Business Development

Q: Some studies have shown that exposure of human babies to the group of hormonally active agents called ____________________ may correspond with early puberty in girls and male infertility.

Q: The ____________________ system is a complex network of glands that release tiny amounts of hormones into the bloodstreams of humans and other vertebrate animals.

Q: It is estimated that approximately one of every 12 women of childbearing age in the United States has enough ____________________ in her blood to harm a developing fetus.

Q: The immune system has specialized cells and tissues that protect the body against disease and harmful substances by forming ____________________, which are specialized proteins that render invading agents harmless.

Q: An alternative approach to combating _____________ is to provide free or inexpensive insecticide-treated bed nets to poor people in the regions most affected.

Q: A global-scale outbreak of an infectious disease such as tuberculosis or AIDS is called a(n) ______________________________.

Q: An important breakthrough to help prevent death from dehydration for victims of severe diarrhea has been the development of _________________________.

Q: Some organisms live on or inside other organisms and feed on them, and can cause serious infectious diseases, including malaria. These are known as ____________________.

Q: The chemicals PCBs, arsenic, and lead are all examples of ____________________.

Q: Although it has been largely phased out in most countries, the World Health Organization (WHO) supports the limited use of ____________________ to control the spread of malaria.

Q: The third largest viral killer in the world is ____________________.

Q: A(n) ____________________ effect is an immediate or rapid reaction to exposure to a harmful substance.

Q: Nitrous acid (HNO2), formed by the digestion of nitrite (NO2) preservatives in foods, can cause ____________________ that are linked to increases in stomach cancer in people who consume large amounts of processed foods and wine containing such preservatives.

Q: A(n) ____________________ is a toxic agent that can cause birth defects.

Q: A(n) ____________________ is a disease caused by a pathogen such as a bacterium, virus, or parasite that invades the body and multiplies in its cells and tissues.

Q: The process of using statistical methods to estimate potential harm from a particular hazard is called ____________________.

Q: The overuse of ____________________ can cause bacteria to develop genetic resistance.

Q: A(n) ____________________ is the probability of suffering harm from a hazard that can cause injury, disease, death, economic loss, or damage.

Q: Malaria is transmitted by 60 species of the ____________________.

Q: What is a principle that can help us evaluate risk? a. When faced with a risk, make comparisons with other risks. b. Focus on the lowest level of risk in every situation. c. Consult with a risk evaluation expert. d. Follow media reports on current risk levels of emerging technologies. e. Avoid all synthetic chemicals.

Q: How would decreasing human reliability while maintaining the same level of technological reliability affect the system reliability? a. The answer would depend on what kind of system is being used. b. The system reliability would stay the same. c. The system reliability would increase. d. The system reliability would decrease. e. The system would become increasingly stable.

Q: Human reliability is generally ____ technology reliability. a. much greater than b. slightly greater than c. slightly lower than d. much lower than e. the same as

Q: What is the preventive strategy that would contribute most to longer lifespans? a. Do not smoke. b. Get regular exercise. c. Practice safe driving techniques. d. Avoid alcohol consumption. e. Avoid risky practices such as flying.

Q: Some research indicates that ____ causes people to overestimate risks and to worry more about unusual risks more so than common risks. a. a lack of control b. fear c. the level of catastrophic risk d. optimism bias e. instant gratification

Q: What is the greatest threat to global human health? a. poverty b. air pollution c. cancer d. tobacco e. pneumonia and flu

Q: ____ can be limited in many cases, because too few people have been exposed to high enough levels of a toxic agent to detect statistically significant differences. a. Risk assessment b. Risk management c. Epidemiological studies d. Persistence samples e. Toxicological studies

Q: What is a chemicals median lethal dose? a. This is the dose where an animal would be expected to show an acute response. b. This corresponds to the highest point on a dose-response curve. c. This is the level that a chemical becomes slightly toxic. d. This is the dose that can kill 50% of the animals in a test population within a given time period. e. This is the dose that will kill most of the medium sized animals in a test population.

