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Q:
To keep human population constant, the global total fertility rate would have to equal ____.
a. 0
b. 0.5
c. 1
d. 2.1
e. 2.9
Q:
Which city in the United States has used strong land-use policies to control its growth and reduce its dependence on automobiles, and has the nations highest percentage of bicycle commuters as a result?
a. New York
b. Portland
c. Milwaukee
d. Las Vegas
e. Phoenix
Q:
Between the years 1955 and 2013, the total fertility rate in the world ____.
a. increased from 2.8 to 6.5
b. decreased from 5.0 to 2.5
c. decreased from 2.5 to 1.6
d. increased from 1.6 to 2.5
e. increased from 2.5 to 2.8
Q:
The average number of children born to women in a population during their reproductive years is the ____.
a. crude birth rate
b. total birth rate
c. total fertility rate
d. crude fertility rate
e. populations natural rate of increase
Q:
Cities can be susceptible to flooding because ____.
a. they are usually built in closed depressions with no outlet for water
b. buildings and paved surfaces increase runoff and overload storm drains
c. rainfall is greatly increased over cities
d. there are more trees to take up water
e. they are rarely built near rivers that can carry the water away
Q:
Urban sprawl ____.
a. improves downtown business districts
b. improves urban air quality
c. reduces population growth
d. eliminates agricultural and wild lands around many cities
e. decreases energy use
Q:
Chinas one-child policy ____.
a. has had no effect on population growth
b. has not yet been enacted
d. has been praised for improving human rights
e. was created amidst the threat of mass starvation due to rapid population growth
ANSWER: e
Q:
The change in human population over the last 200 years ____.
a. has mainly involved regional differences, while the total number has remained constant
b. has reduced the total population
c. is sustainable
d. has followed an S-curve
e. has followed a J-curve
Q:
If current trends continue, Chinas population of 1.36 billion is projected to ____.
a. double by the end of the century
b. decline to as low as 750 million by the end of this century
c. stay at its current level indefinitely
d. continue increasing rapidly until 2050, but stabilize by the end of this century
e. stay near its current level until 2050, but increase again after that
Q:
The global population of ____ is projected to triple between 2013 and 2050.
a. people who are 65 and older
b. women
c. men
d. men who are 15 to 45
e. people who are 10 and younger
Q:
Full-cost pricing reduces automobile use by increasing taxes on property in suburbs.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The United States admits fewer immigrants than most other industrialized nations.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Urban areas have some environmental advantages.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Explain why r-selected species may go through irregular and unstable boom-and-bust cycles in their population sizes.
Q:
State briefly the known threats to kelp forests.
Q:
Explain how a populations age structure affects whether it will grow or decline.
Q:
Explain why primary ecological succession usually takes hundreds or thousands of years, while secondary ecological succession can occur much more quickly.
Q:
Clearly describe in what ways predation is actually beneficial to the prey population.
Q:
Explain why a population might follow an S-shaped curve of growth.
Q:
Describe what it would mean for a population of a species to have an early loss survivorship curve.
Q:
Explain the difference between inertia and resilience in ecosystems.
Q:
Why do viceroy butterflies mimic the appearance of monarch butterflies?
Q:
Does the feeding behavior illustrated in the accompanying diagram result in increased interspecific competition or decreased interspecific competition?
Q:
When populations of two different species interact over time in a way that drives changes in their gene pools, it can be said that __________________ occurs.
Q:
Some spiders and poisonous snakes use venom to paralyze their prey and to deter their predators. This is known as __________________.
Q:
Southern sea otters are considered a(n) ____________________ species because they help control sea urchin populations to sustain kelp forests.
Q:
Some predators hide in plain sight before ambushing their prey by virtue of their ____________________.
Q:
A(n) ____________________ shows the percentages of the members of a population surviving at different ages.
Q:
The range of variations in its physical and chemical environment under which an ecosystem can survive is known as its range of ____________________.
Q:
The blood-sucking lamprey, which attaches to its host to feed, is an example of a(n) _____________________.
Q:
Four variables govern changes in population size births, deaths, __________________ and emigration.
Q:
A(n) ____________ is a group of interbreeding individuals of the same species.
Q:
Cowbirds are so named because they followed the large herds of cows that were driven throughout the American west before large tracts of land were fenced. Cowbirds consumed the insects that invariably followed the herds. There was no obvious benefit or other effect on the herds. This is an example of ____________________.
Q:
____________________ is the combination of all factors that act to limit the growth of a population.
Q:
The cattle egret is a large North American bird that commonly sits on the backs of grazing cattle and eats insects that pester the cattle. This is an example of ____________________.
