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Q:
Under the 1985 Food Security Act (Farm Act), farmers participating in the Conservation Reserve Program received ____________________ to stop planting crops on highly erodible land and replant with grass or trees for 1015 years.
Q:
The ____________________ Act of 1935 gave farmers and ranchers technical assistance for setting up soil conservation programs that resulted in reduced erosion.
Q:
In the early 1930s, the Great Plains experienced an extreme drought known as the ____________________ that occurred because too many fields were overplowed and left open to hot dry winds and severe soil erosion.
Q:
The EPA and a 2012 study by the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) found that Americans ____________________ 30% to 40% of the nations food supply each year.
Q:
According to the USDA, approximately 15% of the worlds food is grown in ____________________ areas and this percentage could easily be doubled.
Q:
One way to increase food security is to grow more of our food locally with certified ____________________ farming practices.
Q:
Buying a share of a local farmers crop is an example of ____________________ agriculture.
Q:
Alley cropping, agroforestry and terracing are all methods that help reduce ____________________.
Q:
A way to greatly reduce topsoil erosion is to eliminate or minimize the plowing and tilling of topsoil, leaving crop residues on the ground, using special machines in a process called ____________________.
Q:
To maintain good health and resist disease ____________________, like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, are needed in fairly large amounts.
Q:
Some ____________________ have led to herbicide-resistant superweeds, some of which can rapidly grow more than 2 meters (7 feet) tall.
Q:
Scientists estimate that since 1900, we have lost 75% of the ____________________ of agricultural crops as genetic variety has declined.
Q:
Low energy input ____________________ produces higher yields than does high-input monoculture.
Q:
In nearly one in five death in the U.S., ____________________ plays an important role in heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and some forms of cancer.
Q:
The United States primarily uses ____________________ agriculture for food production.
Q:
____________________ are chemical sex attractants emitted that also attract predators and can be used as alternatives to pesticides.
Q:
The practice of ____________________is where fish are raised in freshwater ponds, lakes, reservoirs, and rice paddies, and in underwater cages in coastal and deeper ocean waters
Q:
A way to grow food on steep slopes or mountainsides without depleting topsoil is called ____________________.
Q:
An irrigation problem that reduces soil oxygen levels, causes accumulation of gases toxic to plants, and alters the concentration of nutrients around plant roots is called ____________________.
Q:
____________________ is a form of industrialized agriculture used primarily in tropical developing countries where cash crops are grown, such as bananas, coffee, vegetables, soybeans, sugarcane, and palm oil.
Q:
Numerous practices have been developed to reduce ____________________, including reducing or eliminating tillage, managing irrigation to reduce runoff, and keeping the soil covered with plants or mulch.
Q:
A(n) ____________________ is a chemical used to control or kill populations of organisms that we consider undesirable such as insects, weeds, or rodents.
Q:
What do sustainable polyaquaculture and livestock agriculture have in common?
a. soil conservation
b. water
c. using less resources, i.e., grain
d. growth hormones
e. antibiotics
Q:
Aquaculture might be made more sustainable if ____.
a. consumers choose to eat fish species that eat algae and other vegetation
b. consumers choose to eat top predators
c. fish farms are located near mangrove forests
d. fish farms are located near estuaries
e. chemical pesticides are used to control common fish diseases
Q:
What is a way to restore land that has undergone desertification?
a. crop rotation
b. irrigation
c. fertilizing with green manure
d. fertilizing with animal manure
e. planting trees and plants
Q:
Which fertilizer type is relied upon most in more-developed countries?
a. organic
b. synthetic
c. animal manure
d. green manure
e. compost
Q:
What kind of cropping is where one or more crops, usually legumes or other crops that add nitrogen to the soil, are planted together and between orchard trees or fruit-bearing shrubs, which provide shade?
a. alley
b. contour
c. terracing
d. tillage
e. strip
Q:
What is the main purpose of conservation tillage?
a. to decrease labor costs
b. to increase erosion
c. to increase energy consumption
d. to accelerate water loss from the soil
e. to decrease erosion
Q:
What is the best method to maintain soil fertility via topsoil conservation?
a. emphasizing agricultural practices that enhance monocultures
b. rotating crops annually
c. keeping the soil covered by vegetation
d. preventing insect pests from destroying valuable crops
e. converting croplands into pasturelands or feedlots
Q:
Ninety-eight percent of the potential risk of developing cancer from pesticide residue on food grown in the U.S. could be eliminated if ____.
a. the entire industrialized agriculture business switched to integrated pest management
b. genetically modified foods were grown exclusively
c. pheromone traps were used more effectively to capture pests
d. EPA standards for pre-1972 pesticides were as strict as standards for newer pesticides
e. the government banned just one of the worst pesticides from use
Q:
Government subsidies to fishing fleets ____ overfishing and reduction of aquatic biodiversity.
