Q&A Hero

Q: The term tonotopic refers to the fact that the cochlea and the auditory cortex contain maps that are organized according to the sound frequencies that best stimulate the cells.

Q: When performing a single-cell recording, researchers typically carefully insert a thin electrode through the cell membrane into the interior of a neuron.

Q: Split-brain research is associated with which of the following? a.lobotomy b. callosotomy c.hemispherectomy d. craniectomy

Q: Dr. Joseph Bogen operated on patient W.J. in order to relieve which symptoms? a.seizures b. cold sweats c. dizziness d. memory loss

Q: Some progressive neurological disorders can be caused by viruses like the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the herpes simplex virus.

Q: One issue in the study of laterality has been to determine whether children with developmental language disabilities show different patterns of hemispheric asymmetry relative to control populations. MRI studies of dyslexic children have found that a. the left planum temporale tends to be larger than the right planum temporale in this group. b. the right planum temporale tends to be larger than the left planum temporale in this group. c. the left and right planum temporale tend to be symmetrical in this group. d. their brains are indistinguishable from the brains of control participants with regard to hemispheric asymmetry.

Q: Which of the following is NOT an anatomical or physiological difference between the cerebral hemispheres? a. The planum temporale is larger on the left side. b. The Sylvian or lateral fissure is steeper on the left side. c.Parts of the thalamus are larger on the left side. d. Left-hemisphere neurons tend to have more dendritic branching than right-hemisphere neurons.

Q: Which of the following is NOT true of the Wada test? a. It entails the injection of amobarbital. b. It can be used to determine which hemisphere is language dominant. c. It determines the extent to which the corpus callosum has been resected. d. It is used before elective surgery for the treatment of epilepsy.

Q: The posterior and anterior commissures are NOT thick enough for which of the following? a.to serve as an alternative interhemispheric route for the corpus callosum b. to provide connections between the temporal lobes c.to provide limited connectivity between the hemispheres d. to provide connectivity for basic light reflexes

Q: Examination of cerebral organization in the left and right hemispheres indicates that a.there are obvious anatomical differences between the hemispheres but no obvious functional differences. b. there are obvious functional differences between the hemispheres but no obvious anatomical differences. c.the two hemispheres are more different from one another in function than they are similar. d. the two hemispheres are more similar to one another in function than they are different.

Q: Based on what you know about the neurophysiological and microanatomical differences between the right and left hemispheres, choose the option here that correctly lists the properties of cortical tissue samples taken from the left hemisphere. a.relatively greater dendritic branching, relatively dense packing of cortical columns b. relatively less dendritic branching, relatively dense packing of cortical columns c.relatively greater dendritic branching, relatively loose packing of cortical columns d. relatively less dendritic branching, relatively loose packing of cortical columns

Q: One difficulty in interpreting the correlation between asymmetry in the planum temporale and language function that has recently arisen is that a.the extent of the anatomical differences between the left and right hemispheres may have been overestimated by the techniques used to identify this region. b. it has been found that the planum temporale is an area of great plasticity that changes in size throughout development. c.newer studies indicate that the planum temporale is involved not in language function but rather in vision. d. current studies suggest that fewer people than previously thought have left-hemisphere language dominance.

Q: An anatomical difference between the cerebral hemispheres that may be related to language lateralization is the enlargement of the __________ in the left hemisphere. a.hippocampus b. cingulate gyrus c. planum temporale d. primary visual pathway

Q: The main mass of fibers that carries signals from the cortex in one cerebral hemisphere to the other is called the a.anterior commissure. b. corpus callosum. c.arcuate fasciculus. d. planum temporale.

Q: What are homotopic brain areas? a.regions of the cortex that are organized according to spatial maps of the environment b. areas in corresponding locations in the two cerebral hemispheres c.areas in the brain that are organized according to spatial and auditory frequency d. regions of the cortex found within the same cerebral hemisphere

Q: Which of the following is a methodological issue that arises in studies investigating cerebral laterality in split-brain patients? a.Due to their epilepsy, these people may not have had normal brain organization before surgery. b. The size of the corpus callosum and the effects of severing it are too variable. c.Sectioning the corpus callosum causes severe behavioral side effects that make research participation difficult. d. Each persons physiological response to the surgery is different and creates new patterns of brain organization during recovery.

