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Q:
If a business discharges untreated chemical waste into the local water bodies of a community, it imposes a negative externality on the community members.
Q:
Technological innovation results in complete eradication of negative externalities.
Q:
Externalities are costs that are borne by individuals other than those responsible for creating them.
Q:
GDP does not directly relate to the amount of goods consumers can purchase.
Q:
Technological innovation decreases the amount of output achievable from a given quantity of labor and capital.
Q:
Innovation and new technologies have led to longer product life cycles and slower product obsolescence.
Q:
Globalization of markets has reduced the importance of innovation.
Q:
Flexible manufacturing technologies have increased the importance of production economies of scale.
Q:
Investing in process innovation helps firms lower their costs.
Q:
Compare and contrast command-and-control and incentive-based, or innovation-friendly, government regulations. Explain the advantages of the incentive-based approach.
Q:
What lifestyle choice does Gandhis principle of enoughness address and how does it help the environment?
Q:
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the cap-and-trade approach?
Q:
Discuss four ways with examples on how each of us can provide environmental leadership.
Q:
What are the four principles that conservation biologists, environmental ecologists, and some free-market economists believe should govern use of public lands?
Q:
Specify and define two of the six guiding principles that should be considered in evaluating environmental policies.
Q:
List at least three possible hidden costs associated with burning gasoline in an automobile.
Q:
Briefly explain how the concept of microlending can help people get out of poverty.
Q:
What can be done to assess whether your campus is green?
Q:
List the four characteristics of truly free market economic systems.
Q:
The ____________________ principle requires that we develop regulations and use economic tools such as green taxes to ensure that polluters bear the costs of dealing with the pollutants and wastes.
Q:
The ____________________ principle recognizes that the environmental and other problems we face are connected.
Q:
The ____________________ worldview holds that all forms of life have value as participating members of the biosphere, regardless of their potential or actual use to humans.
Q:
Some affluent people in more-developed countries are adopting a lifestyle of ____________________, which involves learning to live with fewer possessions.
Q:
Natural ____________________ matters because it supports all life and all economies.
Q:
The term ____________________ describes a wide range of problems, including anxiety, depression, and attention deficit disorders that might be resulting from a lack of contact with nature.
Q:
Ecological and climate change ____________________ are irreversible and should never be crossed.
Q:
Mahatma Gandhis ____________________ states: The earth provides enough to satisfy every persons need but not every persons greed. . . . When we take more than we need, we are simply taking from each other, borrowing from the future, or destroying the environment and other species.
Q:
____________________ groups seek to weaken or repeal laws, subsidies, tax breaks, and regulations that are unfavorable to their positions.
Q:
A guiding principle for environmental sustainability that advises us not to make decisions that are irreversible if the decision proves to be wrong is the _________________________ principle.
Q:
Muhammad Yunus and his Grameen Bank received the Nobel Peace Prize for pioneering the use of ____________________ to assist millions of people in lifting themselves out of poverty.
Q:
A representative ____________________ is a form of government run by the people through elected officials and representatives.
Q:
Since 1992, the Xerox company has been ____________________ most of its copying machines as part of its mission to provide document services rather than to sell new photocopiers that would consume more resources than necessary.
Q:
The United States has successfully used the ____________________ approach to reduce the emissions of sulfur dioxide and several other air pollutants.
Q:
Taxes that discourage pollution are called ____________________.
Q:
As with market pricing, the GDP of a country often does not include the ____________________ of goods and services.
Q:
Machines, materials, and factories are examples of ____________________ made from natural resources.
Q:
The measure of the annual market value of all goods and services produced by all firms and organizations, foreign and domestic, operating within a country is known as the ____________________.
Q:
In a truly ____________________ economic system, the market prices of goods and services would include all of their direct and indirect costs associated with environmental degradation.
Q:
The practice of including the estimated harmful environmental and health costs of resource use in the market price of goods and services is called ____________________.
Q:
The goods and services produced by the Earth's natural processes that support all life are called ____________________.
Q:
The ____________________ worldview assumes that humans are dominant over all other species and should therefore make environmental decisions based on that dominance.
