Q&A Hero

Q: The __________ and axillary temperatures are comparable, whereas __________ temperature averages about 1F higher.

Q: In contrast to the constant high temperature in the __________, the temperature within the __________ is generally cooler and may vary substantially.

Q: Characteristics of anorexia nervosa include altered secretion of many hormones, absence of __________, and __________ body temperature.

Q: There are two versions of the FTO gene: the "normal" __________ variant and the "faulty" __________ variant.

Q: Some adipokines, like __________, are released only from visceral fat, the deep, "bad" fat that surrounds the abdominal organs.

Q: Adipose tissue secretes several hormones, collectively termed __________, that play important roles in energy balance and metabolism.

Q: __________, most notably α-melanocytestimulating hormone (α-MSH) from the hypothalamus, suppress appetite, thus leading to reduced food intake and __________.

Q: __________, one of the most potent appetite stimulators ever found, leads to increased food intake, thus promoting weight gain.

Q: The __________ of the hypothalamus plays a central role in both long-term control of energy balance and body weight and short-term control of food intake from meal to meal.

Q: Control of food intake to match changing metabolic expenditures is the major means of maintaining a(n) __________ energy balance.

Q: As thyroid hormone increases, the BMR __________.

Q: A more convenient method of indirectly determining the rate of heat production requires only measuring the person's __________ uptake per unit of time.

Q: People should not have eaten any food within 12 hours before the BMR determination to avoid diet-induced __________.

Q: The __________ is a reflection of the body's "idling speed," or the minimal waking rate of internal energy expenditure.

Q: Cells capture a portion of the nutrient energy in the high-energy phosphate bonds of __________.

Q: Heat stroke is an extremely dangerous situation that arises from the complete destruction of the thalamus. a. True b. False

Q: Normal metabolism produces enough heat to kill a person in less than 5 hours if the heat-loss mechanisms are completely shut down. a. True b. False

Q: Fever production in response to an infection is a deliberate outcome and is not caused by a breakdown of thermoregulation. a. True b. False

Q: During fever production, endogenous pyrogen raises the set point of the thalamic thermostat by triggering the local release of histamines. a. True b. False

Q: Shivering consists of rhythmic, oscillating skeletal muscle contractions that occur at a rapid rate of 10 to 20 per second. a. True b. False

Q: The core temperature is monitored by central thermoreceptors, which are located in the hypothalamus itself, and in the abdominal organs and elsewhere. a. True b. False

Q: Sweating is an active evaporative heat-loss process under parasympathetic nervous control. a. True b. False

Q: The term convection refers to the transfer of heat energy by air (or water) currents. a. True b. False

Q: Conduction is the emission of heat energy from the surface of a warm body in the form of electromagnetic waves, or heat waves, which travel through space. a. True b. False

Q: Heat output occurs by way of heat loss from exposed organs to the internal environment. a. True b. False

Q: The elderly naturally have lower core temperatures, with a midday average of 97.7F. a. True b. False

Q: Skin temperature may fluctuate between 68F and 104F (20C and 40C) without damage. a. True b. False

Q: Recent studies indicate that normal body temperature varies among individuals and varies throughout the day, ranging from 92.0F in the morning to 99.9F in the evening, with an overall average of 100F. a. True b. False

Q: Among American females 15 to 24 years old, the death rate associated with anorexia nervosa is 12 times higher than the death rate from all other causes. a. True b. False

Q: One of the problems in fighting obesity is that once fat cells are created they do not disappear with dieting and weight loss. a. True b. False

Q: Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), or the "fidget factor," might explain some variation in fat storage among people. a. True b. False

Q: Studies demonstrate that obese people have less bacteria in their colon that breaks down indigestible fiber more efficiently for absorption from the digestive tract. a. True b. False

Q: The arbitrary boundary for being overweight is having a body mass index of between 22 and 26.9. a. True b. False

Q: Multiple, highly integrated, redundant pathways crisscross into and out of the arcuate nucleus, indicative of the complex systems involved in feeding and satiety. a. True b. False

