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Q:
In personam jurisdiction is the power of a court to decide matters relating to a natural or juridical person physically present within the forum state.
Q:
The protective nexus provides for jurisdiction when a national or international interest of the forum is injured by the offender.
Q:
The ability of a defendant to escape the jurisdiction of a court is known as delict.
Q:
A juridical person is a human being.
Q:
A state party includes the state itself, its agencies, and its subdivisions.
Q:
The WTOs dispute settlement process is governed by an agreement known as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
Q:
The Rome Statute is binding only on those states that formally express their consent to be bound by its provisions.
Q:
Contentious jurisdiction is the power of the ICJ to give opinions about issues of international law at the request of the United Nations or one of its specialized agencies.
Q:
All the member states of the United Nations are automatically parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice.
Q:
The Permanent Court of International Justice replaced the International Court of Justice.
Q:
The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.
Q:
Mediation involves the use of a third party who transmits and interprets the proposals of the principal parties and sometimes advances independent proposals.
Q:
When mediators provide a channel of communications only, it is said that they are involved in conciliation.
Q:
Diplomacy is also known as alternative dispute resolution.
Q:
What liabilities are placed on states or person, by international conventions, for causing environmental damage?
Q:
Explain the World Charter for Natures role in protecting natural resources.
Q:
Discuss the ways in which toxic wastes are regulated internationally by the 1989 Basel Convention.
Q:
What is the Kyoto Protocol? What is its main objective?
Q:
What are the general obligations given to Annex I and non-Annex I countries regarding greenhouse gas emission by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)?
Q:
Discuss the two approaches used internationally to regulate pollution.
Q:
Explain the role of the World Banks Multilateral Investment Guaranty Agency in insuring losses from political risks.
Q:
Explain factors that lead to creeping expropriation of investment in less developed countries.
Q:
Explain the objection of lack of standing used for cases in international tribunals.
Q:
What constitutes a denial of justice?
Q:
In October 1982, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the ________. It states that all states have a duty to respect the essential processes of environment and not to impair them.
A. Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
B. World Charter for Nature
C. Kyoto Protocol
D. Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation
Q:
The ________ has the function to oversee compliance with the 1968 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and carrying out inspections at nuclear facilities in nonnuclear weapons states.
A. European Organization for Nuclear Research
B. International Atomic Energy Agency
C. World Association of Nuclear Operators
D. International Energy Agency
Q:
Which of the following would be categorized under the product approach of regulating pollution?
A. protecting the coral reefs
B. controlling the emission of greenhouse gases
C. cleaning up oil spills
D. promoting the peaceful use of atomic energy
Q:
Which of the following is one of the two conditions that had to be satisfied for the Kyoto Protocol to come into force?
A. It had to be ratified by all the nonAnnex I countries.
B. It had to be ratified by 55 percent of all member countries.
C. It had to be ratified by Annex I parties accounting for 30 percent of that groups carbon dioxide emissions in 1990.
D. It had to be ratified by 40 percent of all the nonAnnex I countries.
Q:
The ________ is a supplemental agreement to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Control drafted in 1997 that requires developed member countries of the convention to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2 percent below 1990 levels.
A. Kyoto Protocol
B. Stockholm Declaration
C. Calvo Clause
D. Alpine Convention
Q:
In which of the following ways does the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change distribute the burden of reducing emissions among different countries?
A. It requires industrialized nations to be more responsible in controlling greenhouse emissions.
B. It requires developing countries to take the lead in modifying long-term emission trend.
C. It requires developing countries to help other developing countries with financial and technological help.
D. It requires countries of all economic strengths to provide equal efforts in curbing greenhouse emissions.
Q:
Which of the following international treaty on global warming was adopted with the Rio Declaration?
A. the Western Climate Initiative
B. the Kyoto Protocol
C. the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
D. the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Q:
Which of the following would be categorized under the sectoral approach of regulating pollution?
A. combating global warming
B. safe removal of toxic wastes
C. controlling radioactive contamination
D. supervising the use of fissionable materials
Q:
________ is a statement designating objectives and priority actions for the international community leading up to the year 2000 and beyond. These include the promotion of sustainable and environmentally friendly growth, the prevention of pollution, and the protection and conservation of the Earths natural resources.
A. Agenda 21
B. Kyoto Protocol
C. Resolution 2389
D. Article 5
Q:
The principle assertion that each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is held by public authorities, was established in ________.
