. The older adults showed reduced activation in the parahippocampal place area. c.The young adults showed reduced activation in the fusiform face area. d. The young adults showed reduced activation in the parahippocampal place area.
Q:
The idea that the prefrontal cortex filters out and inhibits irrelevant information is supported by the
ERP findings of Knight and Grabowecky(1995), who found that patients with prefrontal lesions
Produced____________in response to ignored tones during a listening task
b. larger evoked potentials
c.evoked potentials that were longer in duration
d. evoked potentials that were briefer in duration
Q:
In a stop-signal task, participants are asked to a.choose between two responses but abort their response when signaled to do so. b. identify the color (red, yellow, or green) in which color words have been written. c.sort cards into piles but change the sorting rule when the stop signal appears. d. drive a virtual car through crowded London streets, obeying all traffic signals.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a situation that you would expect to engage the supervisory attentional system? a.one that engages a specific schema control unit b. one that requires planning or decision making c.one that requires error detection d. one that is difficult
Q:
For situations in which no routine procedure can be used to generate an appropriate response, which type of mechanism is used to select the best schema control unit for translation into action? a.the somatic marker hypothesis b. utilization behavior c.the supervisory attentional system d. source encoding
Q:
At any given time, many different schema control units may be activated. However, we can rarely carry out more than one unit at a time and must select the most appropriate one to translate into action. The units are mutually inhibitory, and only the most activated one wins the competition for expression. This type of selection mechanism is called a.the supervisory attentional system. b. contention scheduling. c.the somatic marker hypothesis. d. utilization behavior.