Q&A Hero

Q: If a H2O deficit exists relative to the solute load, the body fluids are too concentrated or are hypertonic, having an osmolarity greater than 300 mOsm/L. a. True b. False

Q: The plasma clearance rate for a secreted substance is always less than the glomerular filtration rate. a. True b. False

Q: Because the organic ion secretory carriers are not very selective, different drugs can compete for binding sites on the same carrier. a. True b. False

Q: Several factors can alter the rate of potassium secretion, the most important being renin. a. True b. False

Q: Hydrogen ions are only secreted by the proximal tubules. a. True b. False

Q: Urea molecules, being the smallest of the waste products, are the only wastes passively reabsorbed. a. True b. False

Q: Clinical measurement of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a crude assessment of kidney function. a. True b. False

Q: Plasma protein concentration can become extremely high in diabetes mellitus, a digestive disorder involving inadequate insulin action. a. True b. False

Q: The most important and best-known hormonal system involved in regulating sodium ions is the renin"angiotensin"aldosterone system (RAAS). a. True b. False

Q: Sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule plays a pivotal role in reabsorbing glucose, amino acids, H2O, chloride ions and urea. a. True b. False

Q: The rate of glomerular filtration depends on the filtration coefficient as well as on the net filtration pressure. a. True b. False

Q: Intrinsic control of GFR, which is mediated by parasympathetic nervous system input to the efferent arterioles, is aimed at long-term regulation of arterial blood pressure. a. True b. False

Q: The tubuloglomerular filtration mechanism involves the glomerular apparatus. a. True b. False

Q: Three physical forces are involved in glomerular filtration: glomerular capillary blood pressure, plasma-colloid osmotic pressure, and Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure. a. True b. False

Q: The glomerular capillary wall consists of two layers of smooth muscle cells. a. True b. False

Q: All plasma constituents filtered, secreted and reabsorbed remain in the tubules and pass into the renal pelvis to be excreted as urine. a. True b. False

Q: Glomerular filtration is the first step in urine formation. a. True b. False

Q: The loop of Henle forms a sharp U-shaped or hairpin loop that surrounds the renal cortex. a. True b. False

Q: After urine is formed, it drains into a central collecting cavity, the renal pelvis, located at the medial inner core of each kidney. a. True b. False

Q: One function of the kidney is to produce renin, an enzymatic hormone that triggers a chain reaction important in salt conservation by the kidneys. a. True b. False

Q: What does micturition mean? a. The process of bladder emptying or urination b. The process of filtration through the glomerulus c. The acidification of urine d. The final filtration of urine e. A urinary bacterial infection

Q: Metabolic acidosis is caused by the inability of the kidneys to adequately secrete: a. sodium b. chloride c. potassium d. toxins e. hydrogen ions

Q: What percentage of the kidney tissue is needed to adequately maintain all the essential renal excretory and regulatory functions? a. 5% b. 10% c. 15% d. 25% e. 35%

Q: What are the two types of diuresis? a. insulin diuresis and insulin diuresis b. sodium diuresis and potassium diuresis c. water diuresis and hydrostatic diuresis d. osmotic diuresis and hydrostatic diuresis e. osmotic diuresis and water diuresis

Q: What is vasopressin also known as? a. angiotensin I b. angiotensin II c. renin d. antidiuretic hormone e. insulin

Q: The concentrating mechanism accomplished by the loop of Henle is known as: a. autoregulation b. countercurrent multiplication c. secondary passive transport d. primary active transport e. distillation

Q: Which part of the Henle's loop actively transports NaCl out of the tubular lumen into the surrounding interstitial fluid? a. long loop b. short loop c. ascending limb d. descending limb e. basement membrane

Q: At normal fluid balance and solute concentration, the body fluids are: a. isotonic b. hypotonic c. hypertonic d. highly acidic e. highly alkaline

Q: The plasma clearance rate of what organic compound is used to measure renal plasma flow? a. hyaluronic acid b. para-aminohippuric acid c. hydroxyapatite d. sulfuric acid e. hydrogen sulfide