a. prevent
b. mitigate
c. promote
d. reduce
e. completely stop
Q:
One drawback to integrated pest management is that it ____.
a. only applies to certain regions of the world
b. cannot manage most pests
c. leads to genetic resistance among pests
d. is complex and takes more time compared to pesticides
e. does not have a proven track record
Q:
What is the primary goal of an integrated pest management program (IPM)?
a. to increase inputs of fertilizer and irrigation water
b. to reduce crop damage to an economically tolerable level
c. to increase pesticide use
d. to decrease yields and increase costs
e. to increase the development of disease-resistant pests
Q:
According to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, a well-designed____ can reduce synthetic pesticide use and pest control costs by 5065%, without reducing crop yields and food quality.
a. integrated pest management program
b. polyculture farm
c. organic farm
d. crop rotation program
e. natural predator habitat restoration program
Q:
A chemical produced by animals to control their developmental processes at different stages of life is known as a ____.
a. gene
b. protein
c. pheromone
d. hormone
e. carbohydrate
Q:
What is a disadvantage of using pheromones to control pests?
a. They are costly and time-consuming to produce.
b. They are more effective in the juvenile stage than the adult stage.
c. They are ineffective with most insects due to resistance.
d. They are biologically magnified in non-target species.
e. They only work in large amounts.
Q:
Trace amounts of sex attractants, otherwise known as ____, can be used to lure pests into traps or to attract their natural predators into crop fields.
a. herbicides
b. hormones
c. pheromones
d. mating pairs
e. shiny colors
Q:
Compared to synthetic pesticides, the use of natural biological pest controls are ____.
a. more costly
b. dangerously unpredictable
c. faster
d. nontoxic
e. not very effective
Q:
What agricultural practice is least beneficial in trying to reduce crop-eating insect damage?
a. rotating crops
b. genetic engineering of crops
c. planting monocultures
d. bringing in natural enemies
e. planting polycultures
Q:
The Environmental Working Group estimates that you could reduce your pesticide intake by up to 90% by eating only 100% organic ____.
a. beef from non-feed lots
b. polyculture grains
c. complex carbohydrates
d. meats and dairy from non-industrial agriculture
e. fruits and vegetables from the dirty dozen
Q:
The worlds 30,000 known species of spiders ____.
a. kill more livestock with poisonous bites than any other threat
b. have to be controlled in order for integrated pest management to work properly
c. are a threat not only to livestock, but also to rural farmers because they nest in sheds where equipment is stored and later retrieved
d. kill far more crop-eating insects every year than humans do by using chemicals
e. provide important food for birds that control caterpillar populations
Q:
Since 1945, approximately 1,000 species of insects and rodents have ____ insecticides.
a. gone extinct because of
b. been unaffected by
c. developed resistance to
d. worked better than
e. become threatened because of
Q:
Proponents of pesticides claim that they provide some advantages, primarily by ____.
a. maintaining the health of farm workers
b. reducing pollution
c. killing the natural enemies of pests
d. promoting genetic resistance
e. saving human lives
Q:
It estimated that excessive irrigation will cause 30% of the worlds arable land to become ____.
a. desert
b. salty
c. devoid of soil
d. oversaturated with water
e. severely eroded beyond use
Q:
Animal feed lots can lead to ____.
a. less available land for feeding overall
b. increase genetic resistance to microbes in humans
c. a reduction in soil erosion
d. a reduction in overgrazing
e. greater biodiversity
Q:
Why is it less sustainable to eat grain-fed beef compared to other meats?
a. Cows need to be raised in feed
lots.
b. Cows have more fat per unit body weight.
c. Red meat causes heart disease.
d. Cows produce more methane.
e. Approximately 2 to 3.5 times more grain is needed per equal amount of body weight.
Q:
How can irrigation lead to salinization of soils?
a. Water associated with irrigation flows through the soil.
b. Water associated with irrigation contains small amounts of dissolved salts and evaporation leaves behind increasing concentrations of these salts.
c. Wells for water are drilled too near to the ocean coastlines.
d. Irrigation water is treated with dissolved salts that then lead to oversaturation.
e. Irrigation is primarily accomplished through the use of abundant seawater, which contains high concentrations of salts.
Q:
What process can lead to desertification?
a. conservation tillage
b. severe and prolonged drought
c. crop rotation
d. polyculture farming
e. terraced crop arrangements
Q:
What causes soil salinization?
a. desertification
b. too little irrigation on crops grown in dry climates
c. using seawater to water crops
d. repeated irrigation in dry climates
e. continual application of fertilizers that contain salt compounds
Q:
Most soil erosion is caused by ____.
a. water
b. wind
c. human activities
d. climate change
e. weathering
Q:
Why do our economic systems promote unsustainable forms of industrialized agriculture?
a. They are so successfully at providing healthy food to our populations
b. The harmful environmental and health costs of food production are not reflected in market prices.
c. They are extremely effective in cutting costs.
d. They are major job providers.
e. The food production is efficient enough to justify the negative consequences.
