Q&A Hero

Q: Which experimental design has the following symbols?: O1 X O2 A.static group design B.after-only design C.Solomon four-group design D.one-group pretest-posttest design

Q: When a Ford Motor Co. dealer in St. Louis tries to reduce his inventory of new cars by offering "two free tickets on American Airlines to anywhere American Airlines flies within the continental United States" to anyone who purchases a new car in February, this is an example of a(n) _____. A.one-shot design B.pretest-posttest control group design C.Solomon four-group design D.posttest-only control group design

Q: When a researcher tries to say that the results of a test market in Indianapolis, Indiana will hold in a national rollout of the new product, this researcher is concerned with _____. A.internal validity B.the repeated measures effect C.constant error D.external validity

Q: Which of the following is concerned with the accuracy with which experimental results can be generalized beyond the experimental subjects? A.external validity B.internal validity C.reliability D.selective validity

Q: When some subjects exit the experiment before it is completed and this effects the results of the study, this is an example of a _____. A.mortality effect B.history effect C.instrumentation effect D.confounding effect

Q: Which of the following is a threat to the internal validity of an experiment using a repeated measures design? A.instrumentation effect B.redundancy effect C.cohort effect D.attrition effect

Q: When different interviewers are used in a pretest from those used in the posttest and this produces different results in the study, this is an example of a(n) _____. A.history effect B.mortality effect C.instrumentation effect D.cohort effect

Q: Which type of effect occurs when there is a change in the wording of questions, a change in interviewers, or a change in other procedures that causes a change in the dependent variable? A.history effect B.mortality effect C.instrumentation effect D.testing effect

Q: When high school students who take the ACT in their junior year perform better on that exam during their senior year because they know better how to take the exam because of what they experienced on the first exam, this is an example of a _____. A.mortality effect B.testing effect C.history effect D.instrumentation effect

Q: When accountants are tested one year after a training program on a new accounting software system and perform better on the test, not because of the training program, but because they have gained one year's experience in using the software, this is an example of a _____. A.selection effect B.maturation effect C.history effect D.cohort effect

Q: Which of the following is a function of time and the naturally occurring events that coincide with growth and experience? A.history effect B.testing effect C.selection effect D.maturation effect

Q: Which of the following is a special case of the history effect and refers to a change in the dependent variable that occurs because members of one experimental group experienced different historical situations than members of other experimental groups? A.cohort effect B.Hawthorne effect C.testing effect D.instrumentation effect

Q: When a competitor introduces a 15 percent price cut in order to blunt the effect of a test marketing study, this is an example of a _____. A.maturation effect B.testing effect C.history effect D.cohort effect

Q: Which type of effect occurs when a change other than the experimental treatment occurs during the course of an experiment that affects the dependent variable? A.history effect B.interaction effect C.pseudo-effect D.placebo effect

Q: When subjects in an experiment in which the they were exposed to varying price levels for a product are asked how low they believe the price of the product to be so that the researcher can determine whether or not the subjects perceived "high" and "low" conditions, this is an example of a _____. A.manipulation check B.reliability assessment C.factor analysis D.surrogate manipulation

Q: A validity test of an experimental manipulation to make sure that the manipulation does produce differences in the independent variable is called a _____. A.validity check B.reliability check C.reality check D.manipulation check

Q: The question as to whether the independent variable was the sole cause of the change in the dependent variable is the basic issue in _____. A.a repeated measures study B.internal validity C.a matching study D.external validity

Q: In which experimental research design does each subject receive only one treatment combination? A.within-subjects design B.between-subjects design C.squared-subjects design D.independent-subjects design

Q: Karen is conducting an experiment examining how different managerial styles impact employee trainees' productivity. Each trainee is rotated through different departments of a company and exposed to managers who execute different managerial styles. This is an example of which type of experimental design? A.between-subjects B.within-subjects C.minimal-subjects D.intra-subjects

Q: Which experimental research design involves repeated measures? A.within-subjects design B.between-subjects design C.squared-subjects design D.interdependent-subjects design

Q: Research projects involving experimental manipulations that are implemented in a natural environment are called _____. A.laboratory experiments B.field experiments C.primary experiments D.secondary experiments

Q: A researcher is interested in the level of employees' understanding of health benefit options. He is interested in how the amount of time spent looking at the brochure for each option influences understanding, so he's using a device that controls the amount of time a subject is exposed to the brochure. This device is called a _____. A.pupilometer B.psychgalvanometer C.tachistoscope D.rotoscope

Q: A device that controls the amount of time a subject is exposed to a visual image is called a _____. A.tachistoscope B.pupilometer C.focalscope D.rotoscope

Q: When an experiment is conducted on the premises of the research organization, this is an example of a _____. A.static group design B.laboratory experiment C.field experiment D.controlled store test

Q: In which type of experiment does the researcher have more complete control over the research setting and extraneous variables? A.factorial B.controlled C.field D.laboratory

