Q&A Hero

Q: T F Reasoning from principle moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.

Q: T F When you reason from principle in a speech, you move from a specific principle to a general conclusion.

Q: T F A persuasive speaker who contends that Americas older bridges are becoming unsafe because several bridges have collapsed in recent years is reasoning from specific instances.

Q: T F A persuasive speaker who argues that capital punishment should be outlawed because it violates the constitutional principle banning cruel and unusual punishment is reasoning from specific instances.

Q: T F When reasoning from specific instances in a persuasive speech, it is usually a good idea for a speaker to supplement the specific instances with testimony or statistics showing that the instances are typical.

Q: T F When reasoning from specific instances in a persuasive speech, you need to make sure your sample of specific instances is large enough to justify your conclusion.

Q: T F Reasoning from specific instances involves progressing from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion.

Q: T F When you reason from specific instances in a speech, you move from a general example to a specific conclusion.

Q: T F Reasoning is the process of drawing a conclusion based on evidence.

Q: T F When you use evidence in a persuasive speech, you can count on listeners to figure out for themselves what you want the evidence to prove.

Q: T F Evidence from biased or self-interested sources is more persuasive than evidence from impartial sources.

Q: T F Evidence from competent, credible sources is more persuasive than evidence from biased or self-interested sources.

Q: T F Research indicates that listeners are more likely to be persuaded by evidence that is new to them than by facts and figures they already know.

Q: T F Research shows that skeptical listeners are more likely to be persuaded by evidence they are already familiar with than by evidence that is new to them.

Q: T F Research indicates that evidence is usually more persuasive when it is stated in specific rather than general terms.

Q: T F Research indicates that evidence is usually more persuasive when it is stated in general rather than specific terms.

Q: T F Persuasive speakers should imagine how their listeners might object to what they say and refute those objections with evidence.

Q: T F Evidence is especially crucial when your target audience opposes your point of view.

Q: T F One of the reasons to use evidence when speaking to persuade is that it can make your listeners more resistant to counterpersuasion.

Q: T F One of the reasons to use evidence when speaking to persuade is that it can enhance your credibility.

Q: T F The two major elements of logos are evidence and emotional appeal.

Q: T F The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

Q: T F Research has shown that speakers with high initial credibility need to use more evidence than speakers with low initial credibility.

Q: T F Supporting materials that are used to prove or disprove something are called evidence.

Q: T F Research shows that a speakers credibility is strongly affected by his or her delivery.

Q: T F Establishing common ground with an audience is especially important in the introduction of a persuasive speech.

Q: T F Establishing common ground with an audience is especially important in the conclusion of a persuasive speech.

Q: Explain the following statement: When persuasion is the end, passion also must be engaged.

Q: In what circumstances is it ethical for public speakers to use emotional appeals when speaking to persuade? Are there any kinds of persuasive speeches in which emotional appeals are inappropriate? Explain your answer.

Q: Define and give an example of three of the following fallacies: a. ad hominem b. slippery slope c. red herring d. appeal to tradition

Q: T F A speaker could begin a speech with high credibility but end the speech with low credibility.

Q: Define and give an example of each of the following fallacies: a. either-or b. bandwagon c. appeal to novelty

Q: T F A speakers credibility can change during the course of her or his speech.

Q: Define and give an example of each of the following fallacies: a. hasty generalization b. false cause c. invalid analogy

Q: T F A speaker can have high credibility for one audience and low credibility for another audience.

Q: Why is analogical reasoning frequently used when a speaker is dealing with the practicality issue in a persuasive speech on a question of policy?

Q: T F Terminal credibility is the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech.

Q: What is analogical reasoning? How do you judge the validity of an analogy?

Q: T F Terminal credibility is the credibility of the speaker at the start of the speech.

Q: What is causal reasoning? Illustrate your answer with an example of causal reasoning. Explain two pitfalls speakers should avoid when using causal reasoning in their speeches.

Q: T F Derived credibility refers to the credibility of the speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech itself.

Q: What is the difference between reasoning from principle and reasoning from specific instances? Give an example of your own choosing of both kinds of reasoning.

Q: T F The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak is called initial credibility.

Q: What is reasoning from specific instances? Illustrate your answer with an example of reasoning from specific instances.

Q: T F The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak is called derived credibility.

Q: Explain each of the following guidelines for using evidence in a persuasive speech. a. Use specific evidence. b. Use novel evidence. c. Use evidence from credible sources. d. Make clear the point of your evidence.

Q: Explain the following statement: When you use evidence in a persuasive speech, you should think of yourself as engaged in a mental dialogue with the audience.

Q: T F The more favorably listeners view a speakers competence and character, the more likely they are to accept what the speaker says.

Q: Identify and explain the three types of credibility discussed in your textbook.

Q: T F Education and status are the most important factors affecting a speakers credibility.

Q: What are the two factors of speaker credibility discussed in your text? How does each affect the success of a persuasive speech?

Q: T F Competence and character are the most important factors affecting a speakers credibility.

Q: What role does the speakers credibility play in the success or failure of a persuasive speech? Identify and explain two specific steps a speaker can take to boost her or his credibility when speaking to persuade.

Q: T F What many teachers refer to as source credibility was called ethos by Aristotle.

Q: Your textbook discusses three methods of generating emotional appeal in a persuasive speech. The three methods are: a. b. c.

Q: The fallacy of _______________ assumes that something new is automatically better than something old.

Q: The fallacy of _______________ assumes that something old is automatically better than something new.

Q: The ____________ fallacy assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

Q: The _______________ fallacy forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.

Q: _______________ is the fallacy of attacking the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.

Q: The _______________ fallacy introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the issue at hand.

Q: The _______________ fallacy mistakenly assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

Q: According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of the fallacy of _______________ : Whenever the number of ice cream sales increase in a coastal area, so does the number of shark attacks. If we want to keep our beaches safe, we have to close our ice cream stands.

Q: The fallacy of _______________ mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first is the cause of the second.

Q: _______________ is the most common fallacy in reasoning from specific instances.

Q: According to your textbook, an error in reasoning is called a _______________ .

Q: According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of _______________ reasoning: School administrators in Long Beach, California, report that school uniforms have reduced school crime by 36 percent, increased attendance by 22 percent, and decreased student suspensions by 32 percent. If such a policy works in Long Beach, it can work in our school district.

Q: 15. According to your textbook, _______________ reasoning compares two similar cases and suggests that what is true of the one case is also true of the other.

Q: According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of _______________ reasoning: President John Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963. The Beatles hit the top of the charts for the first time less than a month later. Can there be any doubt that the Beatles rise to popularity was brought about partly by Kennedys death, which left a void in the hearts of Americas youth that was quickly filled by the dynamic singing group?

Q: According to your textbook, _______________ reasoning seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.

Q: According to your textbook, reasoning from _______________ moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.

Q: According to your textbook, reasoning from _______________ moves from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion.

Q: _______________ is a process of drawing a conclusion based on evidence.

Q: Your textbook presents four tips for using evidence in a persuasive speech. They are: a. b. c. d.

Q: When used in a persuasive speech, supporting materials such as examples, statistics, and testimony are referred to as _______________ .

Q: _______________ was the name used by Aristotle for the emotional appeal of the speaker.

Q: _______________ was the name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker.

Q: _______________ credibility is the credibility of the speaker before she or he begins to speak. _______________ credibility is the credibility produced by everything the speaker says and does during the speech. _______________ credibility is the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech.

Q: According to your textbook, the two most important factors affecting the credibility of a persuasive speaker are _______________ and _______________ .

Q: What modern scholars of persuasion refer to as credibility, Aristotle referred to as _______________ .