Q: Which of the following, if any, describes a proposed function of the corpus callosum? a. to guide migrating neurons in the prenatal brain to destinations in the opposite hemisphere b. to allow each hemisphere to inhibit the activity of the other c. to provide structural support for the dorsal and medial portions of the cerebral cortex d. none of these describes a proposed function of the corpus callosum

Q: Assessment of the visual processing carried out by each hemisphere in split-brain patients usually involves the brief simultaneous presentation of different stimuli to each visual field while the participant fixates on a central point in space. Why is it necessary to ensure that stimulus presentation is brief? a.If the stimuli were presented over longer intervals, information would be transferred between the hemispheres through the corpus callosum. b. Brief presentation prevents participants from focusing attention on the stimuli. c.The short presentation time is necessary to prevent eye movements, which would redirect information across the visual fields. d. Increasing the presentation time increases task difficulty for split-brain patients.

Q: Which of the following people would be most likely to receive the split-brain procedure? a. a person with amnesia b. a person with schizophrenia c. a person with aphasia d. a person with epilepsy

Q: If you section all of the corpus callosum EXCEPT the splenial region, a.information about inputs to the left and right ears will be successfully integrated. b. information about inputs to the left and right hands will be successfully integrated. c.information about inputs to the left and right visual fields will be successfully integrated. d. information about inputs to the left hand and the right visual field will be successfully integrated.

Q: If a split-brain patient with the typical pattern of language dominance is shown an XOAect briefly in her left visual field, she will be able to indicate what she saw successfully if she is asked to a.speak its name. b. point to the object using her left hand. c.point to the object using her right hand. d. verbally describe, rather than name, the object.

Q: Visual information that is presented briefly to the__________ visual field is processed first by the left half of each retina and then by the __________ hemisphere of the brain. a.right ; right b. right ; left c.left ; right d. left ; left

Q: The following is a sample stimulus shown briefly to a split-brain patient who has the typical pattern of language dominance. If you ask her to name the XOAect she sees, what will her answer probably be? a.Square. b. Circle. c. Square and circle. d. Nothing.

Q: A small object, such as a key, is placed in the right hand of a split-brain patient who has her eyes closed. Assuming that this person has left-hemisphere language dominance, which of the following best describes her ability to report information about the XOAect based on how it feels? a.She will be able to name and describe it verbally. b. She will not be able to name it verbally. c.She will be able to write out the objects name using her left hand. d. She will not be able to direct focused attention to the object.

Q: Although there is a general consensus that the right hemisphere is superior on some tasks that require visuospatial processing, such as the block design task, the findings on this topic are also somewhat inconsistent. One explanation for this inconsistency is that the block design task a.involves many cognitive operations, and not all of them may be lateralized to the right hemisphere. b. has many verbal components that may emphasize left- rather than right hemisphere function. c.requires fine motor coordination, which is regulated by the right hemisphere. d. is too simple a task to demonstrate strong laterality effects.

Q: A general function that is associated with right-hemisphere activity in most people is a.language production and comprehension. b. comprehension and memory for meaningful gestures. c.the word superiority effect. d. visuospatial processing.

Q: To which of the following aspects of language does the right hemisphere seem to make the smallest contribution, if any? a.generative syntax b. the mental lexicon c. prosody d. idiomatic expressions

Q: The word superiority effect can be documented a.in only the left hemisphere because this effect stems from the auditory lexicon. b.in both hemispheres because this effect stems from the auditory lexicon. c.in only the left hemisphere because this effect stems from the visual lexicon. d.in both hemispheres because this effect stems from the visual lexicon.