Q: An experiment examining the interaction effects of the presence of police cars and the presence of speeding cameras on the number of speeding tickets issued is an example of which type of experimental design? A.basic experimental design B.legitimate experimental design C.obtuse experimental design D.factorial experimental design

Q: Which type of experimental design allows for an investigation of the interaction of two or more independent variables? A.basic experimental designs B.factorial experimental designs C.hierarchical experimental designs D.instrumental experimental designs

Q: An experiment is conducted in which music played in a store is manipulated to examine the impact on sales. What type of experimental design is this? A.factorial experimental design B.primary experimental design C.basic experimental design D.univariate experimental design

Q: Which experimental design involves manipulating a single independent variable to observe its effect on a single dependent variable? A.primary experimental design B.basic experimental design C.factorial experimental design D.counterbalanced experimental design

Q: Which of the following is critical when conducting experimental research because it allows researchers to return subjects to normal? A.manipulation check B.cohort analysis C.debriefing D.deception

Q: When a food company tests a new product by having one group of experimental subjects taste this product first and then taste a competitor's product second, while a second group of experimental subjects tastes these two products in the reverse order, the experimental design has been _____. A.counterbalanced B.reversed C.confounded D.validated

Q: If a soft-drink company performs an experiment with a new type of soft drink in which experimental subjects always taste this new product first and then taste a competitor's product second, the study has an error in design termed a(n) _____. A.history effect B.maturation effect C.order of presentation effect D.guinea pig effect

Q: When subjects in all experimental groups are exposed to identical conditions except for the differing experimental treatments, this is called _____. A.the Hawthorne effect B.confounding C.constancy of conditions D.compounding

Q: Caroline is participating in an experimental study in which she is taking an herbal supplement and the researcher measures her perceived energy levels for several weeks. Although she doesn"t know it, the supplement she is given in the study does not contain any of the herb of interest in the study. However, Caroline feels as though she has more energy than before, and she attributes it to the herbal supplement. This effect due to the psychological impact that goes along with knowledge that a treatment has been administered is called a(n) _____. A.maturation effect B.false positive C.counterbalancing effect D.placebo effect

Q: All of the following are ways to reduce demand characteristics EXCEPT _____. A.use an experimental disguise B.administer multiple experimental treatment levels to each subject C.use a "blind" experimental administrator D.isolate experimental subjects

Q: When subjects act differently because they are aware that they are in an experiment, this is called the _____. A.history effect B.Hawthorne effect C.maturation effect D.Likert effect

Q: Which of the following is present when the person administering experimental procedures influences the subjects' behavior or sways them to slant their answers to cooperate with him or her? A.experimenter bias B.response bias C.Type I error D.Type II error

Q: Demand characteristics, such as subjects' knowledge of the experimental hypotheses, create which type of effect? A.covariate B.maturation C.history D.demand

Q: Which term refers to an experimental design element that unintentionally provides subjects with hints about the research hypothesis. A.demand characteristic B.Hawthorne effect C.testing effect D.confounding effect

Q: Variables that naturally exist in the environment that may have some systematic effect on the dependent variable in an experiment are referred to as _____. A.latent variables B.control variables C.extraneous variables D.third variables

Q: Which of the following means that there is an alternative explanation beyond the experimental variables for any observed differences in the dependent variables? A.confound B.interaction C.randomization D.repeated measures

Q: Which of the following refers to items that may affect the dependent measures but are not of primary interest in an experiment? A.nuisance variables B.random variables C.uniform variables D.control variables

Q: Which of the following is a way for a researcher to equally distribute the effects of extraneous variables to all conditions in an experiment? A.confounding B.split sampling C.repeated measures D.randomization

Q: A psychology professor is conducting an experiment in which subjects perform memory tasks. There are four groups, each participating in different buildings on campus. During the time of the experiment one group was in a building near a dumpster that was being emptied by a big, noisy trash truck. The other groups weren"t close enough to hear the noise. Which type of error does this introduce into the research? A.systematic error B.sampling error C.testing error D.interference error

Q: Which of the following occurs if the sampling units in an experimental cell are somehow different than the units in another cell, and this difference affects the dependent variable? A.systematic or nonsampling error B.sampling error C.experimental bias D.subject bias

Q: Which of the following are possible test units in a business research study? A.people B.sales territories C.strategic business units D.all of these choices

Q: _____ are the subjects or entities whose responses to the experimental treatment are measured. A.Test units B.Focal units C.Covariates D.Independent units

Q: Monica is conducting an experiment where all subjects rotate through all of the training programs she is testing. This type of experiment in which an individual subject is exposed to more than one level of an experimental treatment is called _____. A.between-subjects B.repeated measures C.redundant manipulation D.randomization

Q: A researcher is examining the impact of pictures in advertisements and whether including instructions to imagine impact subjects' mental imagery. She manipulated three treatment levels of pictures: concrete picture, abstract picture, or no picture. Instructions to imagine were either present or not present. How many cells are there in this experiment? A.2 B.3 C.5 D.6