Q: What percentage of synthetic chemicals commonly used today has been adequately tested to determine if they are mutagens, carcinogens, or teratogens? a. 90% b. 75% c. 50% d. 25% e. 2%

Q: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency currently recommends that regulators assume children face a risk factor ____ times that of adults when exposed to carcinogenic chemicals. a. 5 b. 10 c. 25 d. 50 e. 100

Q: You are an aquatic biologist studying a small lake. The stream that drains into this lake runs by croplands. You are detecting a pesticide called atrazine in the insects and worms that live in the lake. The predatory birds such as herons and egrets have very high concentrations of atrazine in their blood. The birds prey on the frogs and small fish. What condition best explains the high atrazine level in the birds? a. acute effects experienced by the birds b. consumption in amounts larger than the lethal dose c. chronic residual effects in the birds d. biological accumulation and magnification e. an increase in ecological toxicity

Q: A person experiencing dizziness after using a strong household cleaner is showing a(n) ____. a. chronic effect b. subchronic effect c. acute effect d. subacute effect e. superacute effect

Q: A person that develops asthma after living in a city with severe air pollution for decades is experiencing a(n) ____. a. chronic effect b. subchronic effect c. acute effect d. subacute effect e. superacute effect

Q: Hormonally active agents (HAAs) are a category of chemical hazards that can do what? a. They can cause poor balance and coordination, muscle weakness, tremors, memory problems, insomnia, hearing loss, loss of hair, and loss of peripheral vision. b. They can cause birth defects, liver cancer, kidney and liver damage, premature breast development, immune system suppression, and abnormal sexual development in these animals. c. They have been suggested to cause brain damage, early puberty, decreased sperm quality, certain cancers, heart disease, obesity, liver damage, impaired immune function, type 2 diabetes, hyperactivity, impaired learning, impotence in males, and obesity in unborn test animals. d. They cause genetic resistance to drugs like antibiotics. e. They are pollutants that can act as thyroid disrupters and cause growth, weight, brain, and behavioral disorders.

Q: The system responsible for defense against disease and harmful substances is the ____. a. circulatory system b. endocrine system c. immune system d. excretory system e. cardiovascular system

Q: The immune system consists of specialized cells and tissues that protect the body against disease and harmful substances by forming ____. a. bisphenol A b. endocrine c. hormones d. antibodies e. phthalates

Q: Vinyl chloride is found in many plastics and is an example of a _____. a. pathogen b. neurotoxin c. teratogen d. mutagen e. carcinogen

Q: What is it about carcinogens that cause some people not to believe that their present day habits will lead to cancer? a. Most mutations of carcinogens cause no harm. b. Carcinogens do not cause pain until the very last stages. c. Initial exposure to a carcinogen and the appearance of detectable cancer symptoms has a 1040 year time lapse. d. Most carcinogens are found in highly addictive substances. e. Carcinogens cannot be seen or touched, and therefore, people do not think about their impact.

Q: Mutagens can cause or increase the frequency of mutations in the ____ molecules found in cells. a. water b. carbohydrate c. DNA d. fat e. RNA

Q: If you typically consume large amounts of processed foods, and certain wines, which category of chemical hazard is introduced into your system? a. Mutagens b. Carcinogens c. Teratogens d. Neurotoxins e. Antibodies

Q: What is a disease that where malignant cells can multiply uncontrollably and form tumors? a. impaired immune function b. genetic disorder c. thyroid disease d. cancer e. mutation

Q: What type of toxic agent can harm or cause birth defects in a fetus or embryo? a. carcinogens b. mutagens c. pathogens d. teratogens e. neurotoxins

Q: Some forms of ____ can grow from a population of 1 to well over 16 million in 24 hours. a. bacteria b. viruses c. protozoan parasites d. recovery botanical specialist e. Anopheles

Q: The three deadliest viruses in the world are pneumonia and flu, HIV/AIDS, and ____. a. measles b. hepatitis B c. malaria d. tuberculosis e. diarrheal diseases

Q: Single cell organisms that are found everywhere and can multiply rapidly on their own are called ____. a. carcinogens b. mutagens c. parasites d. bacteria e. viruses

Q: Approximately 2.6 billion people do not have sanitary toilet facilities and more than one billion have their drinking water polluted by ____. a. pathogens b. carcinogens c. mutagens d. feces e. chemicals

Q: Ecological medicine is a relatively new field of study devoted to ____. a. finding a cure for AIDS b. the ecology of sick people c. tracking disease connections that are transmitted from animal species to humans d. international diseases such as Avian flu e. the illegal international trade in wild species

Q: What has played an important role in the 30-year increase in life expectancy since 1950? a. reduced poverty and malnutrition b. improved drinking water quality c. risk management d. risk assessment e. antibiotics

Q: In addition to overuse of antibiotics for colds and flu, what else has caused bacterial resistance to antibiotics? a. The demolition of forest lands b. The draining of marshes c. The use of pesticides to control malaria-infected mosquitoes d. The use of drugs to kill parasites in the bloodstream e. The use of antibiotics to control disease and promote growth in animals raised for meat

Q: We can prevent the spread of infectious diseases by reducing the use of ____. a. antibiotics b. DDT c. toxic chemicals d. unclean water e. pathogens