Q: Split-brain patients are asked to detect targets that appear briefly on a computer screen. On some trials, the targets are preceded by cues that correctly indicate their upcoming location. The detection advantage produced by the cues a.occurs only if the cue and subsequent target are shown in the same visual field. b. occurs only if the cue and subsequent target appear in the left visual field. c.occurs only if the cue and subsequent target appear in the right visual field. d. occurs regardless of which visual field contains the cue and target.

Q: Studies of the production of facial expressions suggest that although__________ can generate spontaneous facial expressions, __________ can generate voluntary facial expressions. a.only the left hemisphere ; both hemispheres b. only the right hemisphere ; both hemispheres c.both hemispheres ; only the left hemisphere d. both hemispheres ; only the right hemisphere

Q: Lesions of the right hemisphere disrupt perception of __________ in visual stimuli and in speech a. global structure ; prosody b. global structure ; formants c. local structure ; prosody d. local structure ; formants

Q: Based on what you have learned about laterality, which of the following statements is most accurate? a.People utilize the right hemisphere for visual spatial tasks. b. People utilize the left hemisphere for language. c.Both hemispheres play a role in most tasks in all people, working in concert with each other. d. The hemispheres are functionally identical.

Q: The term__________ refers to the idea that a complex perceptual stimulus can be described on multiple levels of detail. a.dichotomania b. hierarchical structure c.generative assembling device d. heterotopic mapping

Q: One advantage to studying cerebral laterality from an information-processing perspective rather than a task-based perspective is that the information-processing approach a.is a less parsimonious approach to describing laterality effects. b. focuses on how each hemisphere works independently of the other. c.emphasizes that the two hemispheres may work in concert to perform a task. d. minimizes the role of evolution in hemispheric specialization.

Q: When participants in a dichotic listening task with word stimuli are asked afterward to report as many items as possible, they consistently produce the words that were presented to the right ear much more frequently than the words that were presented to the left ear. This phenomenon is called a.binaural integration. b. the word superiority effect. c. the right-ear advantage. d. the frequency hypothesis.

Q: Robertson and colleagues (1988) investigated possible asymmetries in the processing of hierarchical figures by people who had suffered unilateral brain injuries. They found that patients with injuries to the left hemisphere had difficulty in identifying __________ right hemisphere had difficulty in identifying__________ elements, and patients with injuries to the elements. a.the global ; the local b. the local ; the global c.the local ; both local and global d. both local and global ; the global

Q: When presented with lateralized localglobal stimuli to control, participants generally a.identify local targets more quickly by the right hemisphere than the left hemisphere. b. identify global targets more quickly by the right hemisphere than the left hemisphere. c.identify local targets more quickly when a stimulus was presented in the left visual field rather than the right visual field. d. identify both global and local targets more quickly when stimuli were presented in the right visual field rather than the left visual field.

Q: Based on the work of Navon (1977), which of the following types of stimuli would probably produce the shortest reaction times if participants were required to detect the presence of an L in the figure? a.L L L L L L L b. F F F F F c. L L L L L d. All reaction times would be roughly the same.

Q: The phenomenon of global precedence described by Navon (1977) is that when hierarchically structured stimuli are presented, a.global shapes are extracted before local shapes. b. local shapes are easier for the visual system to extract than global shapes. c.global shapes take longer to process than local shapes. d. local shapes can interfere with the perception of global shapes.

Q: You are watching a show on TV while speaking on your cell phone to a loved one. A commercial with a couple fighting appears. Suddenly, the person says something on the phone and you get irritated. The person on the other side of the line is perplexed by your response. This is an example of a.the interpreter. b. left hemisphere brain activity. c. rationalization. d. all of the above.

Q: One of the hallmarks of humans is our ability to draw causal inferences. In the book this is termed a.the visionary. b. the clairvoyant. c. the interpreter. d. the predicter.

Q: In an experiment with patients, a group of researchers used nonlinguistic hierarchical shape stimuli such as the example here. How did the results differ from those obtained with hierarchical letter stimuli? a.The results were the same regardless of whether letter stimuli or shape stimuli were used. b. Neither patient group showed any local impairments when shape stimuli were used instead of letters. c.Neither patient group showed any global impairments when shape stimuli were used instead of letters. d. Neither patient group showed global or local impairments when shape stimuli were used instead of letters.