Q:
One of Browns Plan B goals toward shifting to a more environmentally and economically sustainable future is to stabilize ____ growth.
a. poverty
b. economic
c. hazardous waster
d. population
e. pollution
Q:
Celebrating and protecting ____ through a variety of approaches is an ethical guideline for developing more sustainable and compassionate societies.
a. resources
b. environmental worldviews
c. full-cost pricing
d. earth
e. biodiversity
Q:
An ethical guideline to sustainable living is to ____ the way that nature sustains itself.
a. understand
b. know
c. feel
d. support
e. mimic
Q:
Some people believe that living without direct contact of the natural world can lead to ____.
a. malnutrition
b. a negative worldview
c. psychological disorders
d. poverty
e. economic disadvantages
Q:
An environmentally literate person will understand that our ____ are immense and are expanding rapidly.
a. natural resources
b. hazardous waste materials
c. ecological footprints
d. food supplies
e. sustainable resources
Q:
A fundamental idea behind ____ is understanding that natural capital supports our economies.
a. environmental economics
b. environmentalism
c. sustainability
d. planetary management
e. environmental literacy
Q:
Which idea is an important component of environmental literacy?
a. Natural capital is expendable.
b. Ecological footprints of the more-developed world are balanced by those of the less-developed world.
c. Ecological tipping points are irreversible and should not be crossed.
d. Ecological tipping points can be balanced by reforestation and restoration efforts.
e. Gloom-and-doom pessimism in the critical evaluation of experts and leaders.
Q:
The ____ worldview holds that the earth has existed for billions of years and does not need saving.
a. earth-centered
b. biocentric
c. stewardship
d. planetary management
e. biosphere
Q:
Which worldview sees humans as the planet's most important species?
a. environmental wisdom
b. stewardship
c. economic succession
d. planetary management
e. planetary intrinsic value
Q:
Some people contend that any ____ worldview will eventually fail because it wrongly assumes we now have or can gain enough knowledge to become effective managers or stewards of the earth.
a. planetary-centered
b. human-centered
c. economic-centered
d. life-centered
e. earth-centered
Q:
According to the ____, when we use the earths natural capital, we are borrowing from the earth and from future generations.
a. planetary management worldview
b. economic worldview
c. environmental worldview
d. stewardship worldview
e. environmental ethics worldview
Q:
According to the planetary management environmental worldview, ____.
a. we have an ethical responsibility to be good stewards of the earth
b. our resources are limited and should not be wasted
c. we should manage nature to meet our needs
d. our primary focus should be on preserving the environment
e. our success depends on learning how nature sustains itself
Q:
The ____ states that no group of people should bear an unfair share of the burden created by pollution, environmental degradation, or the execution of environmental laws.
a. environmental justice principle
b. polluter-pays principle
c. prevention principle
d. precautionary principle
e. reversibility principle
Q:
Which federal agency manages U.S. public lands and is responsible for land that is used primarily for grazing, mining, and oil and gas extraction in the western states?
a. U.S. Forest Service
b. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
c. National Wildlife Refuge System
d. National Park System
e. Bureau of Land Management
Q:
The avoidance of making decisions that cannot be reversed later if they turn out to be harmful is called the ____.
a. precautionary principle
b. net energy principle
c. reversibility principle
d. prevention principle
e. polluter-pays principle
Q:
Polluting industrial sites and hazardous waste dumps tend to be located in communities populated by ____.
a. wealthy upper class
b. wild animals
c. middle class
d. minorities
e. politicians
Q:
Which of the following is an example of a special interest group?
a. nongovernmental organizations
b. scientific research groups
c. politicians
d. government agencies
e. economists
Q:
Analyses of budgets and appropriations reveal that the government has given an average of $2.7 million a day in ____ for privately-owned interests that use U.S. public lands for activities such as mining, fossil fuel extraction, logging, and livestock grazing.
a. environmental exemptions
b. loans and grants
c. resources and equipment
d. permits and licenses
e. subsidies and tax breaks
Q:
Decisions about how to best use and preserve national resources in a democracy are often complicated by the many ____.
a. corporations
b. voters
c. special interest groups
d. political parties
e. competing policies
Q:
In the United States, rapid and destabilizing change is curbed by a system of ____.