Q: Malaria is caused by____, which is carried by mosquitoes. a. viruses b. bacteria c. Plasmodium parasites d. parasitic worms e. pathogens

Q: Why has effectively combating the spread of malaria become more challenging since the 1970s? a. Anti-malarial drugs cost too much to be used widely in the less-developed countries where malaria infections are widespread. b. During this century, the average atmospheric temperature had risen, thus causing populations of malaria-carrying mosquitoes to spread from tropical areas to warmer temperate areas of the earth. c. The vaccine that can prevent this disease is expensive. d. The parasite infects and destroys its victims red blood cells, causing intense fever, chills, drenching sweats, severe abdominal pain, vomiting, headaches, and increased susceptibility to other diseases. e. Most species of the Anopheles mosquito have become genetically resistant to most insecticides and the Plasmodium parasites have become genetically resistant to common antimalarial drugs.

Q: A ____ disease, like most cancers, is not caused by a living organism and does not spread from one person to another. a. chemical b. transmissible c. nontransmissible d. natural e. cultural

Q: A deadly and apparently incurable form of ____ has been spreading, and killing about 150,000 people a year in India, China, and Russia. In order to control the spread of this disease, the victims must be permanently isolated from the rest of society. a. influenza b. HIV c. avian bird flu d. malaria e. tuberculosis

Q: Why has the percentage of deaths due to infectious diseases dropped from 1970 to 2010? a. The use of pesticides has become increasingly effective at killing biological threats. b. There are fewer people living in poverty as nations become more developed. c. Less people live in disease-prone areas. d. Public health education campaigns have been successful at prevention. e. A growing number of children were immunized against the major infectious diseases.

Q: What is expected to happen to populations of malaria-carrying mosquitoes in the coming century? a. Global warming is expected to destroy their habitats. b. Many researchers expect to find a cure for malaria. c. Oral rehydration therapy will be made available to the poor in developing nations. d. The mosquitoes are expected to migrate to warmer areas in the north. e. The WHO will likely approve the use of DDT in more areas.

Q: What has probably killed more people over the course of human history than all of the wars ever fought? a. flu b. malarial protozoa c. tuberculosis d. diarrhea e. AIDS

Q: Some researchers estimate that one out of every five people infected with ____ are not aware of the infection. a. E. coli b. Influenza c. Malaria d. HIV e. HBV

Q: What is the worldwide leading cause of death for people ages 15-49? a. E. coli b. Malaria c. Hepatitis d. AIDS e. Influenza

Q: What is a type of chemical hazard? a. unsafe working conditions b. parasites c. pollution d. bacteria e. fungi

Q: Biological hazards can be caused by one of the more than 1,400 ____ that can cause disease. a. parasites b. cultural hazards c. viruses d. mutagens e. pathogens

Q: What do we call the probability of suffering harm from a hazard? a. disease b. economic loss c. death d. injury e. risk

Q: What is the scientific process of using statistical methods to estimate how much harm a particular hazard can cause to human health or the environment? a. probability b. risk assessment c. lifecycle cost-pricing d. mitigation e. prevention

Q: More than 90 published studies have found a number of significant adverse effects on test animals from exposure to very low levels of ____. a. BPA b. mutagens c. teratogens d. carcinogens e. plasmodium

Q: Bisphenol A (BPA) is an estrogen mimic used in the production of ____ products. a. pharmaceutical b. textile c. food d. metals e. plastic

Q: The blood of an average U.S. citizen contains traces of 212 different chemicals, including potentially harmful chemicals such as arsenic and bisphenol A. a. True b. False

Q: Epidemiological studies can be used to effectively evaluate hazards from new technologies and new chemicals. a. True b. False

Q: Most case reports are highly reliable sources for estimating toxicity. a. True b. False

Q: Studying the interactions among three of the 500 most widely used industrial chemicals is a physical and financial impossibility. a. True b. False

Q: The death toll from smoking in the United States is roughly equivalent to more than six fully loaded 200-passenger jet planes crashing every day with no survivors. a. True b. False

Q: Laboratory-bred mice and rats are widely used for toxicity studies because their systems function generally similar to human systems. a. True b. False

Q: Toxicology is a science devoted to the study of risks to human life. a. True b. False

Q: When estimating and calculating the reliability of a given system, experts quantify the reliability of the technology involved and divide that number by the reliability of the human using the technology. a. True b. False

Q: Only water-soluble toxins can accumulate in body tissues and cells. a. True b. False

Q: A reason that mercury is so persistent in the environment or living organisms is that it is an element and thus cannot be broken down or degraded. a. True b. False

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