Q: Here are a hierarchical letter figure and a copy of this stimulus drawn by a person with a unilateral brain injury. Where is the most probable location of this injury? a. the right dorsolateral frontal lobe b. the left temporoparietal cortex c. the right fusiform gyrus d. the right occipital lobe

Q: Animals and humans are shown items that have a 75/25 probability of being in one of two categories. Which participants would perform the best on this task? a.intact humans b. intact animals c.right-hemisphere-damaged patients d. The groups listed above would perform equally well.

Q: In one experiment a group of pictures was presented to split-brain patients. Then a set of pictures was presented either to the left or the right hemisphere. Which of the following statements is true? a.The left hemisphere accurately identified only the previously presented pictures. b. The right hemisphere misidentified related pictures as being presented. c.both a and b d. none of the above

Q: Which of the following statements best describes the correlation between handedness and hemisphere dominance for language function in humans? a.The correlation is strong, such that for language almost all right-handers have left- hemisphere dominance and almost all left-handers have right-hemisphere dominance. b. The correlation is strong only for right-handers, who almost all have left-hemisphere dominance for language, whereas left-handers do not generally have a particular language- dominant hemisphere. c.The correlation is strong only for left-handers, who almost all have right-hemisphere dominance for language, whereas right-handers do not generally have a particular language-dominant hemisphere. d. The correlation is weak, such that almost all right-handers and at least half of left-handers exhibit left-hemisphere language dominance, regardless of handedness.

Q: Localized specialized networks that can perform functions are called a.areas. b. units. c. items. d. modules.

Q: Studies of cerebral laterality in nonhuman species indicate that hemispheric differences a.are found in many species, and the specific functions involved are quite similar. b. are found in many species, but the specific functions involved often differ. c.are typically found only in humans and other primate species, and the specific functions involved differ from species to species. d. have been strongly documented in humans only.

Q: Why is it that a split-brain patient might not notice that anything is wrong? a.The left hemisphere interpreter does not know that information from the right hemisphere is missing b. The right hemisphere interpreter does not know that information from the right hemisphere is missing. c.The left hemisphere does not have consciousness. d. The right hemisphere does not have consciousness.

Q: Brain asymmetries are restricted to the cerebral cortex and are not found in subcortical structures.

Q: The dichotic listening task has been used to show a left-ear advantage for remembering dichotically presented words, consistent with the idea that the left hemisphere processes language.

Q: Drawings of hierarchical figures by people with left-hemisphere lesions are likely to focus on local elements while missing global structure.

Q: The right hemisphere is more important than the left for both the perception and production of facial expressions.

Q: There appear to be two mental lexicons, one in each hemisphere.

Q: In neurologically intact people, we can restrict information to only the left hemisphere by presenting it visually in the right visual field.

Q: Many callosal projections link homotopic areas in corresponding locations in the two hemispheres.

Q: Asymmetries in language-associated brain regions have been documented at the level of individual neurons that make up the cortical columns.

Q: One theory of the relation between language and handedness suggests that both speech and dexterity are related.

Q: In the auditory system, the conversion of sound waves into action potentials occurs in the a. ganglion cells. b. eardrum. c. cochlear nucleus. d. hair cells.

Q: Split-brain patients have a lack of consciousness about their deficits.

Q: The two cues that barn owls use to localize sounds are a.echolocation and interaural time. b.interaural time and interaural intensity. c.interaural intensity and interaural frequency. d.interaural frequency and echolocation.

Q: The primary auditory cortex is located in the a. medial geniculate nucleus. b. inferior temporal lobe. c.lateral geniculate nucleus. d.superior temporal lobe.

