Q&A Hero

Q: Taking baking soda for an upset stomach increases the risk of: a. respiratory acidosis b. respiratory alkalosis c. metabolic acidosis d. metabolic alkalosis e. pulmonary edema

Q: What happens to ventilation during metabolic alkalosis? a. no change b. stops c. hyperventilation d. slightly increased e. reduced

Q: Chronic or excessive vomiting leads to: a. respiratory acidosis b. respiratory alkalosis c. metabolic acidosis d. metabolic alkalosis e. pulmonary edema

Q: What type of acid"base disorder most frequently occurs? a. respiratory acidosis b. respiratory alkalosis c. metabolic acidosis d. metabolic alkalosis e. pulmonary edema

Q: Aspirin poisoning is a cause of: a. respiratory acidosis b. respiratory alkalosis c. metabolic acidosis d. metabolic alkalosis e. pulmonary edema

Q: Hyperventilation is a cause of: a. respiratory acidosis b. respiratory alkalosis c. metabolic acidosis d. metabolic alkalosis e. pulmonary edema

Q: What organ is most important in compensating for respiratory acidosis? a. lungs b. heart c. kidneys d. liver e. spleen

Q: Hypoventilation is a cause of: a. respiratory acidosis b. respiratory alkalosis c. metabolic acidosis d. metabolic alkalosis e. pulmonary edema

Q: A change in pH that has a respiratory cause is associated with an abnormal concentration of: a. H2O b. CO2 c. HCO3- d. NH3 e. NH4+

Q: What is ammonia synthesized from within the tubular cells? a. glucose b. lysine c. aldosterone d. arginine e. glutamine

Q: What do the kidneys secrete during acidosis to buffer secreted H+? a. bicarbonate b. urea c. uric acid d. bilirubin e. ammonia

Q: Which cells in the distal and collecting tubules are responsible for regulating acid-base balance? a. peripheral cells b. principal cells c. intercalated cells d. goblet cells e. Henle cells

Q: What controls ammonia secretion? a. The skin b. The kidneys c. The liver d. The colon e. The spleen

Q: What are the most plentiful buffers of the body fluids? a. intracellular and plasma proteins b. fatty acids c. calcium and magnesium d. nucleic acids e. carbonates

Q: How many buffer systems does the body have? a. one b. two c. three d. four e. five

Q: The breakdown of what food yields sulfuric and phosphoric acids? a. bell peppers b. dark grapes c. mushrooms d. citrus fruits e. meat

Q: What is the main clinical effect of systemic alkalosis? a. depression b. inability to talk c. "pins-and needles" sensation in muscle d. disorientation e. thirst

Q: What is the normal pH range for gastric juice? a. 1-3 b. 3.5-4.5 c. 4-8 d. 5-7 e. 7.5-8.5

Q: What is the normal pH range for urine? a. 1-3 b. 3.5-4.5 c. 4-8 d. 5-7 e. 7.5-8.5

Q: What is the pH of pure water? a. 8 b. 7 c. 6 d. 5 e. 4

Q: The extent of dissociation for a given acid is: a. dependent on temperature b. dependent on pH c. always constant d. higher outside of cells e. higher inside of cells

Q: How can consumption of alcohol and/or caffeine lead to ECF hypertonicity? a. They stimulate adrenal hormone secretion. b. They inhibit adrenal hormone secretion. c. They inhibit vasopressin secretion. d. They stimulate vasopressin secretion. e. They slowly destroy the hypothalamus.

Q: The predominant excitatory input for both vasopressin secretion and thirst comes from: a. pineal gland sensors b. thalamic hormones c. ECF electrolyte sensors d. pituitary osmoreceptors e. hypothalamic osmoreceptors

Q: Where is the thirst center of the brain located? a. pons b. brain stem c. medulla d. hypothalamus e. pineal gland

Q: What does over-hydration create in the ECF? a. hypotonicity b. hypertonicity c. isotonicity d. increased solute e. increased sodium ions

Q: What is the normal average daily output for urine? a. 0.5 L b. 1.5 L c. 3 L d. 5 L e. 20 L

Q: What are the three ways that the body loses or excretes salt? a. exhaling, sweat, and vomit b. exhaling, urine, and sweat c. sweat, feces, and urine d. inhaling, urine, and sweat e. inhaling, feces, and vomit

Q: What sort of dietary strategy creates a physiological need for salt or "salt hunger"? a. carnivorous b. omnivorous c. avoidance of dairy d. herbivorous e. avoidance of fruit

Q: Sodium and chloride ions account for what percentage of the ECF osmotic activity? a. 100% b. at least 90% c. 75% d. 50% e. 10%

Q: What are the two factors that are regulated to maintain fluid balance in the body? a. salt concentration and blood pressure b. body temperature and blood pressure c. ECF pH and ICF pressure d. ICF volume and ICF osmolarity e. ECF volume and ECF osmolarity

Q: What is the barrier between plasma and interstitial fluid? a. blood vessel walls b. the skin c. cell membrane d. interstitial space e. spinal canal

Q: What type of fluid is cerebrospinal fluid? a. transcellular b. lymph c. intracellular d. extracellular e. interstitial

