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Q:
Per unit area, the application of synthetic pesticides is higher on typical crop fields than it is on the average lawn.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Farmers use alley cropping with nearly level row patterns around hills to prevent soil erosion.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Malnourished individuals may become more prone to infections and disease.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Pesticides expand food supplies, raise profits, work fast, and are safe if properly used.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Over time, the extensive addition of water through irrigation practices can actually lead to desertification.
a. True
b. False
Q:
A disadvantage to the green revolution is the intensive use of commercial inorganic fertilizers.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Plantation agriculture is used primarily to reduce soil erosion and restore soil fertility.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Overgrazing by cattle can ultimately result in water pollution.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The root cause of food insecurity is poverty.
a. True
b. False
Q:
People who are underfed and underweight and those who are overfed and overweight share similar health problems.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Discuss advantages and disadvantages of tree plantations.
Q:
You are the forest manager in a large tract of forest surrounding a lake resort town of 15,000 residents in the Adirondacks. Each year, over 200,000 vacationers visit and stay in this town for short periods of time. The forest around this resort and lake has become infested with a bark beetle that has caused the death of about 2035% of the trees. Dead trees can be seen on the hills above the resort.
The residents of this town are concerned about destructive crown fires that may threaten their lives or property. They have petitioned you as the forest manager to have the dead trees removed. They prefer to have this done by the quickest means possible.
What information can you provide to the residents about sustainable forestry? How can tree removal be accomplished in a manner that is in line with sustainable forestry?
Q:
Describe some of the effects of building roads into previously inaccessible forests.
Q:
Describe the buffer zone concept for designing and managing nature reserves.
Q:
Describe one possible action that could help restore fish populations harmed by overfishing.
Q:
List three ways that wood consumed in the United States is wasted.
Q:
List two strategies for reducing fire-related harm to forests and to people who use or live in the forests.
Q:
List three ecosystem services or economic services provided by forests.
Q:
Explain both the positive and negative aspects of the Smokey the Bear educational campaign.
Q:
What negative consequence has the Smokey Bear educational campaign in the United States had on the way the public thinks about forest fires?
Q:
In 1995 and 1996, federal wildlife officials reintroduced ____________________ to Yellowstone National Park.
Q:
Brazils vast ____________________ Basin contains more than 40% of the worlds remaining tropical forests.
Q:
While they only cover about 6% of the earths land area, ____________________ contain at least half of the worlds known species of terrestrial plants, animals, and insects.
Q:
When ____________________ from the atmosphere is absorbed by ocean water, it combines with water to form carbonic acid.
Q:
____________________ occurs when too many animals graze for too long, damaging the grasses and their roots, and exceeding the carrying capacity of a rangeland area.
Q:
Through photosynthesis, forests remove CO2 from the atmosphere and store it in organic compounds, playing a role in the global ____________________ cycle.
Q:
____________________ burns are carefully planned and controlled intentional burns to remove flammable small trees and underbrush in forest areas.
Q:
____________________ operate illegally in many parks in less-developed countries, killing animals to obtain and sell items such as rhino horns, elephant tusks, and furs.
Q:
____________________ is the most efficient and sometimes least-costly way to cut trees and it provides benefits for land-owners and timber companies, but it can also harm an ecosystem by causing increased erosion, sediment pollution of nearby waterways, and losses in biodiversity.
Q:
The downside of ____________________ ____________________is that, with only one or two tree species, they are much less biologically diverse and less sustainable than old-growth and second-growth forests.
Q:
The burning and clearing of tropical forests adds carbon dioxide, a(n) ____________________ gas, to the atmosphere.
Q:
A(n) ____________________ is a concentration of a particular wild aquatic species suitable for commercial harvesting in a given ocean area or inland body of water.
Q:
The process of repairing damage caused by humans to various ecosystems is called ____________________.
Q:
Areas especially rich in highly endangered species that are found nowhere else can be described as ____________________.
Q:
____________________ is the temporary or permanent removal of large expanses of forest for agriculture, settlements, or other uses.
Q:
Managed grasslands or fenced meadows often planted with domesticated grasses or other forage crops such as alfalfa and clover are called ____________________.
Q:
____________________ are unfenced grasslands in temperate and tropical climates that supply vegetation for grazing and browsing animals.
Q:
Uncut forests or regenerated forests that have not been significantly impacted by humans or natural disasters for several hundred years or more are known as ____________________ forests.
Q:
A(n) ____________________ ____________________is a stand of trees resulting from secondary ecological succession.