Q: Adipose tissue is now considered an exocrine gland and is the smallest hormone-secreting tissue in the body. a. True b. False

Q: If the amount of energy in food intake is less than the amount of energy expended, the extra energy taken in but not used is stored in the body, primarily as glycogen, so body weight decreases. a. True b. False

Q: The rate of energy expenditure during sleep is 10% to 15% lower than the BMR, presumably because of the more complete muscle relaxation that occurs during the paradoxical stage of sleep. a. True b. False

Q: The basic unit of heat energy is the kilocalorie, which is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of H2O by 1C. a. True b. False

Q: During biochemical processing, only about 50% of the energy in nutrient molecules is transferred to ATP; the other 50% of nutrient energy is immediately lost as heat. a. True b. False

Q: Energy output or expenditure by the body falls into two categories: external work and internal work. a. True b. False

Q: Heat stroke is more likely to occur on overexertion during a prolonged exposure to a: a. hot, humid environment b. hot, dry environment c. cold, humid environment d. cold, dry environment e. wet, rainy environment

Q: What is the most common cause of hyperthermia? a. infection b. thyroid disorder c. adrenal medulla disorder d. malfunction of the hypothalamic control centers e. sustained exercise

Q: How does aspirin reduce a fever? a. by inhibiting synthesis of histamine b. by inhibiting synthesis of nitric oxide c. by inhibiting synthesis of hydrogen peroxide d. by inhibiting synthesis of prostaglandins e. by inhibiting synthesis of endogenous pyrogen

Q: What do macrophages release that increase body temperature (fever)? a. hydrogen peroxide b. nitric oxide c. histamine d. interleukins e. endogenous pyrogen

Q: At normal room temperature, how much more blood flows through the skin than is needed for nutritive purposes? a. 3 times more b. 5 times more c. 10-15 times more d. 20-30 times more e. 40-50 times more

Q: Non-shivering thermogenesis is accomplished by: a. the lungs b. brown fat c. skeletal muscles d. the thalamus e. the thyroid

Q: Adjustments in heat production are made primarily by: a. the lungs b. brown fat c. skeletal muscles d. the thalamus e. the thyroid

Q: What part of the hypothalamus is activated by warmth? a. anterior region b. posterior region c. superior region d. inferior region e. distal region

Q: What is the body's thermostat? a. thalamus b. hypothalamus c. thyroid d. medulla e. adrenals

Q: What glands secrete a thick milky sweat prone to odor? a. salivary sweat glands b. dermal sweat glands c. integumentary sweat glands d. apocrine sweat glands e. eccrine sweat glands

Q: What glands secrete odorless, dilute, and clear sweat? a. salivary sweat glands b. dermal sweat glands c. integumentary sweat glands d. apocrine sweat glands e. eccrine sweat glands

Q: What kind of heat loss occurs continually from the linings of the respiratory airways and from the surface of the skin? a. radiation b. conduction c. evaporation d. dissipation e. convection

Q: What are the four mechanisms of heat transfer that the body uses? a. externalization, conduction, respiration, and evaporation b. radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation c. radiation, transference, convection, and dissipation d. radiation, conduction, respiration, and dissipation e. externalization, conduction, respiration, and dissipation

Q: What is the most important source of heat for the body? a. internal heat production b. heat gain from the external environment c. respiration d. exercise e. eating

Q: The relative constancy of core temperature is made possible by multiple thermoregulatory mechanisms coordinated by the: a. medulla b. heart c. thyroid d. thalamus e. hypothalamus

Q: At what time is a person's core temperature the lowest? a. 6 pm b. 3 pm c. noon d. 9 am e. 6 am

Q: What is the best determinant of core temperature (because it is nearly identical to the temperature of the blood)? a. oral temperature b. axillary temperature c. temporal temperature d. rectal temperature e. skin temperature

Q: At what temperature is the internal core temperature homeostatically maintained? a. 100F b. 98.6F c. 98.2F d. 97.1F e. 96F

