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Q:
It is assumed that a rational decision maker ________.A) would never make a wrong choiceB) would be subjective and impracticalC) would face only difficult decisionsD) would be objective and logical
Q:
The three main models that managers use to make decisions are ________.A) rational, bounded rational, and intuitiveB) rational, irrational, and bounded rationalC) intuitive, unintuitive, and rationalD) bounded rational, intuitive, and systematic
Q:
A basketball coach who takes a very good shooter out of a game because she missed her last two shots has availability bias.
Q:
Decision makers who seek information that matches what they already know are guilty of confirmation bias.
Q:
Because heuristics simplify the decision-making process, they are unlikely to lead to errors.
Q:
A heuristic can simplify the decision-making process.
Q:
The final step of the decision-making process is to implement the alternative that has been selected.
Q:
Identifying the wrong problem is just as much a failure for a manager as identifying the right problem and failing to solve it.
Q:
All criteria are equally important in the decision-making process.
Q:
Managers identify a problem by comparing the current state of affairs to some standard.
Q:
A decision criterion defines factors that are relevant in a decision.
Q:
In decision making, a problem can be defined as a discrepancy between what exists and what the problem solver desires to exist.
Q:
Sondra needed help. Her insurance company's rapid growth was necessitating making some IT changes, but what changes? Should they modify the servers that they currently use or purchase an entirely new system? Sondra was confused and needed help in making the correct decision. The very last step Sondra should take, according to the decision-making process, is to ________.
A) analyze alternative solutions
B) select alternatives
C) implement the alternative
D) evaluate the decision's effectiveness
Q:
Sondra needed help. Her insurance company's rapid growth was necessitating making some IT changes, but what changes? Should they modify the servers that they currently use or purchase an entirely new system? Sondra was confused and needed help in making the correct decision. Sondra has decided to purchase a new system. After obtaining permission, she has ordered the system from a reputable company. Which stage of the decision-making process is she carrying out in making the order?
A) analyzing alternative solutions
B) selecting an alternative
C) implementing the alternative
D) identifying the problem
Q:
Sondra needed help. Her insurance company's rapid growth was necessitating making some IT changes, but what changes? Should they modify the servers that they currently use or purchase an entirely new system? Sondra was confused and needed help in making the correct decision. Sondra has determined that the speed of the system she settles on is twice as important as the capacity of the system. Which stage of the decision-making process is she carrying out?
A) allocation of weights to criteria
B) selecting an alternative
C) implementing the alternative
D) identifying the problem
Q:
Sondra needed help. Her insurance company's rapid growth was necessitating making some IT changes, but what changes? Should they modify the servers that they currently use or purchase an entirely new system? Sondra was confused and needed help in making the correct decision. Sondra has decided to collect information about the features the company needs for its system. Which stage of the decision-making process is she carrying out?
A) identify alternative solutions
B) identify decision criteria
C) evaluate her decision's effectiveness
D) allocate weights to the criteria
Q:
Sondra needed help. Her insurance company's rapid growth was necessitating making some IT changes, but what changes? Should they modify the servers that they currently use or purchase an entirely new system? Sondra was confused and needed help in making the correct decision. According to the decision-making process, the first step Sondra should take is to ________.
A) analyze alternative solutions
B) identify decision criteria
C) evaluate her decision's effectiveness
D) identify the problem
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a common decision-making error or bias?
A) sunk costs
B) randomness
C) forest for the trees
D) overconfidence bias
Q:
One legislator sees decreased tax revenue as the key problem in the budget. A second legislator sees increased spending as the problem. Each of these legislators has a(n) ________.
A) representation bias
B) self-serving bias
C) availability bias
D) framing bias
Q:
A scientist cites two studies that show a positive effect for her drug and ignores five other studies that show a negative effect. Which error or bias is she committing?
A) hindsight
B) anchoring effect
C) confirmation bias
D) self-serving
Q:
A banker opts for short-term gain despite indications that his decision might not pay off in the long run. Which error or bias is the banker guilty of?
A) overconfidence
B) immediate gratification
C) selective perception bias
D) representation
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a reason why managers often resort to using heuristics?
A) They seem to eliminate complexity.
B) They seem to eliminate ambiguity.
C) They save time.
D) They thoroughly explore all alternatives.
Q:
Because they are not systematic or comprehensive, using heuristics in place of an eight-step decision-making process can lead to ________.
A) errors and biases
B) consistently better decisions
C) more imaginative decisions
D) decisions that more directly solve problems
Q:
What is a heuristic?