Q:
Monoculture is a method of growing food that is utilized solely in ____.
a. industrialized agriculture
b. polyculture
c. traditional subsistence agriculture
d. traditional intensive agriculture
e. both industrialized agriculture and traditional intensive agriculture
Q:
The third major food-producing system in the world is ____.
a. feedlots
b. cash crops
c. aquaculture
d. genetic engineering
e. organic foods
Q:
The agricultural practice known as ____ makes use of root systems at different depths to capture nutrients and water more efficiently.
a. monoculture
b. polyculture
c. aquaculture
d. organic farming
e. crop rotation
Q:
An agricultural method known as ____ relies on solar energy and natural fertilizers.
a. traditional intensive agriculture
b. polyculture
c. minimum tillage agriculture
d. high-input agriculture
e. plantation agriculture
Q:
What proportion of food products sold on U.S. supermarket shelves contains some form of genetically engineered crop?
a. less than 10%
b. almost one-half
c. almost all food
d. just a few percent
e. at least 80%
Q:
The majority of soil's organic matter is concentrated in the ____.
a. O horizon of leaf litter
b. A horizon of topsoil
c. O and A horizons
d. C horizon
e. B horizon
Q:
The kind of industrialized agriculture commonly found in tropical less-developed nations is known as ____.
a. plantation agriculture
b. cash crops
c. high-input agriculture
d. non-traditional subsistence agriculture
e. polyculture
Q:
What is the type of agriculture most likely to be found in developed countries?
a. plantation agriculture
b. traditional agriculture
c. industrialized agriculture
d. minimum-tillage agriculture
e. maximum-tillage agriculture
Q:
What is the type of agriculture most likely to be found in developing countries?
a. maximum-tillage agriculture
b. traditional subsistence agriculture
c. industrialized agriculture
d. minimum-tillage agriculture
e. high-input agriculture
Q:
Approximately two out of three people in the world primarily survive on which three foods?
a. beef, dairy, and cereals
b. rice, wheat, and corn
c. fish, sugars, and vegetables
d. beef, fish, and chicken
e. meats, cheese, and bread
Q:
What nutrition problem affects 69% of adults and 33% of children in the United States?
a. malnutrition
b. under nutrition
c. micronutrition
d. chronic hunger
e. overnutrition
Q:
The term chronic malnutrition refers to people who ____.
a. produce insufficient hormones for metabolic functioning
b. are vegetarians
c. eat too much
d. suffer from lack of protein and other key nutrients
e. eat too much protein
Q:
For good health and protection against disease, people need a fairly large amount of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats that are often called ____.
a. macronutrients
b. nutrients
c. micronutrients
d. vitamins
e. organics
Q:
Without sufficient quantities of the micronutrient _____, goiters may develop.
a. protein
b. carbohydrates
c. vitamin A
d. vitamin C
e. iodine
Q:
What is the root cause of food insecurity?
a. insufficient food resources
b. climate change
c. poverty
d. political disputes
e. poor organization
Q:
What would likely be found on an organic farm?
a. synthetic pesticides
b. synthetic fertilizers
c. genetically engineered seeds
d. feed additives
e. feed that contains no antibiotics
Q:
Modern industrialized food production violates the three scientific principles of sustainability related to energy, greenhouse gases, and biodiversity.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Excessive irrigation is only a problem in rainy areas that are prone to flooding.
a. True
b. False
Q:
World grain production per capita has increased consistently and has kept pace with total world production since the middle of last century.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Polyculture lessens the need for fertilizer and water.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Industrialized livestock production generates less greenhouse gases than emitted by all of the worlds cars, trucks, buses, and planes.
a. True
b. False
Q:
A food desert is an area in the countryside where desertification is a major problem.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Research shows that, on average, low-input polycultures produce higher crop yields than high-input monocultures.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Perennial crops remove and store more carbon from the atmosphere and require less energy compared to growing annual crops in conventional monocultures.
a. True
b. False
Q:
It takes about seven kilograms of grain to raise every one kilogram of beef.
a. True
b. False
Q:
There are no technological substitutes for fertile and uncontaminated topsoil.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Health problems faced by those who are overfed are completely different from the health problems faced by those who are underfed.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Some nations have experienced an increase in certain crop yields after greatly cutting pesticide use.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Since 1942, the use of synthetic pesticides has increased 10-fold, yet food supply damage due to pests has increased during that time.
a. True
b. False