Q:
____________________ contributes to the greenhouse effect by destroying plants that store carbon dioxide.
Q:
A forested slope is set to be logged. Which method will minimize erosion and protect the stream at the base of the slope from being polluted by excess sediment?
a. strip cutting
b. clear-cutting
c. surface cutting
d. second-growth cutting
e. crown cutting
Q:
One reason protecting marine biodiversity is difficult is that ____.
a. much of the damage to the oceans and other bodies of water is not visible to most people
b. most species in marine ecosystems are keystone species
c. marine ecosystems are much more affected by urban sprawl
d. marine ecosystems cannot be restored
e. most of the worlds ocean area lies within the legal jurisdiction of one country or another
Q:
What activity involves dragging huge nets weighted down with chains and steel plates over the ocean floor to harvest a few species of bottom fish and shellfish?
a. deep sea aquaculture
b. long-line fishing
c. drift-net fishing
d. purse-seine fishing
e. trawler fishing
Q:
Since we began burning fossil fuels in large quantities during the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries, there has been a ____ in the average acidity of surface ocean water.
a. 170% rise
b. 30% drop
c. 3% rise
d. 30% rise
e. 300% rise
Q:
One problem that threatens aquatic biodiversity is the deliberate or accidental introduction of ____ into coastal waters, wetlands, and lakes throughout the world.
a. new sources of food for aquatic organisms
b. hundreds of harmful invasive species
c. excess oxygen
d. skewed sex ratios
e. groundwater
Q:
The area of ocean needed to sustain the consumption of fish for an average person, nation, or the world is called a(n) ____.
a. footprint
b. ecological footprint
c. biodiversity print
d. fishprint
e. foodprint
Q:
It can be said that coastal habitats are actually ____.
a. increasing in area
b. disappearing at rates 2 to 10 times faster than tropical forests
c. maintaining a solid level of biodiversity
d. disappearing as fast as tropical forests
e. declining in many areas but rebounding in others
Q:
Focusing on establishing and maintaining new habitats to conserve species diversity in places where people live, work, or play to increase our beneficial environmental impact by learning how to share some of the spaces we dominate with other species is called____.
a. biocultural replacement
b. urban sprawl
c. reintroduction
d. reconciliation ecology
e. the ecosystem approach
Q:
____ involves replacing a degraded ecosystem with another type of ecosystem.
a. Rehabilitation
b. Replacement
c. Artificial construction
d. Restoration
e. Reintroduction
Q:
A certain lake in the arid west contains an endangered species of fish. The legal status of this fish required water diversions out of the river feeding the lake to be decreased substantially. About 10 years following this decree, the declining cottonwood forest and canopy along the riverbanks was noted to be recovering. This situation illustrates the potential effectiveness of ____.
a. the species approach to sustaining biodiversity
b. the ecosystem approach to sustaining biodiversity
c. cottonwood trees as part of all stream recovery programs
d. water as a solution to species decline
e. fish as indicator species
Q:
____ involves turning a degraded ecosystem into a functional or useful ecosystem without trying to restore it to its original condition.
a. Replacement
b. Restoration
c. Reintroduction
d. Rehabilitation
e. Artificial construction
Q:
Biocultural restoration refers to ____.
a. restoration of the cultural aspect of cities damaged by natural disasters
b. embedding cultural awareness as part of biology courses
c. projects that have biological themes for school art projects
d. projects that involve local people in restoration of degraded areas
e. explaining environmental awareness using the traditional stories of a culture
Q:
What action involves returning a degraded habitat or ecosystem to a condition as similar as possible to its natural state in cases where this is feasible?
a. rehabilitation
b. reintroduction
c. replacement
d. artificial construction
e. restoration
Q:
Areas where poverty levels are high and where a large part of the economy depends on various ecosystem services that are being degraded severely enough to threaten humans and other species can be described as ____.
a. indicator ecosystems
b. life raft ecosystems
c. deficit ecosystems
d. niche habitats
e. capital-limited habitats
Q:
The Wilderness Act passed in 1964 allows the government to ____.
a. take legal action against environmental degradation in wildlife preserves
b. protect native species
c. protect undeveloped tracts of public land
d. protect national parks and reserves
e. rotate usage of wildlife areas
Q:
After the number of wolves declined in Yellowstone National Park, ____.
a. the ecosystem recovered and became more stable
b. herds of elk, moose, and mule deer devastated willow and aspen trees near streams and rivers
c. the elk population crashed
d. forest fires decreased in frequency because the larger mule deer population controlled undergrowth
e. coyotes took over their role in the ecosystem, leading to few changes
Q:
Strips of vegetation along stream or rivers are called ____.
a. rangelands
b. transition forests
c. second-growth boundaries
d. lianas
e. riparian zones
Q:
Which country pays landowners to restore tree cover?
a. Panama
b. Brazil
c. Costa Rica
d. China
e. Norway
Q:
Which common problem of U.S. cities is now an issue in United States national parks?
a. homeless people
b. lack of funding for schools
c. air pollution
d. high crime rates
e. alcoholism
Q:
The zone of a biosphere reserve where there would be little, if any, disturbance from human activities would be the ____.
a. wilderness zone
b. transition zone
c. inner core
d. perimeter
e. biozone
Q:
In debt-for-nature swaps, participating countries ____.
a. act as custodians of protected forest reserves in return for foreign aid or debt relief
b. take out loans to finance nature preserves
c. sell nature preserves to industries to pay off debts
d. invest in ecologically sound companies
e. repay debts with raw natural resources rather than currency
Q:
Which practice would make forestry less sustainable?
a. Reduce road-building in forests.
b. Stop clear-cutting on steep slopes.
c. Clear old-growth forests for tree plantations.
d. Include ecosystem services of forests in estimates of their economic value.
e. Leave most standing dead trees and larger fallen trees for wildlife habitat and nutrient cycling.