Q: What internal body temperature is considered the upper limit compatible with life? a. 104F b. 106F c. 108F d. 110F e. 112F

Q: Most people suffer convulsions when the internal body temperature reaches about: a. 102F b. 104F c. 106F d. 108F e. 110F

Q: What percentage of the U.S. population is affected by anorexia nervosa? a. 0.1% b. 0.6% c. 2.3% d. 3.6% e. 5.1%

Q: What virus may lead to obesity by transforming adult tissue-specific stem cells into fat-storing adipocytes? a. HIV b. HepB c. adenovirus-36 d. corona virus e. influenza B

Q: What percentage of American adults are obese? a. 55% b. 50% c. 44% d. 39% e. 34%

Q: What is the arbitrary boundary for being considered obese? a. having a BMI of between 22 and 24.9 b. having a BMI of between 25 and 29.9 c. having a BMI of 25 or greater d. having a BMI of 30 or greater e. having a BMI of 38 or greater

Q: What is the so-called "hunger hormone"? a. ghrelin b. insulin c. leptin d. peptide YY3-36 e. corticotropin-releasing hormone

Q: Where is the major site for leptin action? a. pancreas b. arcuate nucleus c. liver d. thalamus e. thyroid gland

Q: The newly identified link between obesity-induced inflammation and its metabolic consequences is termed: a. metasity b. metaflammation c. metabolic edema d. metabolic syndrome e. obesity induced inflammation

Q: How many subsets of neurons does the arcuate nucleus have? a. five b. four c. three d. two e. one

Q: What is a positive energy balance primarily stored as within the body? a. glycogen b. glucose c. adipose tissue d. muscle tissue e. ATP

Q: What hormone is the primary (but not sole) determinant of the rate of basal metabolism? a. insulin b. adrenal hormone c. pituitary hormone d. parathyroid hormone e. thyroid hormone

Q: The energy equivalent of O2 is: a. 4.8 kcal of energy liberated per liter of O2consumed b. 4.8 kcal of energy liberated per liter of CO2expired c. 5.8 kcal of energy liberated per liter of O2consumed d. 5.8 kcal of energy liberated per liter of CO2expired e. 6.8 kcal of energy liberated per liter of CO2expired

Q: Which list correctly orders energy expenditure from greatest to least amount of kcal/hr? a. walking up stairs → rowing (20 strokes/minute) → jogging → swimming → bicycling (5.5 miles/hour) b. swimming → walking up stairs → rowing(20 strokes/minute) → jogging → bicycling(5.5 miles/hour) c. jogging → walking up stairs → bicycling(5.5 miles/hour) → rowing(20 strokes/minute) → swimming d. swimming → rowing(20 strokes/minute) → jogging → walking up stairs → bicycling(5.5 miles/hour) e. walking up stairs → bicycling(5.5 miles/hour) → swimming → rowing(20 strokes/minute) → jogging

Q: How many kilocalories of heat energy are released when 1 gram of glucose is oxidized or "burned"? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6

Q: What is the difference between a calorie and a Calorie? a. 1 calorie = 1 Calorie b. 1 Calorie = 100 calories c. 1 calorie = 100 Calories d. 1 Calorie = 1,000 calories e. 1 calorie= 1,000 Calories

Q: What is the basic unit of heat energy? a. joules b. calorie c. Tesla d. Celsius e. gram

Q: The rate at which energy is expended by the body during both external and internal work is known as the: a. heart rate b. respiratory rate c. digestive rate d. thermodynamic rate e. metabolic rate

Q: What is the overall percent of nutrient derived energy that is lost as heat? a. 35% b. 50% c. 60% d. 75% e. 90%

Q: The energy in nutrient molecules not used to energize work is transformed into what? a. chemical energy b. glucose c. thermal energy (heat) d. water e. ADP

Q: Cells capture a portion of nutrient energy in the high-energy phosphate bonds of: a. ADP b. ATP c. phosphatase d. glucose e. amino acids

Q: What law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed? a. first b. second c. third d. fourth e. fifth