Q&A Hero

Q: Bilirubin is the primary bile pigment derived from the breakdown of worn-out red blood cells. a. True b. False

Q: Any substance that increases bile secretion is called a choleretic. a. True b. False

Q: Bile salts aid protein digestion through their detergent action and facilitate protein absorption by participating in the formation of micelles. a. True b. False

Q: The two substances absorbed by the stomach are alcohol and aspirin. a. True b. False

Q: The luminal membranes of the gastric mucosal cells are essentially impermeable to H+, so acid cannot penetrate into the cells and damage them. a. True b. False

Q: Stimuli acting on the stomach namely protein, distension, caffeine, and alcoholincrease gastric secretion by overlapping efferent pathways. a. True b. False

Q: Parietal cells secrete the hormone gastrin into the blood in response to protein products in the stomach lumen and in response to alcohol. a. True b. False

Q: The swallowing center triggers a secondary peristaltic wave that sweeps from the beginning to the end of the pharynx. a. True b. False

Q: The upper esophageal sphincter is the pharyngoesophageal sphincter, and the lower esophageal sphincter is the gastroesophageal sphincter. a. True b. False

Q: The salivary center sends impulses via the intrinsic autonomic nerves to the tongue to promote increased salivation. a. True b. False

Q: Saliva is rich in sulfate buffers, which neutralize acids in food and acids produced by bacteria in the mouth. a. True b. False

Q: The plasma membranes of the digestive system's effector cells have receptor proteins that bind with and respond to GI hormones, neurotransmitters, and local chemical mediators. a. True b. False

Q: The prominent type of self-induced electrical activity in digestive smooth muscle is fast-wave potentials. a. True b. False

Q: The muscularis externa, the major smooth muscle coat of the digestive tube, surrounds the submucosa. a. True b. False

Q: The accessory digestive organs include the salivary glands, the exocrine pancreas, and the biliary system. a. True b. False

Q: A fourth, newly discover GI hormone is called: a. glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) b. gastric reducing hormone c. motilin d. cholecystokinin (CCK) e. intestinal inhibitory peptide

Q: What are the three major GI hormones? a. pepsin, gastrin, and insulin b. insulin, motilin, and CCK c. motilin, secretin, and intrinsic factor d. pepsin, intrinsic factor, and gastrin e. gastrin, secretin, and CCK

Q: What is a typical outcome when feces become too dry? a. diverticulitis b. inflammatory bowel disease c. appendicitis d. constipation e. diarrhea

Q: What sphincter of the rectum is made of smooth muscle? a. sigmoid sphincter b. colonic sphincter c. rectal sphincter d. external anal sphincter e. internal anal sphincter

Q: What causes the colon's main motility? a. peristalsis b. diffusion c. smooth muscle reflexes d. haustral contractions e. the presence of fiber

Q: Explain respiratory acidosis and list the common causes.

Q: Discuss pH levels of the blood.

Q: Describe the features of acids.

Q: Define acclimatization and give an example.

Q: Outline the three causes of hypertonicity (dehydration).

Q: Which figure represents normal acid"base balance?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5

Q: Which number in the figure represents metabolic acidosis?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5

Q: Which number in the figure represents respiratory acidosis?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5

Q: Which figure represents respiratory alkalosis?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5

Q: Which figure represents metabolic alkalosis?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5

Q: __________ alkalosis is a reduction in plasma [H+] caused by a relative deficiency of non-carbonic acids.

Q: Respiratory __________ is the result of abnormal CO2 retention arising from hypoventilation.

Q: When acidosis exists, the tubular cells secrete __________ into the tubular fluid once the normal urinary phosphate buffers are saturated.

Q: Type __________ intercalated cells are H+ secreting, HCO3- reabsorbing, K+-reabsorbing cells that actively secrete H+ into the tubular lumen via two types of primary __________ transport mechanisms.

Q: The task of eliminating H+ derived from sulfuric, phosphoric, lactic, and other acids rests with the __________.

Q: Ventilation is __________ by the peripheral chemoreceptors in response to a rise in arterial [H+].

Q: The respiratory system alone can return the pH only __________% of the way toward normal.

Q: The phosphate system serves as an excellent __________ buffer.

Q: __________ buffers the H+ generated from metabolically produced CO2 in transit between the tissues and the lungs.

Q: The body has four buffer systems: the H2CO3:HCO3- buffer system, the __________ buffer system, the hemoglobin buffer system, and the __________ buffer system.