A) a complicated and systematic method of decision making
B) a purely intuitive method of decision making
C) a totally unreliable method of decision making
D) a shortcut or rule of thumb that is used for decision making
Q:
In allocating weights to the decision criteria, which of the following is most helpful to remember?
A) All weights must be the same.
B) The total of the weights must equal 100.
C) The high score should be a 10, and no two criteria should be assigned the same weight.
D) Assign the most important criterion a score, and then assign weights against that standard.
Q:
A manager chooses to ignore a rigorous decision-making process and selects TV monitor A over monitor B because he "trusts" company A more than company B. If the decision he made was rational, which of the following is true?
A) Monitor A is really the better choice.
B) The manager should have included "trust" as a criterion.
C) Monitor B is really the better choice.
D) The manager must have made a mistake in calculating his weighted criteria.
Q:
Which of the following would be a fairly objective criterion by which a bicycle buyer could assess different bike models?
A) color
B) weight
C) quality of craftsmanship
D) style
Q:
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a decision criterion for a high-tech bicycle buyer who cares primarily about performance?
A) warranty
B) gear mechanism
C) frame composition
D) brake assembly
Q:
For a high-tech bicycle buyer, decision criteria would be determined by ________.
A) whatever most bike buyers recommend
B) expert ratings in bike magazines
C) technical specifications
D) personal preferences of the buyer
Q:
After purchasing new computers for her department, a manager is now comparing the performance of the new computers to the computers they replaced. Which stage of the decision-making process is she carrying out?
A) analysis of alternatives
B) evaluation of decision effectiveness
C) selection of an alternative
D) implementation of an alternative
Q:
A manager is determining what kind of new computers she should purchase for her department. She has made a list of five different computer models for consideration. Which stage of the decision-making process is this?
A) selection of an alternative
B) identification of decision criteria
C) development of alternatives
D) analysis of alternatives
Q:
A manager is considering purchasing new computers for her department. The manager spends time assessing the computers her department now has. Which stage of the decision-making process is she going through?
A) identification of a problem
B) identification of decision criteria
C) development of alternatives
D) implementation of an alternative
Q:
A manager can faithfully execute the decision-making process but still end up with nothing of value if ________.
A) he fails to identify the correct problem
B) he fails to assign number values to different criteria
C) he solves the problem inefficiently
D) he fails to correctly identify the steps of the process
Q:
To identify a problem, a manager ________.
A) compares one set of standards or goals to a second set of standards or goals
B) looks for unhappy customers
C) uses intuition to see that things don't look right
D) compares the current state of affairs with some standard or goal
Q:
The decision-making process consists of a series of eight steps that identify a problem and work toward ultimately ________.
A) determining if there is a solution to the problem
B) solving the problem
C) making a plan to solve the problem
D) breaking down the problem into a series of steps
Q:
Which of the following defines a problem in the decision-making process?
A) a discrepancy between what exists and what the decision maker desires to exist
B) a discrepancy between the ideal and the practical
C) something that causes irritation
D) something that calls for attention
Q:
Decision making begins with ________.
A) selecting alternatives
B) identifying decision criteria
C) identifying a problem
D) eliminating false alternatives
Q:
Creativity is valued because it helps identify new and viable alternatives that have not previously been considered.
Q:
A country with high uncertainty avoidance and high power distance is more likely to engage in groupthink than a country with low uncertainty avoidance and low power distance.
Q:
Which of the following tends to impede a person's creativity?
A) providing time and resources
B) clearly defined goals
C) being watched while you work
D) internal motivation
Q:
Which of the following traits do all creative people seem to share?
A) They like to save time.
B) They get along well with others.
C) They love their work.
D) They don't like to work hard.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a creative problem solver?
A) self confidence
B) tolerance for ambiguity
C) frustrates easily
D) accepts risks readily
Q:
One well-accepted model states that individual creativity requires ________, or a commanding understanding of a subject matter.
A) expertise
B) task motivation
C) high interest
D) intuition
Q:
According to one study, about ________ of men and women were somewhat creative.
A) 1 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 30 percent
D) 60 percent
Q:
________ helps people find better solutions to problems using innovative problem-solving methods.
A) Planning
B) Creativity
C) Organization
D) Structure
Q:
When dealing with international organizations, managers must be ________ in order to accommodate the managing styles of different cultures.
A) as flexible as possible
B) as inflexible as possible
C) as strict as possible
D) as thorough as possible
Q:
French management style tends to be ________ in style.
A) permissive
B) group oriented
C) rule following
D) autocratic
Q:
The use of ringisei in Japanese organizations reflects which of the following values in Japanese culture?
A) tradition-following
B) consensus-seeking
C) risk taking
D) go-it-alone
Q:
Individualistic countries like the United States tend to have ________ than group-oriented countries like Japan.