Q: Which of the following is the term used to refer to a treatment combination within an experiment? A.level B.link C.cell D.unit

Q: Kamal is assigned to a group in an experiment examining the effectiveness of zinc on diminishing the symptoms of a cold. He didn"t know it, but the capsule he received didn"t contain any zinc in it. In fact, it was just a sugar pill. The other group of subjects received the true zinc supplements, and researchers compared the number of days subjects felt cold symptoms. Kamal was assigned to which group in the experiment? A.primary B.experimental C.control D.blocking

Q: A group of subjects to whom no experimental treatment is administered is called a _____ group. A.control B.secondary C.blocking D.statistical

Q: Kim and Mary are both participating in an experiment examining the effect of adding graphic warning labels on cigarette packages to the written warning labels that are already required by law. Kim saw a package in which half of the package had a picture of diseased lungs included with the written warning label, whereas Mary only saw the written warning label without a picture on the package the researcher showed her. Kim was part of which group in the experiment? A.primary group B.covariate group C.experimental group D.control group

Q: The group receiving an experimental treatment is called the _____. A.primary group B.experimental group C.control group D.experimental unit

Q: The way an experimental variable is manipulated is referred to as an experimental _____. A.treatment B.cell C.confound D.dose

Q: If the level of advertising expenditures is compared to the number of units sold at the end of a four-month period, the independent variable is ______ while the dependent variable is ______. A.advertising expenditure level; units sold B.customer satisfaction; advertising expenditure level C.units sold; advertising expenditure level D.none of these choices

Q: All of the following are experimental design issues EXCEPT _____. A.selection and assignment of subjects to treatments B.control over extraneous variables C.manipulation of the independent variable D.manipulation of the dependent variable

Q: Experimental results that show that consumers purchased more when a store had a blue color with bright lights than they did when a store was orange with bright lights but no difference when the lighting was low is an example of which type of effect? A.main B.interaction C.confound D.synergistic

Q: Differences in dependent variable means due to a specific combination of independent variables are called _____ effects. A.main B.conditional C.interaction D.valid

Q: A company was interested in learning if training expenditures will enhance its salesforce productivity, so they hired a researcher to conduct an experiment in which one group of salespeople received training and the other didn"t. The average sales for salespeople who received training was significantly higher than for those who did not. This difference in means between the two groups is known as a(n) _____ effect. A.placebo B.main C.covariate D.interactive

Q: The experimental difference in means between the different levels of any single experimental variable is referred to as a(n) _____. A.interaction effect B.primary effect C.main effect D.confound

Q: A marketing researcher is manipulating exposing subjects to one of two price levels--$1.99 or $2.49--for a tube of lip balm and measures behavioral intentions. The two price levels are known as experimental_____ in the study. A.confounds B.conditions C.cells D.covariates

Q: A(n) _____ refers to one of the possible values for each independent variable in an experiment. A.experimental condition B.experimental variable C.experimental block D.experimental subject

Q: Variables like a subject's gender or ethnicity that are included in an experimental analysis are known as which type of variable? A.blocking variables B.covariates C.main variables D.confounds

Q: Categorical variables included in the statistical analysis of experimental data as a way of statistically controlling or accounting for variance due to that variable are called _____ variables. A.independent B.dependent C.blocking D.covariate

Q: A researcher is conducting an experiment in which one group of people is exposed to an advertisement and another group is exposed to another advertisement. He is examining the effect of headline font sizes on consumers' attitude toward the brand advertised. The participants in this experimental research are referred to as _____. A.respondents B.elements C.factorials D.subjects

Q: The sampling units in experiments are referred to as ____. A.conditions B.effects C.subjects D.parameters

Q: "Does package size affect consumption rates in snack products?" is a typical question in what type of research design? A.descriptive research B.time-series research C.experimental research D.phone surveys

Q: Experiments are widely used in which type of research designs? A.causal B.descriptive C.exploratory D.nonspurious

Q: Factorial designs allow researchers to measure interaction effects.

Q: A 3 x 3 factorial experiment requires six combinations of treatment groups.

Q: If only one variable is manipulated in an experiment, it has a primary experimental design.

Q: Field experiments tend to have less external validity than laboratory experiments.

Q: A mortality effect occurs when some subjects withdraw from the experiment before it is completed.

Q: A cohort effect in an experiment is a function of time and the naturally occurring events that coincide with growth and experience.

Q: The question as to whether the experimental treatment was the "sole cause" of the changes in the dependent variable is the basic issue in internal validity.

Q: Between-subjects designs involve repeated measures because with each treatment the same subject is measured.

Q: When a test market is conducted in five retail stores in Erie, Pennsylvania, this is an example of an external experiment.

Q: A tachistoscope is often used in experiments to control the amount of time a subject is exposed to a visual image.

Q: Factorial experimental designs are the least sophisticated type of experimental design.