Q: What percentage of the plasma entering the kidneys is filtered? a. 5% b. 10% c. 15% d. 20% e. 25%

Q: What is a perfect "substance X" for clinical determination of the GFR? a. creatinine b. creatine c. glucose d. insulin e. inulin

Q: How many important functions do the organic ion secretory systems perform? a. one b. two c. three d. four e. five

Q: What does the liver do to foreign substances that facilitates their secretion? a. It binds them to iron. b. It converts them to anionic forms. c. It converts them to cationic forms. d. It attaches water molecules. e. It changes their molecular spin.

Q: Potassium secretion is linked to ____. a. sodium reabsorption b. sodium secretion c. chloride reabsorption d. chloride secretion e. glucose reabsorption

Q: What happens when the hydrogen ion concentration in the body fluids is too low? a. Oxygen absorption increases. b. Hydrogen absorption increases. c. Hydrogen absorption decreases. d. Hydrogen secretion increases. e. Hydrogen secretion decreases.

Q: The most prevalent ions secreted by the tubules are: a. sodium and chloride b. sodium and hydrogen c. sodium and potassium d. chloride and potassium e. hydrogen and potassium

Q: The passive reabsorption of urea is indirectly linked to the active reabsorption of: a. potassium b. chloride c. sodium d. glucose e. phosphorus

Q: What is the tubular maximum reabsorption rate for glucose? a. 375 mg of glucose per minute b. 300 mg of glucose per minute c. 275 mg of glucose per minute d. 200 mg of glucose per minute e. 100 mg of glucose per minute

Q: How are glucose and amino acids reabsorbed in the proximal tubule? a. primary passive transport b. secondary passive transport c. primary active transport d. secondary active transport e. simple diffusion

Q: What is the main stimulus for secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal cortex? a. angiotensin I b. angiotensin II c. renin d. sodium ions e. chloride ions

Q: Sodium is reabsorbed throughout the tubule with the exception of the: a. distal segment of the tubule b. proximal segment of the tubule c. descending limb of Henle's loop d. ascending limb of Henle's loop e. basement membrane

Q: How is glucose reabsorbed in the tubules? a. via protein carriers b. via fatty acid carriers c. actively d. passively e. by ionic filtration

Q: To be reabsorbed by the tubules, how many distinct barriers must a substance cross? a. two b. three c. four d. five e. six

Q: What percentage of sugar (glucose) is absorbed in the tubules of the glomerular capillaries? a. 50% b. 75% c. 89% d. 98% e. 100%

Q: What percentage of the blood each minute gets "cleaned" by the kidneys? a. 20-25% b. 15% c. 10-12% d. 8% e. 3-5%

Q: Each tuft of the glomerular capillaries is held together by: a. granular cells b. mesangial cells c. endothelium d. connective tissue e. plasma cells

Q: From what kind of cells are granular cells derived? a. striated muscle cells b. smooth muscle cells c. red blood cells d. white blood cells e. plasma cells

Q: What are the two major control mechanisms that regulate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? a. internal regulation and intrinsic parasympathetic control b. autoregulation and intrinsic sympathetic control c. internal regulation and extrinsic parasympathetic control d. autoregulation and extrinsic sympathetic control e. external regulation and extrinsic parasympathetic control

Q: The properties of the glomerular membrane are collectively referred to as the: a. glomerular properties b. filtration quotient c. filtration coefficient d. membrane coefficient e. membrane quotient

Q: Which of the following represents the highest pressure to the lowest? a. glomerular capillary osmotic pressure → plasma-colloid blood pressure → basement membrane capsule hydrostatic pressure b. nephron capillary osmotic pressure → basement membrane blood pressure → glomerular capsule hydrostatic pressure c. glomerular capillary osmotic pressure → plasma-colloid blood pressure → Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure d. nephron capillary blood pressure → basement membrane osmotic pressure → Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure e. glomerular capillary blood pressure → plasma-colloid osmotic pressure → Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure

