Q&A Hero

Q: Which of the following is the appropriate technique for addressing research questions involving relationships among multiple less-than interval variables? A.cross-tabulation B.ANOVA C.regression D.cluster analysis

Q: If 60 males are asked if they recognize the brand name, "Focus," and 35 of them correctly identify the product as a model of Ford's product line within Ford Motor Co., the proportion of males in the sample who recognize this brand name is approximately _____. A.0.60 B.0.58 C.0.35 D.0.79

Q: Counting the number of responses to different parts of a question in a survey and arranging these responses in a frequency distribution is called _____. A.elaboration analysis B.spurious analysis C.marginal tabulation D.index analysis

Q: A researcher is creating a table to present to a client that gives the number of respondents selecting the various product concepts of interest in the study. The client will use this information in the decision of which product concept to pursue. This table is referred to as a _____. A.frequency table B.concept table C.results table D.decision table

Q: Arranging data so that the number of times each category occurs is called a _____ table. A.cross-tabulation B.frequency C.percentage D.pre-coding

Q: Counting the number of responses to questions in a survey by hand is called _____. A.index analysis B.tallying C.elaboration analysis D.moderator analysis

Q: Arranging data into a table is called _____. A.tabulation B.frequency C.analysis D.interpretation

Q: Which of the following is a graphical way of showing the frequency distribution in which the height of a bar corresponds to the frequency of a category? A.perceptual map B.histogram C.contingency table D.frequency chart

Q: All of the following are examples of descriptive statistics EXCEPT _____. A.p-value B.average C.range D.standard deviation

Q: The transformation of raw data into a form that makes the data easier to understand and to interpret is called _____. A.descriptive analysis B.outlier analysis C.computer mapping D.creating a box and whisker plot

Q: Data must always be interpreted.

Q: In business research, the process of interpretation should explain the meaning of the data in the research study to the reader of the research report.

Q: An extreme value that lies far outside of the normal range of most of the data in a distribution (either as a very high score or as a very low score) is called an anomaly.

Q: The interquartile range is a measure of central tendency.

Q: Box and whisker plots provide graphic representations of central tendencies, percentiles, variabilities, and the shapes of frequency distributions.

Q: SPSS and SAS are common statistical software packages used in business research.

Q: Even with today's advances in technology, computing power is still a barrier to completing a research project.

Q: The purpose of a table in a research report is to summarize and communicate the meaning of the data to the reader.

Q: When ranking data are transformed, the frequency of the ranking score should be divided by the score.

Q: If the data are time-related, then a base year is usually chosen when calculating an index number.

Q: Index numbers allow researchers to track a variable's value over time and compare a variable with other variables.

Q: A category split means respondents below the observed median go into one category and respondents above the median go into another.

Q: When a data set is bimodal, a median split of the data will lead to error.

Q: Combining the data from adjacent categories of a Likert-scale item is a common form of data transformation.

Q: The process of changing data from their original form to a format that more closely fits the research objectives of the research study is called data transformation.

Q: When responses to two rating scale questions are plotted in four quadrants of a two- dimensional table, the result is called a histogram.

Q: Importance-performance analysis is another name for quadrant analysis.

Q: When a third variable inserted into the analysis changes the results when two other variables were studied previously, this third variable is called a moderator variable.

Q: A common form of elaboration analysis is to do cross-tabulation of data within subgroups of the sample under study.

Q: The reference base is the number of respondents or observations (in a row or column) used as a basis for computing percentages in a cross-tabulation.

Q: A 3 x 4 table represents a contingency table with twelve variables.

Q: Researchers usually are most interested in the marginals in a contingency table.

Q: The row and column totals in a contingency table are called subtotals because they are less than the total.

Q: A contingency table is a data matrix that displays the frequency of some combination of possible responses to multiple variables.

Q: Cross-tabulation allows the inspection and comparison of differences among groups based on interval or ratio measures.

Q: A simple tabulation of a variable's frequency distribution is sometimes called a marginal tabulation.

Q: Tabulation refers to the orderly arrangement of data in a table or other summary format.

Q: A planogram is a graphical way of showing the frequency distribution in which the height of a bar corresponds to the frequency of a category.

Q: All statistics that are appropriate to use for higher-order scales (ratio scales are the highest) are also appropriate to use with lower-order scales (nominal scales are the lowest).

Q: Descriptive statistics can summarize responses from large numbers of respondents in a few simple statistics.

