Q&A Hero

Q: The small, fingerlike projection at the bottom of the cecum is the: a. ileocecal valve b. appendix c. colon d. rectum e. diverticulum

Q: What kind of iron is present in plants? a. heme iron b. organic iron c. inorganic iron d. bound iron e. unbound iron

Q: What must be combined with vitamin B12 for it to be absorbed in the small intestine? a. intrinsic factor b. vitamin D c. iron d. calcium e. bile salts

Q: How are small peptides absorbed into intestinal cells? a. diffusion b. tertiary active transport c. via micelles d. via sugar symporters e. via pancreatic enzymes

Q: What vitamin is absorbed in the terminal part of the ileum? a. vitamin K b. vitamin E c. vitamin D d. vitamin B12 e. vitamin A

Q: What type of enzyme hydrolyzes most of the small peptide fragments into their amino acid components, thereby completing protein digestion? a. enteropeptidase b. disaccharidases c. maltase d. trypsinogen e. aminopeptidases

Q: The migrating motility complex is regulated between meals by what hormone? a. gastrin b. pepsin c. motilin d. secretin e. insulin

Q: What is the reflex called that involves gastrin secretion in response to the presence of chyme in the stomach? a. gastric reflex b. gastroileal reflex c. duodenal reflex d. fundal reflex e. antral reflex

Q: What are the three segments of the small intestine called? a. duodenum, jejunum, and ileum b. duodenum, septum, and colon c. duodenum, cecum, and ileum d. antrum, jejunum, and fundus e. fundus, ileum, and colon

Q: When damaged hepatocytes are permanently replaced by connective tissue the condition is called: a. hepatitis b. liver cancer c. biliary choletis d. pancreatitis e. cirrhosis

Q: What are the main constituents of bile? a. salts, amylase, digestive enzymes, and bilirubin b. HCl, cholesterol, lecithin, and digestive enzymes c. salts, digestive enzymes, lecithin, and bilirubin d. HCl, cholesterol, lecithin, and amylase e. salts, cholesterol, lecithin, and bilirubin

Q: What vitamin does the liver activate? a. vitamin A b. vitamin B12 c. vitamin D d. vitamin E e. vitamin K

Q: What are the two major enterogastrones secreted by the pancreas? a. secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) b. chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase c. trypsinogen and cholecystokinin (CCK) d. chymotrypsin and trypsinogen e. insulin and cholecystokinin (CCK)

Q: What compound coverts trypsinogen into trypsin? a. pancreatic lipase b. pepsin c. chymotrypsinogen d. enteropeptidase e. procarboxypeptidase

Q: What endocrine tissue secretes insulin and glucagon? a. intestinal mucosa b. islets of Langerhans c. chief cells d. parietal cells e. acinar cells

Q: How often is the protective lining of the stomach replaced? a. every 12 days b. every 7 days c. every 3 days d. every day e. every 12 hours

Q: What are the three phases of gastric secretion? a. esophageal, gastric, and intestinal b. fundus, body, and antrum c. cephalic, gastric, and intestinal d. gastric, antrum, and phloric e. fundus, cephalic, and pancreatic

Q: What cells of the stomach secrete pepsinogen? a. stem cells b. mucous cells c. goblet cells d. parietal cells e. chief cells

Q: Where is the vomiting center located? a. stomach b. esophagus c. pons d. medulla e. spinal ganglia

Q: What nerve mediates the receptive relaxation response? a. vagus b. gastric c. thoracic d. lumbar e. accessory

Q: Which section of the stomach has the thickest musculature? a. body b. antrum c. fundus d. phloric sphincter e. esophagus

Q: Based on structural and functional distinctions, how many sections does the stomach have? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6

Q: What is the lower esophageal sphincter called? a. pharyngoesophageal sphincter b. gastric sphincter c. oropharyngeal sphincter d. gastroesophageal sphincter e. peristaltic sphincter

Q: What is the first part of the trachea called? a. uvula b. pharynx c. larynx d. glottis e. palate

Q: What are housed within the side walls of the pharynx? a. the larynx b. the salivary glands c. the palate d. the esophagus e. the tonsils

Q: Saliva begins digestion of dietary starches through action of the enzyme: a. salivary amylase b. salivary protease c. salivary lipase d. dextrin e. pepsin

Q: The exposed part of a tooth is covered by: a. enamel b. pulp c. connective tissue d. gingival tissue e. nerve root

Q: What separates the mouth from the nasal passages? a. epiglottis b. uvula c. palate d. teeth e. tongue

Q: How many types of sensory receptors are in the digestive tract wall? a. 6 b. 5 c. 4 d. 3 e. 2

Q: What two plexuses are termed the enteric nervous system? a. thoracic plexus and myenteric plexus b. submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus c. submucosal plexus and gastric plexus d. gastric plexus and enteric plexus e. enteric plexus and intestinal plexus

Q: What layer of tissue contains the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)? a. lamina propria b. muscularis mucosa c. submucosa d. muscularis externa e. serosa

Q: What are the two components of the biliary system? a. small and large intestines b. stomach and small intestine c. endocrine and exocrine glands d. liver and pancreas e. liver and gallbladder

Q: In polypeptides, what type of bond holds amino acids together? a. hemoglobin b. protein bonds c. peptide bonds d. hydrogen bonds e. enzymes

Q: What kind of a sugar is fructose? a. starch b. polysaccharide c. disaccharide d. monosaccharide e. monoglyceride

Q: What are the four basic digestive processes? a. motility, absorption, transporting, and defecating b. motility, secretion, digestion, and absorption c. chewing, absorbing, transporting, and energy storage d. chewing, swallowing, absorbing, and defecating e. physical, chemical, motility, and absorption

Q: List the benefits of the beneficial bacteria in the large intestine.