A. Resolution 2389
B. Agenda 21
C. the Stockholm Declaration
D. the Rio Declaration
Q:
Which of the following was a result of the Rio Declaration?
A. the establishment of the United Nations Environment Program
B. the United Nations adoption of Resolution 2389
C. the obligation on states to prepare an environmental impact assessment
D. the creation of the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development
Q:
The ________ was issued by the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development and it linked protection of the environment and development as related goals.
A. UN charter
B. Rio Declaration
C. Bonn Agreement
D. Kyoto Protocol
Q:
Which of the following issuances provides the proclamation, given below, on state responsibility toward the environment?
States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other states or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.
A. the Kyoto Protocol
B. Agenda 21
C. the Stockholm Declaration
D. the Bonn Agreement
Q:
The ________ is a body of the World Bank that provides political risk insurance guarantees to private sector investors and lenders.
A. Multilateral Investment Guaranty Agency
B. International Development Association
C. Overseas Private Investment Corporation
D. Foreign Credit Insurance Association
Q:
Which of the following is true of OPICs coverage policies?
A. It covers partial expropriation.
B. It covers risks associated with currency inconvertibility.
C. It limits its exposure in any one country to no more than 40 percent of its total risk.
D. It does not cover firms that have not acquired subrogation rights from the host nations government.
Q:
The OPIC provides insurance for creeping expropriations ________.
A. only if the expropriation happens without the involvement of the residential state of the investor
B. even if the expropriation is partial
C. only if the expropriation is breaking international law
D. only if the investor is willing to give up all claims to the investment
Q:
________ refers to a series of administrative acts that in combination result in depriving persons of their property.
A. Creeping expropriation
B. Laches
C. Arraignment
D. Accommodation
Q:
Which of the following is true of the United States Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC)?
A. It is run by the Agency for International Development.
B. It is an example of a private insurer of companies.
C. It functions both as a bank and insurer.
D. It does not provide expropriation coverage.
Q:
Which of the following describes the relief of restitution in kind awarded to a plaintiff?
A. an item taken from the plaintiff is to be returned by the defendant
B. the honor of the plaintiff is to be restored by the defendant
C. money is to be paid by the defendant for the cost of the injury suffered by the plaintiff
D. the defendant has to pay a fine to the plaintiff and the amount of the fine is decided by the court which is generally beyond the cost of injury
Q:
Which of the following describes the objection of dirty hands against a plaintiff?
A. the plaintiff seeks the support of a state to which it has no direct relation
B. the plaintiff has not exhausted all local remedies before seeking the support of its parent country
C. the plaintiff takes a negligent delay in asserting a right or a claim
D. the plaintiff takes inappropriate steps in attempting to recoup a loss prior to bringing a claim
Q:
________ is an objection that can be raised by a defendant when there is a negligent delay in asserting a right or a claim by a plaintiff.
A. Expropriation
B. Lack of a genuine link
C. Failure to exhaust remedies
D. Laches
Q:
For companies, the ability of a state to sponsor a complaint primarily depends on the particular companys ________.
A. nationality
B. social responsibility record
C. financial status
D. type of business
Q:
The objection that may be made to an international tribunals exercise of jurisdiction when there is no real and bona fide relationship between the state bringing the suit and the person on whose behalf the suit is brought is referred to as ________.
A. lack of nationality
B. lack of a genuine link
C. failure to exhaust remedies
D. lack of standing
Q:
The _______ is an agreement between a host state and a foreign investor that says that the investor will not seek the diplomatic assistance of his, her, or its home state in resolving disputes with the host state.
A. Calvo Clause
B. Due Process Clause
C. exclusionary rule
D. shelter principle
Q:
In case of a person with dual citizenship, which of the following is true about using the lack of nationality objection for the two countries involved?
A. It cannot be used by either of the two countries against each other.
B. It cannot be used by a third country against any one of the two countries involved.
C. It cannot be used against the country of master nationality by the other country.
D. It cannot be used by any one of the two countries against a third country.
Q:
According to the objections of ________, a state may bring a complaint in an international tribunal on behalf of one of its own nationals but it may not do so on behalf of any other person.
A. lack of standing
B. lack of nationality
C. lack of a genuine link,
D. failure to exhaust remedies
Q:
The objection of lack of nationality prevents states from sponsoring ________.
A. its nationals
B. aliens
C. corporations
D. people with dual citizenships
Q:
Which of the following is true of the objection of lack of standing that a state can raise against a complaint at the ICJ?