Q: Assigning males the value of zero and females the value of one in a database to record the gender of the respondents is an example of _____. A.coding B.test tabulation C.editing D.verification

Q: The assignment of numbers to edited data is known as ____. A.editing B.adjusting with a plug value C.coding D.all of these choices

Q: A method of handling missing data in which only the actual variables for a respondent that do not contain information are eliminated from use in statistical analyses is called _____. A.listwise deletion B.pairwise deletion C.selective deletion D.partial deletion

Q: Many researchers use a statistical process to provide an educated guess for missing responses in data based on the respondent's choices to other questions. Which method of dealing with missing data does this represent? A.impute a missing value B.plug in a neutral response C.plug in alternative choices for missing data D.randomly select an answer

Q: All of the following are choices available when dealing with missing data EXCEPT _____. A.leave the response blank B.randomly select an answer C.insert the mean value of a variable for the missing response D.tabulate the data

Q: A researcher has decided to insert a response for items not answered by respondents. This answer the editor inserts is referred to as a(n) _____. A.proxy value B.simulated value C.imputation D.plug value

Q: _____ is the technical term for items left blank. A.Imputation B.Item plug C.Item nonresponse D.Item inconsistency

Q: When Arbitron has its own staff verify the accuracy of radio-station call letters (e.g. KMOX) to ensure that they are possible radio call letters in the geographical area of the respondent, this is an example of _____. A.external editing B.in-house editing C.in-house coding D.external coding

Q: _____ editing rigorously investigates the results of data collection, usually in a centralized office. A.In-house B.Primary C.Secondary D.Higher-order

Q: Josh has conducted six in-depth interviews in one day and goes back to his hotel room and checks the data he collected to ensure they are complete and make sense. Josh is conducting _____. A.in-house editing B.coding C.verification D.field editing

Q: Preliminary editing by a field supervisor on the same day as the interview to catch technical omissions, check legibility of handwriting, and clarify responses that are logically or conceptually inconsistent is called _____. A.field editing B.primary editing C.first-order editing D.external editing

Q: Which of the following need to be corrected as part of the editing process? A.omissions B.legibility C.consistency D.all of these choices

Q: When a field interviewer records an impossible answer (e.g. birthdate: 1861), this means that the data need to be _____. A.edited B.transformed using a plug value C.coded D.deleted

Q: Which of the following refers to the notion that the data file actually contains the information that the researcher is trying to obtain to adequately address research questions? A.data reliability B.data verification C.data completeness D.data integrity

Q: Kelsea is an interviewer and incorrectly entered respondents' choices on ten surveys. This type of error is called _____. A.nonrespondent error B.respondent error C.random error D.editing error

Q: A data error that the respondent is not responsible for creating is called a(n) _____ error. A.systematic B.nonrespondent C.random D.raw data

Q: The unedited responses from a respondent exactly as indicated by that respondent are referred to as _____. A.codes B.files C.raw data D.strings

Q: A data sheet documents the location of each variable in a data matrix.

Q: Devising a coding scheme ahead of time is important because the categories cannot be expanded or collapsed once data are collected.

Q: Test tabulation is the tallying of a small sample of the total number of replies to a particular question,

Q: The purpose of coding open-ended questions is to reduce the large number of individual responses to a few general categories of answers that can be assigned numerical codes.

Q: When a survey is highly unstructured, it is possible to precode the response categories before the data are collected.

Q: The idea that the coding categories used should allow for all possible responses to the question is another way of saying that the data should be mutually exclusive.

Q: Character labels are unique labels assigned to each possible numeric code for a response.

Q: A string is a collection of related fields in a data file.

Q: A record is a collection of characters that represent a single type of data.

Q: Dummy coding can be used for dichotomous responses like "yes "or "no."

Q: In qualitative research, codes are usually words or phrases that represent themes..

Q: Coding is the process of assigning a numerical score or other character symbol to previously edited data.

Q: With respect to deletions for missing data, listwise deletion means the data that the respondent did provide can still be used in statistical analyses.

Q: The editor can impute a missing value based on the average value of all other respondents answers to that question.

Q: One way to deal with missing values is to randomly select an answer.

Q: Abandoned item is the technical term for items left blank.

Q: Technology has reduced errors by checking for inconsistencies automatically.

Q: In-house editing rigorously investigates the results of data collection.

Q: Field editing is done on the same day as the interview to catch legibility of handwriting and clarify responses that are logically or conceptually inconsistent.

Q: Data should never be reconstructed.

Q: The purpose of editing is to ensure that the data are complete, consistent, and readable.

Q: Data completeness refers to the notion that the data file actually contains the information that the researcher promised the decision maker.

Q: An important part of the editing, coding,and filing stages of data analysis is checking for errors.