Q: Dietary proteins found abundantly in meat contain a large quantity of __________ and phosphorus.

Q: Changes in excitability of __________ and __________ cells are among the major clinical manifestations of pH abnormalities.

Q: The pH of __________ blood is normally 7.45 and the pH of __________ blood is 7.35, for an average blood pH of 7.4.

Q: Respiration is an example of a(n) __________ loss of H2O.

Q: The condition of over-hydration, hypotonicity, and cellular swelling resulting from excess free H2O retention is known as __________.

Q: Dehydration with accompanying hypertonicity can be brought about by __________, a disease characterized by a deficiency of vasopressin.

Q: The __________ of a fluid is a measure of the concentration of the individual solute particles dissolved in it.

Q: The amount of sodium reabsorbed is controlled through the __________ system.

Q: Control of ECF volume is important in the long-term regulation of __________.

Q: The two factors regulated to maintain fluid balance in the body are __________ volume and ECF __________.

Q: The barrier between the ECF and the ICF is the __________.

Q: Synovial fluid is an example of __________ fluid.

Q: __________ fluid lies in the spaces between cells and makes exchanges with the cells, and represents four-fifths of the ECF compartment.

Q: When losses for a substance exceed its gains, a(n) __________ balance exists and the total amount of the substance in the body decreases.

Q: If the quantity of a substance is to remain stable within the body, its __________ through ingestion or metabolic production must be balanced by an equal __________ through excretion or metabolic consumption.

Q: Possible causes of respiratory acidosis include fever, anxiety, and aspirin poisoning. a. True b. False

Q: The kidneys control the pH of body fluids by adjusting three interrelated factors: H+ excretion, HCO3- excretion, and ammonia secretion. a. True b. False

Q: Type B intercalated cells are more active than Type A intercalated cells under normal circumstances, and their activity increases even more during acidosis. a. True b. False

Q: An increase in venous [H+] as the result of a non-respiratory (or metabolic) cause brings about reflex stimulation of the respiratory center in the hypothalamus. a. True b. False

Q: The relationship between [H+] and the members of a buffer pair can be expressed according to the Henderson"Hasselbalch equation. a. True b. False

Q: A chemical buffer system is a mixture in a solution of two chemical compounds that minimize pH changes when either an acid or a base is added to or removed from the solution. a. True b. False

Q: The breakdown of fruits and vegetables produces acids that, to some extent, neutralize bases derived from meat, grain, and dairy protein metabolism. a. True b. False

Q: The major source of H+ is from metabolically produced CO2. a. True b. False

Q: The major clinical effect of increased [H+] (acidosis) is tingling of the peripheral nervous system. a. True b. False

Q: The pH of pure H2O is 8.0, which is considered slightly alkaline. a. True b. False

Q: Every unit change in pH actually represents a 10-fold change in [H+] because of the logarithmic relationship. a. True b. False

Q: A strong acid has a greater tendency to dissociate in solution than a weak acid does. a. True b. False

Q: The term acid"base balance refers to the precise regulation of bound hydrogen ion concentration in the blood. a. True b. False

Q: Vasopressin-controlled H2O reabsorption is of primary importance in regulating ECF osmolarity. a. True b. False

Q: Another stimulus for increasing both thirst and vasopressin is angiotensin II. a. True b. False

Q: Vasopressin secretion and thirst are both stimulated by a free H2O deficit and suppressed by a free H2O excess. a. True b. False

Q: Metabolic H2O produced during cell metabolism and released into the ECF averages about 1,350 mL per day. a. True b. False

Q: Hypotonicity occurs when excess H2O without solute is retained in the body as a result of the syndrome of inappropriate vasopressin secretion. a. True b. False

Q: Without adequate vasopressin in diabetes insipidus, the kidneys cannot conserve sodium because they cannot reabsorb sodium from the late parts of the nephron. a. True b. False

Q: Sodium and potassium are by far the most abundant solutes in the ECF in terms of numbers of particles and account for most ECF osmotic activity. a. True b. False

Q: The three avenues for salt output are obligatory loss of salt in sweat and feces and uncontrolled excretion of salt in vomit. a. True b. False

Q: Plasma is the only fluid that can be acted on directly to control its volume and composition. a. True b. False

Q: About 90% of the body H2O found in the ECF compartment is further subdivided into plasma and lymph fluid. a. True b. False

Q: When the gains via input for a substance exceed its losses via output, a positive balance exists. a. True b. False

Q: The quantity of any particular substance in the ECF is a readily available internal pool. a. True b. False