Q:
Specialized traits or behaviors that allow a reduction of interspecific competition through species specialization in resource use, allow for _________________________.
Q:
The interaction between a lion and a hyena fighting over a dead zebra on the African Savannah is best described as ____________________.
Q:
The relationship between a lion and a zebra is said to be that of a(n) ____________________.
Q:
The most common interaction among species is ____________________, which occurs when members of one or more species interact to use the same limited resources such as food, water, light, and space.
Q:
A common tick is an example of a(n) ____________________.
Q:
MatchingMatch the items listed below with the appropriate choice.a. interspecific competitionb. predationc. parasitismd. mutualisme. commensalismf. mimicrySea lampreys attach themselves to fish such as trout.
Q:
MatchingMatch the items listed below with the appropriate choice.a. interspecific competitionb. predationc. parasitismd. mutualisme. commensalismf. mimicryClownfish live amongst the stinging tentacles of sea anemone. They keep the sea anemone tentacles clean by eating the debris, and they gain protection from other animals by living in the tentacles.
Q:
MatchingMatch the items listed below with the appropriate choice.a. interspecific competitionb. predationc. parasitismd. mutualisme. commensalismf. mimicryThe Owl Butterfly is native to Costa Rica. Its hindwings have patterns in the shape and size of the eyes of a large owl.
Q:
MatchingMatch the items listed below with the appropriate choice.a. interspecific competitionb. predationc. parasitismd. mutualisme. commensalismf. mimicryYour housecat kills the mice in your yard and around your house.
Q:
MatchingMatch the items listed below with the appropriate choice.a. interspecific competitionb. predationc. parasitismd. mutualisme. commensalismf. mimicryFleas live in and on household pets.
Q:
MatchingMatch the items listed below with the appropriate choice.a. interspecific competitionb. predationc. parasitismd. mutualisme. commensalismf. mimicryA kestrel (small hawk) and red-tailed hawk hunt for rodents in the same grassy meadow.
Q:
MatchingMatch the items listed below with the appropriate choice.a. interspecific competitionb. predationc. parasitismd. mutualisme. commensalismf. mimicryEpiphytes are plants that live on the branches or trunks of trees in the tropics. The epiphyte gains access to water and sunlight, but does not hurt or help the tree.
Q:
MatchingMatch the items listed below with the appropriate choice.a. interspecific competitionb. predationc. parasitismd. mutualisme. commensalismf. mimicryA tiny fish called a wrasse lives in and around the mouth of sharks. It cleans up the debris left after the shark eats flesh, and it gains protection by living in the sharks mouth.
Q:
The departure of individuals from a population is called ____.
a. immigration
b. emigration
c. the prereproductive stage
d. inertia
e. ecological succession
Q:
Newborn young would fall under which category of a populations age structure?
a. postreproductive stage
b. preroproductive stage
c. reproductive stage
d. nonreproductive stage
e. parareproductive stage
Q:
The southern sea otter is a(n) ____ species that helps to sustain kelp forests by controlling populations of sea urchins.
a. prey
b. indicator
c. keystone
d. r-selected
e. J-curve
Q:
Which type of interspecific interaction could best be described as a win-win interaction?
a. mutualism
b. parasitism
c. mimicry
d. predation
e. infection
Q:
A habitats carrying capacity is largely determined by ____.
a. inertia
b. the environmental resistance
c. age structure
d. a populations survivorship curve
e. a populations reproductive capacity
Q:
Which of the following is an example of an r-selected species?
a. most tropical rainforest trees
b. humans
c. whales
d. most insects
e. elephants
Q:
The number of individuals in a population found within a defined area or volume is the ____.
a. limiting factor
b. carrying capacity
c. population density
d. resource partition
e. growth maximum
Q:
A glacier retreats, exposing bare rock and allowing communities of organisms to move in. This is an example of ____.
a. secondary ecological succession
b. primary ecological succession
c. persistence
d. J-curve populations
e. environmental resistance
Q:
In a desert environment, the amount of plant growth is controlled by the amount of precipitation. In this case, precipitation is a(n) ____.
a. K-selection factor
b. overshoot
c. carrying capacity
d. succession
e. limiting factor
Q:
Hummingbirds consume nectar from flowers, and transfer pollen in the process. This is an example of ____.
a. mutualism
b. mimicry
c. parasitism
d. commensalism
e. chemical warfare
Q:
Stinkbugs can release a foul smell when threatened. This is an example of ____.
a. warning coloration
b. camouflage
c. echolocation
d. chemical warfare
e. mimicry
Q:
Inertia can also be referred to as ____.
