Q&A Hero

Q: Lactotropes secrete prolactin (PRL), which enhances breast development and lactation in females. a. True b. False

Q: Thyrotropes secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone and growth of the thyroid gland. a. True b. False

Q: The major control for hypothalamic-induced release of vasopressin from the anterior pituitary is input from hypothalamic receptor cells. a. True b. False

Q: Permissiveness occurs when one hormone causes the loss of another hormone's receptors, reducing the effectiveness of the second hormone. a. True b. False

Q: Synergism occurs when the actions of several hormones are complementary and their combined effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects. a. True b. False

Q: Primary hyposecretion takes place when an endocrine gland is normal but is secreting too little hormone because of a deficiency of its tropic hormone. a. True b. False

Q: Unlike the rhythmicity of breathing, endocrine rhythms are locked on, or entrained, to external cues such as the light"dark cycle. a. True b. False

Q: Some endocrine control systems include both feedback control (which maintains a constant basal level of the hormone) and neuroendocrine reflexes (which cause sudden bursts in secretion in response to a sudden increased need for the hormone). a. True b. False

Q: All hormones are eventually inactivated by enzymes in the pancreas, kidneys, lymph, or target cells. a. True b. False

Q: Frequently, a single hormone has more than one type of target cell and therefore can induce more than one type of effect. a. True b. False

Q: Indoleamines are produced by the pineal gland and are derived from the amino acid tryptophan. a. True b. False

Q: Melatonin inhibits the hormones that stimulate: a. reproductive activity b. bone growth c. immune response d. cellular aging e. sleep

Q: What do the retinal ganglion cells contain that send cues the pineal gland? a. methionine b. mineralocorticoids c. melanin d. melatonin e. melanopsin

Q: What is the natural cycle of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, without any external cues? a. 22 hours b. 23 hours c. 24 hours d. 25 hours e. 26 hours

Q: Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located? a. thyroid b. adrenal medulla c. adrenal cortex d. thalamus e. hypothalamus

Q: What does the pineal gland secrete? a. methionine b. mineralocorticoids c. melanin d. melatonin e. melanopsin

Q: What is the shape of the pineal gland? a. apple b. pinecone c. diamond d. cross e. kidney bean

Q: Growth hormone hypersecretion after adolescence produces what condition? a. mental retardation b. dwarfism c. acromegaly d. gigantism e. hyperthyroidism

Q: When are growth hormone levels highest in the body? a. during deep sleep b. between 7-9 am c. between 12-3 pm d. between 8-10 pm e. at sunset

Q: How many hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones control growth hormone secretion? a. one b. two c. three d. four e. five

Q: What are entrapped osteoblasts called that no longer perform their duty? a. exocytes b. chondrocytes c. endocytes d. osteocytes e. osteoclasts

Q: What are the bone cells that dissolve the bony tissue? a. exocytes b. chondrocytes c. osteoblasts d. endocytes e. osteoclasts

Q: What are the bone cells called that produce the organic matrix? a. exocytes b. chondrocytes c. osteoblasts d. endocytes e. osteoclasts

Q: What is the most dramatic effect of growth hormone on the skeleton? a. expansion of the pelvis b. growth of long bones c. hardening of the thorax and ribs d. growth of the skull e. alignment of spinal canal

Q: Somatomedins have been renamed: a. insulin-like growth factors b. pancreatic growth factors c. cortisol-like stimulators d. somato-stimulators e. growth enhancing peptides

Q: What is the most abundant hormone produced by the anterior pituitary? a. vasopressin b. oxytocin c. cortisol d. testosterone e. growth hormone

Q: Stress triggers the release of what hormone from the adrenal cortex? a. dopamine b. growth hormone c. melatonin d. testosterone e. cortisol

Q: What nutrient is the most important factor for musculoskeletal growth? a. protein (amino acids) b. fatty acids c. carbohydrates d. trace minerals e. dietary fiber

Q: In most cases, hypophysiotropic hormones initiate a: a. direct hormone sequence b. two hormone sequence c. three hormone sequence d. four hormone sequence e. five hormone sequence

Q: What hormone is identical to prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)? a. melatonin b. ACTH c. serotonin d. dopamine e. luteinizing hormone (LH)

Q: What is the endocrine axis? a. thalamus-hypothalamus-pituitary axis b. hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis c. thalamus-hypothalamus-thyroid axis d. hypothalamus"pituitary-pineal axis e. thalamus-pituitary-pineal axis

Q: What do corticotropes produce and release? a. LH b. FSH c. ACTH d. TSH e. GH

Q: What anterior pituitary cells secrete growth hormone? a. corticotropes b. thyrotropes c. somatotropes d. gonadotropes e. lactotropes

Q: What kind of behavior does oxytocin facilitate? a. sexual promiscuity b. aggression c. ritualistic behavior d. increased awareness and cognition e. bonding between mother and infant