a. regulations
b. punitive laws
c. political discourse
d. policy implementation
e. checks and balances
Q:
What is the process by which individuals and groups try to influence the decisions and policies of governments?
a. economics
b. resource management
c. politics
d. ethics
e. policy adjustment
Q:
Which approach to business is least ecologically-minded?
a. mimic nature
b. reduce poverty
c. sell more things instead of services
d. use full-cost pricing
e. use eco-labels on products
Q:
The federal government manages roughly 35% of the countrys land, which is jointly owned by ____.
a. Native Americans
b. the Bureau of Land Management
c. various corporations
d. all U.S. citizens
e. the National Park System
Q:
To which international plan to curb poverty has the United States failed to contribute its stated pledge?
a. Microlending and microfinance
b. The Ecology of Commerce
c. The Kyoto Protocol
d. The Basel Convention
e. Millennium Development Goals
Q:
What is a financial tool to help people climb out of poverty?
a. student loans
b. microlending
c. microtaxes
d. education grants
e. no ATM fees
Q:
What has been identified as one of the five major causes of the environmental problems we face?
a. perverse subsidies
b. hazardous waste
c. ignorance
d. corruption
e. poverty
Q:
What kind of environmental regulation sets heavy penalties for not reaching goals?
a. command-and-control
b. incentive-based
c. innovation-friendly
d. full-cost based
e. neoclassical
Q:
What do critics say about the command-and-control approach to U.S. environmental regulation?
a. It is too focused on cleanup.
b. It is too focused on prevention.
c. It encourages dishonesty.
d. It is too harsh.
e. Its regulations are too complex.
Q:
The cap-and-trade program for regulating air pollutants by the U.S. government is an example of a(n) ____.
a. full-cost pricing
b. incentive-based regulation
c. command and control regulation
d. service-flow regulation
e. subsidy shift
Q:
A tax on the amount of CO2 in exhaust from burning gasoline would be an example of a ____.
a. subsidy shift
b. full-cost pricing
c. tax shift
d. perverse tax
e. green tax
Q:
How do proponents suggest we implement a tax shift to green taxes, which transfers taxes from income and wealth to pollution and environmental degradation?
a. It should be enacted immediately in order to do any good.
b. It should only apply to developed countries.
c. It should include tax breaks.
d. In some cases both pollution and income/wealth should be taxed.
e. It should be phased in over 10 to 20 years.
Q:
The ____ was deliberately designed to measure outputs, without taking into account their beneficial or harmful environmental impacts.
a. free market
b. market pricing structure
c. gross domestic product
d. genuine progress indicator
e. government subsidy system
Q:
The economically and politically powerful interests that receive perverse subsidies spend a lot of time and money on ____, thus shifting to non-perverse subsidies would be difficult.
a. lobbying
b. lawyers
c. bribes
d. policies
e. politicians
Q:
Perverse ____ can distort the economic playing field and create a huge economic incentive for resource depletion and environmental degradation.
a. subsidies
b. tax incentives
c. full-cost pricing
d. regulations
e. lobbying
Q:
A necessary result of implementing ____ is that some producers of harmful products and services would go out of business.
a. full-cost pricing
b. environmental regulations
c. pollution taxes
d. government subsidies
e. ecological policies
Q:
Some experts cite the failure to include the harmful environmental costs in the ____ of the goods and services as one of the major causes of the environmental problems we face.
a. stock prices
b. indirect prices
c. partial-cost prices
d. market prices
e. full-cost prices
Q:
What is an internal cost of driving a domestic car?
a. air pollution and litter
b. cost of manufacture
c. highway accidents
d. health costs
e. hazardous wastes produced by car exhaust
Q:
What kind of economist favors adjusting existing economic policies and tools to be more environmentally beneficial over inventing all-new policies and tools?
a. ecological economist
b. environmental economist
c. neoclassical economist
d. neoconservative economist
e. classical economist
Q:
The central view of neoclassical economists is that economic growth is ____.
a. the only path to a truly free-market system
b. the natural solution to many problems
c. paramount to all other concerns
d. limited by resource availability
e. unlimited, regardless of resource limitations