Q: What layer of the glomerular membrane consists of podocytes? a. inner layer of Bowman's capsule b. outer layer of Bowman's capsule c. inner loop of Henle d. outer loop of Henle e. the basement membrane

Q: How much more permeable to water is the glomerular capillary wall compared to capillaries elsewhere in the body? a. 100x b. 50x c. 20x d. 10x e. 2x

Q: On average, how many times do the kidneys filter the entire plasma volume each day? a. 15 b. 30 c. 65 d. 100 e. 135

Q: What are the two types of nephrons called? a. cortex and medulla b. proximal and distal c. looped and straight d. cortical and juxtamedullary e. collecting and tubule

Q: The primary function of Bowman's capsule is to: a. carry blood to the glomerulus b. collect the glomerular filtrate c. collect excess blood plasma d. establish an osmotic gradient e. reabsorb sodium

Q: How many nephrons are in each kidney? a. about 10 million b. about 1 million c. about 100,000 d. about 25,000 e. about 250

Q: Urinary flow in men can be compromised by enlargement or growth of what gland? a. kidneys b. pancreas c. adrenals d. prostate e. spleen

Q: What blood vessels directly supply the kidneys? a. aorta and vena cava b. superior and inferior vena cava c. renal artery and renal vein d. nephron artery and nephron vein e. thoracic artery and thoracic vein

Q: The role of the hormone erythropoietin is to: a. stimulate red blood cell production b. increase urine volume c. increase frequency of urination d. draw sodium out of the plasma e. combat dehydration

Q: Bilirubin is a waste product in urine derived from: a. blood plasma b. nucleic acids c. creatine d. proteins e. hemoglobin

Q: Gas exchange at both the pulmonary capillary and the tissue capillary levels involves simple __________ diffusion of O2 and CO2 down __________ pressure gradients.

Q: Any ventilated alveoli that do not participate in gas exchange with blood because they are inadequately perfused are considered alveolar __________.

Q: Two general categories of respiratory dysfunction yield abnormal results during spirometry: __________ lung disease and __________ lung disease.

Q: When pulmonary compliance is __________, such as with pulmonary fibrosis, more work is required to expand the lungs.

Q: The term __________ refers to how much effort is required to stretch or distend the lungs and is analogous to how easy or hard it is to blow up a balloon.

Q: Emphysema is characterized by __________ of the smaller airways and breakdown of __________ walls.

Q: __________ stimulation promotes bronchiolar smooth muscle contraction, which increases airway resistance by producing bronchoconstriction.

Q: During inspiration, intra-alveolar pressure is __________ than atmospheric pressure.

Q: Altering the volume of the lungs can change intra-alveolar pressure, in accordance with __________ law.

Q: The major inspiratory musclesthe muscles that contract to accomplish an inspiration during quiet breathinginclude the __________ and __________ intercostal muscles.

Q: __________ is an inflammation of the pleural sac and leads to by painful breathing because each inflation and each deflation of the lungs cause a "friction rub."

Q: Clustered at the ends of the terminal bronchioles are the __________, the tiny air sacs where gases are exchanged between air and __________.

Q: Prostaglandins can spill into the blood, but they are __________ during passage through the lungs so that they cannot exert systemic effects.

Q: The mechanical act of breathing is called __________.

Q: Dyspnea is directly related to chronic elevation of arterial PCO2 or reduction of PO2. a. True b. False

Q: Apnea is the transient interruption of ventilation, with breathing resuming spontaneously. a. True b. False

Q: Arterial PCO2 is monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors known as the carotid bodies and arterial bodies. a. True b. False

Q: When the tidal volume is large, as during exercise, the Bohr reflex is triggered to prevent over-inflation of the lungs. a. True b. False

Q: Anemic hypoxia is a reduced O2-carrying capacity of the blood. a. True b. False

Q: Hypercapnia is characterized by excess CO2 in the arterial blood. a. True b. False