Q: How much water resides in the intracellular fluid compartment? a. about 1/3 b. about half c. about 2/3 d. about 3/4 e. about 90%

Q: What type of tissue contains the least amount of water? a. bone b. muscle c. skin d. fat e. connective tissue

Q: The main reason for the wide range in body H2O among individuals is their variable amount of: a. dietary protein b. pH c. minerals d. muscle mass e. adipose tissue (fat)

Q: On average, what percent of body weight is water? a. 80% b. 60% c. 50% d. 40% e. 30%

Q: What components are primarily lost from the body with sweating and vomiting? a. water, salt, and hydrogen ions b. water, acid, and magnesium c. water, iron, and glucose d. water, calcium, and bicarbonate ions e. water, glucose, and acid

Q: How is glucose stored within the body? a. within red blood cells b. as glycogen c. within the pancreas d. as insulin e. within the extracellular fluid

Q: What compound is incorporated into hemoglobin, but released back into body fluids when red blood cells degenerate? a. calcium b. hydrogen c. sodium d. iron e. magnesium

Q: What exists when the gains via input for a substance exceed its losses via output? a. equilibrium b. a negative balance c. a positive balance d. a net pool loss e. homeostasis

Q: Discuss the role of vasopressin in the urinary system.

Q: Describe how hydrogen ion secretion impacts acid-base balance.

Q: Discuss the drugs that affect sodium absorption.

Q: Discuss the glomerular filtration rate.

Q: Outline the role of the kidneys in the urinary system.

Q: Which number in the figure represents activation of the cyclic AMP (cAMP) second-messenger pathway within the cell?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5

Q: Which number in the figure represents water exiting the cell through different (always open) water channels permanently positioned at the basolateral border?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5

Q: Which number in the figure represents cyclic AMP increasing the opposite luminal membrane's permeability to H2O?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5

Q: Which number in the figure represents blood-borne vasopressin binding with its receptor sites on the basolateral membrane of a principal cell?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5

Q: Which number in the figure represents where water enters the tubular cell from the tubular lumen through the inserted water channels?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5

Q: Bladder smooth muscle is richly supplied by __________ fibers, stimulation of which causes bladder contraction.

Q: Chronic renal failure is insidious because up to __________% of the kidney tissue can be destroyed before the loss of kidney function is even noticeable.

Q: In the tubular segments permeable to H2O, solute reabsorption is always accompanied by comparable __________ reabsorption because of __________ considerations.

Q: Vasopressin is produced by several specific neuronal cell bodies in the __________ and then stored in the posterior __________ gland.

Q: The __________ fluid that enters Henle's loop becomes progressively more concentrated as it flows down the __________ limb.

Q: If too much H2O is present relative to the solute load, the body fluids are __________, which means they are too dilute at an osmolarity less than 300 mOsm/L.

Q: The plasma clearance rate of a substance filtered, but not reabsorbed or secreted, always equals the __________.

Q: A rise in plasma potassium concentration __________ stimulates aldosterone secretion by the __________ cortex.

Q: Potassiumsecretion in the principal cells of the distal and collecting tubules is coupled to __________ reabsorption by the energy-dependent basolateral __________ pump.

Q: Like tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion involves __________ transport, but the steps are __________.

Q: During reabsorption, H2O passes primarily through __________ that are formed by specific plasma membrane proteins in the tubular cells.

Q: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) produce __________.

Q: The granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete an enzymatic hormone called __________.

Q: Of the total energy spent by the kidneys, 80% is used for __________ transport.

Q: To be reabsorbed, a substance must cross the __________ membrane of the tubular cell to enter the interstitial fluid.

Q: Contraction of __________ cells closes off a portion of the filtering capillaries, reducing the surface area available for filtration within the glomerular tuft.

Q: In response to the resultant rise in salt delivery to the distal tubule, the macula densa cells release __________ and adenosine.

Q: Two mechanisms contribute to autoregulation of the GFR: a(n) __________mechanism and a tubuloglomerular __________ mechanism.

Q: Plasma-colloid __________ pressure is caused by the unequal distribution of plasma proteins across the __________ membrane.

Q: The basement membrane is a(n) __________ gelatinous layer composed of collagen and glycoproteins that is sandwiched between the __________ and Bowman's capsule.

Q: The selective movement of substances from inside the tubule (the tubular lumen) into the blood is called tubular __________.

Q: The __________ apparatus produces substances involved in the control of kidney function.

Q: The renal medulla is made up of striated structures called the renal __________.

Q: The renal vein is a branch of the __________.

Q: The kidneys maintain proper __________ volume, which is important in the long-term regulation of arterial __________.

Q: The micturition reflex is initiated when stretch receptors within the urethra are stimulated. a. True b. False

Q: Bladder smooth muscle is richly supplied by parasympathetic fibers, stimulation of which causes bladder contraction. a. True b. False

Q: Regardless of cause, renal failure can manifest itself either as painful renal failure or non-painful renal failure. a. True b. False

Q: Water diuresis involves increased excretion of both H2O and solute caused by excess unreabsorbed solute in the tubular fluid, such as occurs in untreated diabetes mellitus. a. True b. False

Q: Although vasopressin promotes H2O conservation by the body, it cannot halt urine production. a. True b. False