Q: Vision is to the __________ as audition is to the __________. a. medial geniculate nucleus ; lateral geniculate nucleus b. lateral geniculate nucleus ; medial geniculate nucleus c. medial geniculate nucleus ; cochlear nucleus d. cochlear nucleus ; medial geniculate nucleus

Q: High-frequency sounds primarily activate hair cells at the __________ frequency sounds, whereas low- of the cochlea primarily activate hair cells at the __________ of the cochlea. a. base (thicker end) ; apex (thinner end) b. apex (thinner end) ; base (thicker end) c. superior end ; inferior end d. inferior end ; superior end

Q: In the auditory system, the basilar membrane is located within the a. cochlea. b. eardrum. c. pinna. d. middle ear.

Q: After modeling the quick habituation found in the olfactory system, Sobels fMRI research suggested that a.the primary olfactory cortex is related to sniffing, and the orbitofrontal cortex is related to smell. b. the orbitofrontal cortex is related to sniffing, and the primary olfactory cortex is related to smell. c.the orbitofrontal cortex is related to sniffing and smell, whereas the primary olfactory cortex is related to smell but not sniffing. d. the primary olfactory cortex is related to sniffing and smell, whereas the orbitofrontal cortex is related to smell but not sniffing.

Q: Neurons in the olfactory bulb demonstrate an extensive amount of convergence and divergence. This means that neurons in this system a.sometimes fire synchronously and asynchronously with respect to each other. b. project to, and receive input from, a large number of other neurons. c.synapse onto their own presynaptic neurons, creating feedback loops. d. send output to regions of the brain both near and far from the olfactory epithelium.

Q: The orbitofrontal cortex is considered a secondary cortical area for which of the following senses? a. proprioception b. vision c. olfaction d. audition

Q: The primary olfactory cortex is located at the junction of the__________ and__________ lobes. a.frontal ; temporal b. frontal ; parietal c.temporal ; occipital d. parietal ; occipital

Q: How many types of receptors are there in the olfactory epithelium? a.two b. four c.five d. Olfaction

Q: Information about which of the following senses does NOT pass through the thalamus on the way to the cortex? a.audition b. olfaction c. gustation d. somatosensation

Q: Konishi's model of spartial hearing in the barn owl posits that interaural time is computed using , whereas interaural intensity differences are computed using __________ . a. relative rate of firing ; coincidence detectors b. coincidence detectors ; relative rate of firing c. unimodal processing ; multimodal integration d. multimodal integration ; unimodal processing

Q: Which of the following is a documented asymmetry in the olfactory system? a.The number of receptor types in the left olfactory epithelium is 10 times greater than in the right olfactory epithelium. b. The cortical volume of the primary olfactory cortex is larger on the right side than on the left in right-handed people. c.The nasal passage in one nostril is larger than the other nostril, and this switches back and forth every few hours. d. Although the left nostril projects to both the left and right cerebral hemispheres, the right nostril projects only to the right hemisphere.

Q: The primary visual pathway is best described as a.retina optic nerve hypothalamus superior colliculus occipital lobe. b.retina cochlea optic chiasm thalamus occipital lobe. c.retina optic nerve optic chiasm thalamus occipital lobe. d.retina hippocampus thalamus superior colliculus occipital lobe.

Q: Which area of the body has the greatest amount of representation in the human primary somatosensory cortex? a.hands b. feet c.gums d. trunk

Q: Information about the left hand is processed a.in the left hemisphere for both the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices. b. in the right hemisphere for both the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices. c.in the left hemisphere for the primary somatosensory cortex and bilaterally for the secondary somatosensory cortex. d. in the right hemisphere for the primary somatosensory cortex and bilaterally for the secondary somatosensory cortex.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a type of corpuscle used for somatosensation? a.Merkel b. Calvert c.Meissner d. Pacinian

Q: In which of the following brain areas might you expect an expert taster such as a chef or sommelier to have unique patterns of neural connectivity? a.the superior temporal gyrus b. area MT c.the orbitofrontal cortex d. the basal ganglia

Q: The orbitofrontal cortex is an integration area for which two senses? a. somatosensation and vision b. vision and audition c. olfaction and gustation d. somatosensation and proprioception

Q: The primary gustatory cortex is located in the a. thalamus and hypothalamus. b. hippocampus and amygdala. c. pons and medulla. d. insula and operculum.