Q: What does the posterior pituitary gland release into the blood? a. steroid hormones b. secretin and cholecystokinin c. adipokines d. vasopressin and oxytocin e. cortisol and epinephrine

Q: What is another term for the adenohypophysis? a. anterior pituitary b. posterior pituitary c. hypophysis d. neurohypophysis e. hypothalamus

Q: What is another term for the neurohypophysis? a. anterior pituitary b. posterior pituitary c. hypophysis d. adenohypophysis e. hypothalamus

Q: How many lobes does the pituitary gland have? a. one b. two c. three d. four e. five

Q: What endocrine gland secretes melatonin? a. hypothalamus b. adrenal cortex c. adrenal medulla d. pineal gland e. posterior pituitary gland

Q: A hormone can influence the activity of another hormone at a given target cell in one of three ways: a. permissiveness, synergism, and stimulation b. combination, synergism, and stimulation c. permissiveness, synergism, and antagonism d. combination, overreaction, and antagonism e. permissiveness, overreaction, and antagonism

Q: Testicular feminization syndrome is an example of: a. hypersecretion b. hyposecretion c. over-sensitization d. neuropathology e. abnormal target-cell responsiveness

Q: What is the main nutrient needed in order to synthesize thyroid hormone? a. iodine b. iron c. glucose d. protein e. tyrosine

Q: The secretion rates of many endocrine hormones rhythmically fluctuate up and down as a function of time, which is referred to as their: a. circadian rhythm b. luminosity c. day cycle d. light rhythm e. night cycle

Q: What kind of lipophilic hormone stays active in the blood the longest? a. catecholamines b. thyroid hormone c. insulin d. indoleamines e. steroids

Q: What can testosterone be converted to within the body? a. cortisol b. norepinephrine c. epinephrine d. estrogen e. aromatase

Q: Norepinephrine is classified as a(n): a. hormone b. neurotransmitter c. hormone and a neurotransmitter d. amino acid e. enzyme

Q: How many different hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6

Q: A hormone that has as its primary function the regulation of hormone secretion by another endocrine gland is classified functionally as a(n): a. primary hormone b. adrenal hormone c. tropic hormone d. helper hormone e. secondary hormone

Q: Where are indoleamines produced? a. pineal gland b. thyroids c. adrenal medulla d. pituitary e. hypothalamus

Q: From what are catecholamines derived? a. lysine b. tryptophan c. testosterone d. tyrosine e. arginine

Q: What is the most abundant chemical category of hormone? a. catecholamines b. peptide hormones c. indoleamines d. steroid hormones e. lipophilic hormones

Q: Discuss the greatest disrupter to our natural circadian rhythms.

Q: Discuss the effects of growth hormone (GH) deficiency with examples.

Q: Discuss the various roles of oxytocin.

Q: Discuss estrogen in terms of target cells and major functions.

Q: Define synergism and give an example.

Q: Which number in the figure represents the optic chiasm?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5

Q: Which number in the figure represents the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5

Q: Which number in the figure represents the connecting stalk?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5

Q: Which number in the figure represents the hypothalamus?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5

Q: Describe the causes, symptoms, and effects of heat exhaustion.

Q: Discuss the causes, symptoms, and effects of hypothermia.

Q: Describe a thermoneutral zone.

Q: Discuss the two categories of obesity.

Q: Describe the importance of the satiety center.

Q: Which number(s) in the figure represent the emission of heat energy in the form of electromagnetic waves?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 1 and 3

Q: Which number(s) in the figure represent the transfer of heat energy by air or water currents?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 2 and 3

Q: Which number(s) in the figure represent the mechanism by which sweating promotes heat loss?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 1 and 4

Q: Which number(s) in the figure represent evaporative heat loss?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 2 and 3

Q: Which number(s) in the figure represent a method of heat transfer in which the rate of transfer depends on the temperature difference between two objects and their thermal conductivity?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 1 and 2

Q: The most striking feature of heat stroke is a lack of compensatory heat-loss measures, such as __________.

Q: Wearing light-colored, loose clothing is __________ than being nude.

Q: The mitochondria of __________ fat contain a unique uncoupling protein called __________.

Q: Non-shivering thermogenesis is mediated on cold exposure by the __________ nervous system, which increases heat production by stimulating __________ fat.

Q: The __________ region of the hypothalamus, activated by cold, triggers reflexes that mediate heat production and heat conservation.

Q: Eccrine sweat glands also produce __________, a newly discovered antimicrobial peptide -- a natural antibiotic in sweat that helps defend against potential skin infections.

Q: Heat is continuously lost in expired air as a result of the air being __________ during its passage through the respiratory system.

Q: The rate of heat transfer by conduction depends on the temperature difference between the touching objects and the thermal __________ of the substances involved.

Q: Heat always moves down a thermal gradient from a(n) __________ to a(n) __________ region.

Q: Heat __________ occurs by way of heat gain from the external environment and internal heat production.