A. It can prevent private persons from directly entering into a case against a country.
B. It only applies to persons with dual citizenship.
C. It cannot be used as grounds for dismissing a case.
D. It prevents states from sponsoring private persons from bringing a case against another state.
Q:
Which of the following cases is most likely to be dismissed at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) because of lack of standing?
A. the country of Tihisi representing a national from the country of Jambia as a plaintiff at the ICJ
B. the Fonston Corporation being the plaintiff for a case brought to the ICJ
C. James being represented by his country, Inkland, at the ICJ
D. the Hindalu Corporation exhausting all local remedies before contacting their parent-country to represent them at the ICJ
Q:
Which of the following is a form of objection that a state can raise against complaints brought against them?
A. expropriation
B. arraignment
C. lack of nationality
D. negligence
Q:
________ is an objection that may be made to an international tribunals exercise of jurisdiction when a plaintiff is not qualified to appear before the court.
A. Lack of nationality
B. Lack of standing
C. Lack of genuine link
D. Failure to exhaust remedies
Q:
In municipal law, the right of a government to take property for public purposes is known as ________.
A. jus commune
B. estoppel
C. arraignment
D. eminent domain
Q:
________ is the states taking or deprivation of the property of foreigners.
A. Expropriation
B. Accommodation
C. Arraignment
D. Easement
Q:
The doctrine of international standard of care states that ________.
A. a state must treat aliens the same way that it treats its own nationals
B. a state is responsible for injuring an alien when the states conduct violates international norms
C. a state is responsible for the actions of its nationals present in other countries
D. a state is obliged to admit aliens into its territories freely
Q:
The national standard of care is a doctrine that states that a state ________.
A. must treat aliens the same way that it treats its own nationals
B. must try an alien according to the laws existing in the aliens country
C. is responsible for injury to an alien when the state violates international norms
D. is liable for the actions of the alien within its territory
Q:
Which of the following arguments has to be proven to hold a state liable for injuries?
A. estoppel
B. causation
C. comity
D. privity
Q:
Which of the following is true of state responsibility toward acts of terrorism?
A. A state is liable for all terrorist acts that happen within its territories.
B. A state is only liable for international acts of terrorism perpetrated by its nationals.
C. A states responsibility is often limited to helping other states bring terrorists to trial.
D. A state is liable only for those terrorist acts that are perpetrated by foreign nationals within its territory.
Q:
According to the principle of imputability, a state will be responsible for ________.
A. actions taken by an international organizations
B. acts of officials of other states
C. acts of private persons
D. actions taken by its officials
Q:
According to the doctrine of imputability, ________.
A. a new state coming into existence through decolonization is under no obligation to succeed to the treaties of its former colonial power
B. a state is only responsible for actions that are attributable to it
C. all persons, including the sovereign, are subordinate to the rule of law
D. customary international law is applicable domestically only after it is adopted by legislation, court decision, or local usage
Q:
All notions of state responsibility are set within the framework of an international legal system where ________ is the most basic principle.
A. democracy
B. suzerainty
C. sovereignty
D. anonymity
Q:
Movement of toxic and other wastes are regulated by the Kyoto Protocol.
Q:
The only developed Annex I country to indicate that it is not a party to the Kyoto Protocol is the United States.
Q:
The UNFCCC divides its member countries into two main groups, Annex I countries and non-Annex I countries.
Q:
The UNFCCC recognizes industrialized countries as the main source of air pollution.
Q:
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted at the Stockholm Declaration.
Q:
The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea demands that states monitor and assess the risks and effects of pollution and publish the results of those studies.
Q:
Adoption of the precautionary approach to protecting the environment was agreed upon in the Stockholm Declaration.
Q:
The United Nations Environment Program was created upon the recommendation of the Stockholm Declaration.
Q:
The OPIC limits its exposure in any one country to no more than 10 percent of its total risk.
Q:
The OPIC cannot obtain subrogation rights against the host government from the insured.
Q:
The OPICs coverage for currency inconvertibility only insures an existing legal right to convert.
Q:
The OPIC does not insure against minor diminishment in the value of an investment.
Q:
The Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) is an independent government agency.
Q:
The Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) only operates as an insuring agency for companies investing in less developed countries.
Q:
The requirement for a person to exhaust remedies cannot be waived by treaties.
Q:
If the injury is done directly to a state, then the objection of failure to exhaust all remedies cannot be raised.