Q: Explain malabsorption and give an example.

Q: Discuss the role of pancreatic amylase.

Q: Discuss the effects of excessive vomiting.

Q: Describe the digestive tract wall.

Q: Which number in the figure represents chyme in the duodenum?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5f. 6

Q: Which number in the figure represents retropulsion of chyme?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5f. 6

Q: Which number in the figure represents the initiation of peristaltic contraction?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5f. 6

Q: Which number in the figure represents a contraction of the thick-muscled antrum?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5f. 6

Q: Which number in the figure represents the pyloric sphincter?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5f. 6

Q: The presence of acid in the duodenum stimulates the release of __________.

Q: When food enters the stomach, mass movements are triggered in the colon primarily by the __________ reflex.

Q: The large intestine consists of three separate, conspicuous, longitudinal bands of muscle called the __________, which run the length of the large intestine.

Q: The primary function of the large intestine is to store __________ before __________.

Q: One of the most common causes of malabsorption is __________ enteropathy, also known as celiac disease.

Q: Special hair-like projections on the luminal surface of the small intestine epithelial cells, the microvilli, form the __________.

Q: Each day, the exocrine gland cells in the small-intestine mucosa secrete into the lumen about 1.5 liters of an aqueous salt and mucus solution called __________.

Q: Segmentation not only accomplishes mixing, but also slowly moves __________ through the small intestine.

Q: __________ displaces some bile salts and lodges at the surface of the fat droplets, where it binds to lipase, thus anchoring this enzyme to its site of action amid the bile-salt coating.

Q: The only liver function not accomplished by hepatocytes is the phagocytic activity carried out by the resident macrophages, which are known as __________ cells.

Q: All three types of pancreatic digestive enzymes are packaged together in the __________ granules, so all the pancreatic enzymes are released together during __________.

Q: The exocrine pancreas secretes a pancreatic juice consisting of two components: pancreatic enzymes actively secreted by the __________ cells and an aqueous alkaline solution actively secreted by the __________ cells.

Q: The parietal (or oxyntic) cells secrete __________ and __________.

Q: The cells that secrete gastric juice are located in the gastric mucosa, which is divided into two distinct areas: the __________ mucosa and the __________ gland area.

Q: The major force for expulsion of stomach contents during vomiting comes from contraction of the __________ muscles and the __________.

Q: Gastric emptying is largely controlled by factors in the __________.

Q: Gastric mixing takes place in the __________ of the stomach.

Q: Additional __________ peristaltic waves, which do not involve the swallowing center, function to clear a lodged bolus.

Q: Swallowing is initiated when a(n) __________ is voluntarily forced by the tongue to the rear of the mouth and into the pharynx.Swallowing is initiated when a(n) __________ is voluntarily forced by the tongue to the rear of the mouth and into the pharynx.

Q: The simple __________ reflex occurs when __________ and pressure receptors within the oral cavity respond to the presence of food.

Q: Saliva is about 99.5% __________ and 0.5% __________ and protein.

Q: Sensory neurons called intrinsic primary __________ neurons respond to specific local stimuli in the digestive tract.

Q: Located throughout the layers of the muscularis externa are pacemaker cells known as the ______.

Q: A cross section of the digestive tube reveals four major tissue layers: (from the innermost layer outward) the mucosa, the __________, the muscularis externa, and the __________.

Q: Two basic types of phasic digestive motility exist in the digestive tract: __________ movements and mixing movements.

Q: HCl in the stomach stimulates the release of gastrin. a. True b. False

Q: About 2,000 species of bacteria have been identified in the human large intestine. a. True b. False

Q: Collectively, the community of microbes that coexist peacefully and usefully with their human host is called the microbiometa, and the aggregate collection of genomes is known as the microbiota. a. True b. False

Q: Flatus is derived from two sources: swallowed air and gas produced by protein digestion. a. True b. False

Q: Excessive loss of intestinal contents causes dehydration, loss of nutrient material, and metabolic acidosis resulting from loss of HCO3-. a. True b. False

Q: Iron is actively transported from the lumen into the epithelial cells, with women having about four times more active transport sites for iron than men. a. True b. False

Q: The products of lipase digestion are monoglycerides and free peptides. a. True b. False

Q: The disaccharidases located in the brush border membrane of the small intestine cells further reduce disaccharides and polysaccharides into the absorbable monosaccharide units of glucose, galactose, and fructose. a. True b. False

Q: Dipping down into the mucosal surface between the villi are shallow invaginations known as the islets of Langerhans. a. True b. False

Q: Chronic or high exposure to aspirin impairs hepatocyte replacement such that the sturdier fibroblasts take advantage of the situation and overproduce. a. True b. False