Q:
According to your textbook, one of the biggest problems for U.S. national and state parks today is ____.
a. popularity
b. nearby human activities
c. forest clearing
d. poaching
e. soil erosion
Q:
The wolf reintroduction was based partly on its importance as a(n) ____.
a. indicator species
b. generalist species
c. fur-bearing species
d. keystone species
e. predator on grizzly bear cubs
Q:
Reintroduction of the wolf eventually reduced attacks on domestic cattle by what other species?
a. golden eagle
b. coyote
c. fox
d. grizzly bear
e. local wild dogs
Q:
According to the National Park Service, ____ degrades scenic views in many U.S. national parks more than 90% of the time.
a. soil erosion
b. logging
c. forest fires
d. air pollution
e. acid rain
Q:
Natural ecological restoration of riparian areas can happen if ____.
a. enough chemical fertilizer is applied
b. there is aggressive planting of native trees and shrubs
c. the native fish in the adjacent stream or river are restocked
d. overgrazed land is protected through rotational grazing
e. cloud seeding is performed
Q:
Gray wolves disappeared from Yellowstone National Park because ____.
a. their habitat has severely degraded
b. of a series of devastating crown fires
c. elk were overhunted by humans
d. they were killed by humans
e. a virus wiped out the population
Q:
____ involves confining cattle with portable fencing to one area for a few days and then moving them to a new location.
a. Erosion control
b. Rotational grazing
c. Nutrient cycling
d. Organic grazing
e. Confined animal feeding operations
Q:
According to environmental writer Bill McKibben, the great environmental story of the United States, and in some ways, the whole world is the ____.
a. restoration of grasslands
b. regrowth of forests
c. production of biofuels on forest land
d. restoration of aquatic ecosystems
e. restoration of saguaro cactus stands
Q:
Why do vines increase the damage to a forest done by selective cutting?
a. The increased light penetration causes them to grow, damaging the remaining trees.
b. They cause many of the cut trees to be discarded rather than used.
c. They are ripped out of the ground and greatly disturb the soil.
d. When the selected trees are cut, the vines pull down other trees with them.
e. They are often cut and left behind, greatly increasing the forests vulnerability to fire.
Q:
A plant called kenaf would help to reduce the pressure to cut trees because its fiber is very useful for ____.
a. paper manufacturing
b. home construction material
c. furniture making
d. fencing and decking material
e. fabric for outdoor carpeting
Q:
What could governments do regarding deforestation to be consistent with the full-cost pricing principle of sustainability?
a. Increase taxes on fuel to drive up the price of timber.
b. Replace subsidies/tax breaks that encourage deforestation with forest-sustaining economic rewards.
c. Outlaw logging.
d. Build logging roads so companies can access forest land more easily.
e. Ban the use of cardboard and other paper products.
Q:
In Indonesia, Malaysia, and other areas of Southeast Asia, tropical forests are being replaced by large ____ plantations.
a. kenaf
b. soybean
c. coconut
d. oil palm
e. rice
Q:
Tropical forests in the Amazon and other South American countries are cleared or burned primarily ____.
a. due to urban sprawl
b. to enable the construction of major highways
c. for lumber needed in growing cities
d. for cattle grazing and large soybean plantations
e. to enable the expansion of mining
Q:
Sustainable management and harvesting of forests are certified by the ____.
a. U.S. Forest Service
b. California Conservation Core
c. Forest Stewardship Council
d. Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species
e. Endangered Species Act
Q:
A tree harvesting method that involves cutting intermediate-aged or mature trees singly or in small groups is called ____.
a. clear-cutting
b. strip cutting
c. selective cutting
d. patch cutting
e. landscape cutting
Q:
A(n) ____ is an extremely hot fire that leaps from treetop to treetop, burning whole trees.
a. surface fire
b. crown fire
c. ecotone fire
d. strip fire
e. clear fire
Q:
Which type of fires usually burn only undergrowth and leaf litter on the forest floor?
a. ecotone fires
b. transition fires
c. canopy fires
d. crown fires
e. surface fires
Q:
Which type of forest naturally develops after the trees in an area have been removed by human activities, such as clear-cutting for timber or conversion to cropland, or by natural forces such as fires and hurricanes?
a. old-growth forest
b. primary forest
c. tree plantation
d. second-growth forest
e. recovery forest