A) more conformity and more cooperation
B) more conformity and less cooperation
C) less conformity and more cooperation
D) less conformity and less cooperation
Q:
Mid-level managers in a country with low uncertainty avoidance are ________ than managers from a high uncertainty avoidance country.
A) more likely to make risky decisions
B) less likely to make risky decisions
C) less likely to make foolish decisions
D) more likely to avoid making decisions
Q:
Mid-level managers in a country with high power distance are ________ than managers from a low power distance country.
A) more likely to make risky decisions
B) less likely to make risky decisions
C) less likely to make safe, conservative decisions
D) more likely to disagree with their leaders' decisions
Q:
Two major advantages of electronic meetings are anonymity and honesty.
Q:
Groups tend to be more efficient and less effective than individual decision making.
Q:
A drawback of group decision making is groupthink.
Q:
An advantage of group decisions is that they increase the perception of the legitimacy of the solution.
Q:
Group decisions tend to provide more complete information than individual decisions.
Q:
The second step in the decision-making process is identifying a problem.
Q:
What advantages does videoconferencing provide for group decision making?
A) anonymous expression of opinions
B) less groupthink
C) less minority domination
D) savings on travel and time
Q:
The ________ blends the nominal group technique with sophisticated computer technology.A) personal meetingB) electronic meetingC) virtual meetingD) preliminary meeting
Q:
Which of the following group techniques allows group members to meet together, but at the same time facilitates independent decision making?A) brainstormingB) nominal group techniqueC) large meetings of over 50 individualsD) small meetings of less than 10 individuals
Q:
Which of the following is NOT allowed in a brainstorming session?A) clear definition of the problemB) criticism or dismissal of poor ideasC) large number of alternativesD) recording of all alternatives
Q:
Which of the following group techniques is relatively simple and is used exclusively to generate creative ideas in a group setting?A) brainstormingB) nominal group techniqueC) groupthinkD) electronic meetings
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a way to minimize groupthink?A) give the leader more power in making decisionsB) encourage cohesionC) have an impartial leaderD) foster open discussion
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a factor that can increase the probability of groupthink?A) Influential group members dominate the discussion and the decision-making process.B) Group leaders stress the importance of consensus above all other concerns.C) The group has more than 40 group members.D) Group leaders solicit ideas from all group members without passing judgment on their ideas.
Q:
Which of the following is a primary characteristic of groupthink?A) conflict among group membersB) failure to reach consensus within a groupC) complete conformity among group membersD) candidness and openness within a group
Q:
________ can cause people in a group to fail to express their true opinions.A) Ambiguous responsibilityB) Group imbalanceC) Pressure to conformD) Years of experience
Q:
Since all members of a group are rarely equal in status, most groups suffer from ________.A) minority dominationB) majority dominationC) too much diversityD) gridlock
Q:
Groups decisions are usually ________ individual decisions.A) more efficient thanB) less efficient thanC) equal in efficiency toD) more efficient but less effective than
Q:
What tends to be the most successful group size?A) ten to twenty-fiveB) five to sevenC) twelve to twenty-fiveD) three to twelve
Q:
Which of the following is a drawback to seeking diverse views in decision making?A) less reliable decisionB) easier decision-making processC) more time consumingD) less time consuming
Q:
Seeking the views of a diverse group of people can provide a decision maker with ________ on issues.A) fresh perspectivesB) conventional wisdomC) universal agreementD) a foolproof way to get the perfect answer
Q:
Decisions made by individuals typically suffer from suspicions that the decision maker ________.A) is dishonestB) is not rationalC) did not try to analyze the situationD) did not consult all interested parties
Q:
Group decision making typically increases the legitimacy of a decision because the decision was made ________.A) over a long period of timeB) democraticallyC) by expertsD) primarily by the group leader
Q:
Group decisions generally feature ________ acceptance than decisions made by an individual.A) greaterB) lessC) neither greater nor lessD) more enthusiastic
Q:
One advantage of group decision making is that it usually provides ________ than individual decision making.A) faster decisionsB) more ethical decisionsC) less confusionD) more information
Q:
The eight steps of decision making ________.A) can only be employed by individualsB) can only be employed in very small groupsC) can be employed by individuals and groupsD) can only be employed by groups
Q:
Managers in organizations make group decisions ________.A) frequentlyB) neverC) almost neverD) rarely
Q:
A manager is more confident of his or her assessment of a situation if it involves risk rather than uncertainty.
Q:
Uncertainty involves a situation in which the probability of a certain outcome is known to be small.
Q:
Most managerial decisions include an element of risk.