a. resilience
b. persistence
c. a lack of ecological succession
d. both persistence and resilience
e. a faster rate of ecological succession
Q:
A fox catches and eats a mouse. In this interaction, the fox is the ____.
a. parasite
b. predator
c. prey
d. herbivore
e. mimic
Q:
Which of the following is an example of a species with a late loss survivorship curve?
a. squirrel
b. elephant
c. annual plant
d. songbird
e. praying mantis
Q:
Populations that overshoot their carrying capacity will suffer ____.
a. environmental resistance
b. a population crash
c. r-selection
d. inertia
e. succession
Q:
Most opportunist species ____.
a. are nonnative
b. tend to mature slowly after birth
c. are especially vulnerable to extinction
d. tend to do well in competitive conditions when their population size is near the carrying capacity of their environment
e. go through irregular and unstable boom-and-bust cycles in their population sizes
Q:
Which of the following would undergo secondary ecological succession?
a. cooled volcanic lava
b. an abandoned parking lot
c. a heavily polluted stream that has been cleaned up
d. a bare rock outcrop
e. a newly created shallow pond
Q:
Which of the following demonstrates primary ecological succession?
a. cooled volcanic lava
b. an abandoned farm
c. a forest that has been clear-cut
d. newly flooded land
e. a forest that has been burned
Q:
K-selected species ____.
a. tend to be shaped by coevolution
b. behave in ways that benefit each by providing each other with food, shelter, or some other resource
c. have a capacity for a high rate of population increase
d. tend to reproduce later in life and have a small number of offspring with fairly long life spans
e. gain protection by looking and acting like other, more dangerous species
Q:
Which term best describe the ability of a living system to be restored through secondary ecological succession after a severe disturbance?
a. inertia
b. persistence
c. constancy
d. resilience
e. diversity
Q:
A population crash occurs when ____.
a. a population approaches its carrying capacity
b. environmental resistance comes into play gradually
c. resources are essentially unlimited
d. a population greatly overshoots carrying capacity, and resulting environmental pressures cause effects
e. the population growth rate slows
Q:
An exponential growth curve depicting an ever-growing population is shaped like the letter ____.
a. J
b. L
c. M
d. S
e. U
Q:
A species of snake has evolved resistance to a poisonous newt, allowing the snakes to prey on the newts. The newts have become more poisonous over time, as a result, leading to a kind of evolutionary arms race. This is an example of ____.
a. commensalism
b. mimicry
c. coevolution
d. ecological succession
e. environmental resistance
Q:
In a certain population of rabbits one year, 25 new rabbits are born and 5 move into the population from surrounding areas. However, 10 rabbits die, and 5 leave the population. What is the population change?
a. no change
b. 10
c. 15
d. 25
e. 30
Q:
Factors that act to limit the growth of populations are collectively called ____.
a. carrying capacity
b. death
c. emigration
d. environmental resistance
e. environmental capacity
Q:
As a population approaches the carrying capacity of its habitat, the ____-shaped curve of its exponential growth is converted to a(n) ____-shaped curve of logistic growth that fluctuates around a certain level.
a. J; S
b. S; J
c. I; L
d. L; V
e. I; U
Q:
Which of the following could be considered a density-dependent limiting factor?
a. temperature
b. precipitation
c. dissolved oxygen content of water
d. disease
e. water depth
Q:
Carrying capacity refers to ____.
a. reproductive rate
b. the relationship between birth rate and mortality
c. the maximum population size that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely
d. the proportion of males to females
e. the intrinsic rate of increase
Q:
The normally gradual change in species composition in a given area in response to changing environmental conditions is called ____.
a. background coevolution
b. intraspecific competition
c. inertia
d. ecological succession
e. commensalism
Q:
Tapeworms live inside and may harm their hosts by drawing nourishment from them. This interaction is an example of ____.
a. commensalism
b. parasitism
c. carrying capacity
d. mutualism
e. resilience
Q:
Clownfish usually live within sea anemones, whose tentacles sting and paralyze most fish that touch them. The clownfish, which are not harmed by the tentacles, gain protection from predators and feed on the waste matter left from the anemones meals. The clownfish protect the sea anemones from some of their predators and parasites. The relationship between clownfish and sea anemones is ____.
a. competition
b. carrying capacity
c. parasitism
d. mutualism
e. commensalism
Q:
Some bats prey on certain moths, hunting them using echolocation. Some of those moths have evolved ears sensitive to the sound frequencies bats use to locate them, helping them to avoid being caught. The bats, in turn, have evolved to change the frequency they use. This interaction is an example of ____.
a. resource partitioning
b. intraspecific competition
c. parasitism
d. coevolution
e. mutualism