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Q:
What are the physical states and chemical forms of matter?
Q:
What does it mean to say that scientific knowledge advances in a self-correcting way?
Q:
Give an example of a way you can convert potential energy into kinetic energy.
Q:
A(n) ____________________ is a set of components that function and interact in some regular way.
Q:
The law of ____________________ of matter states that whenever matter undergoes a physical or chemical change, no atoms are created or destroyed.
Q:
Macromolecules formed from a number of monomers are called ____________________.
Q:
Within some DNA molecules are certain sequences of nucleotides called
Q:
Organic compounds always contain ____________________ atoms.
Q:
Flowing water is an example of ____________________ energy.
Q:
____________________ occurs when the nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers are split apart into lighter nuclei and release energy when struck by a neutron.
Q:
A simple carbohydrate that plants and animals use to obtain energy is ____________________.
Q:
_____________________ occurs when two isotopes of light elements are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus.
Q:
The ____________________ ion, studied by Bormann and Likens, is an essential nutrient for plant growth.
Q:
The pH of a solution is a measure of ____________________ ions and ____________________ ions in that solution.
Q:
An atom or group of atoms with one or more net positive or negative charges is called a(n) ____________________.
Q:
A chemical that is a combination of two or more different elements is called a(n) ____________________.
Q:
A(n) ____________________ is a type of matter that has a unique set of properties and that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
Q:
Matter that is near the earth's surface, that is highly concentrated, and that has great potential for use as a resource, is referred to as ____________________.
Q:
A possible and testable explanation that needs further investigation is called a(n) ____________________.
Q:
A well-tested and widely accepted scientific hypothesis or a group of related hypotheses is called a(n) ____________________.
Q:
In a scientific investigation, one of the groups involved in the investigation has a chosen variable changed in a known way. This group is designated as the ____________________group.
Q:
MatchingMatch items with their appropriate chemical description.a. NH4+b. moleculec. electrond. protone. neutronf. pHg. Cah. Pi. mass numberj. NO3-k. C6H12O6Subatomic particle with a negative charge
Q:
MatchingMatch items with their appropriate chemical description.a. NH4+b. moleculec. electrond. protone. neutronf. pHg. Cah. Pi. mass numberj. NO3-k. C6H12O6Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
Q:
MatchingMatch items with their appropriate chemical description.a. NH4+b. moleculec. electrond. protone. neutronf. pHg. Cah. Pi. mass numberj. NO3-k. C6H12O6The chemical formula for glucose
Q:
MatchingMatch items with their appropriate chemical description.a. NH4+b. moleculec. electrond. protone. neutronf. pHg. Cah. Pi. mass numberj. NO3-k. C6H12O6The scale used to measure acidity
Q:
MatchingMatch items with their appropriate chemical description.a. NH4+b. moleculec. electrond. protone. neutronf. pHg. Cah. Pi. mass numberj. NO3-k. C6H12O6The ammonium ion
Q:
MatchingMatch items with their appropriate chemical description.a. NH4+b. moleculec. electrond. protone. neutronf. pHg. Cah. Pi. mass numberj. NO3-k. C6H12O6Subatomic particle with a positive charge
Q:
MatchingMatch items with their appropriate chemical description.a. NH4+b. moleculec. electrond. protone. neutronf. pHg. Cah. Pi. mass numberj. NO3-k. C6H12O6The total number of protons and neutrons in an atoms nucleus
Q:
MatchingMatch items with their appropriate chemical description.a. NH4+b. moleculec. electrond. protone. neutronf. pHg. Cah. Pi. mass numberj. NO3-k. C6H12O6The chemical symbol for the element phosphorus
Q:
MatchingMatch items with their appropriate chemical description.a. NH4+b. moleculec. electrond. protone. neutronf. pHg. Cah. Pi. mass numberj. NO3-k. C6H12O6The nitrate ion
Q:
MatchingMatch items with their appropriate chemical description.a. NH4+b. moleculec. electrond. protone. neutronf. pHg. Cah. Pi. mass numberj. NO3-k. C6H12O6A subatomic particle with no net electrical charge
Q:
MatchingMatch items with their appropriate chemical description.a. NH4+b. moleculec. electrond. protone. neutronf. pHg. Cah. Pi. mass numberj. NO3-k. C6H12O6The chemical symbol for the element calcium
Q:
Which form of electromagnetic radiation has the shortest wavelength?a. infrared radiationb. radio wavesc. visible lightd. ultraviolet (UV) radiatione. microwaves
Q:
Most living systems can be described as having inputs, ____, and outputs.a. thermodynamicsb. positive transfersc. throughputsd. kineticse. creations
Q:
A form of kinetic energy that travels in the form of a wave as a result of changes in electrical and magnetic fields is ____.a. windb. electromagnetic radiationc. waterfallsd. electricitye. heat energy
Q:
A thermostat set to 62 F turns on the furnace when a house cools below that temperature, and shuts the furnace off when a house warms above that temperature. This is an example of a simple ____.a. positive feedback loopb. negative feedback loopc. system loopd. tipping pointe. thermodynamic loop
Q:
A positive feedback loop ____.a. increases a change to a systemb. always results in a beneficial change to a systemc. decreases a change to a systemd. never results in a beneficial change to a systeme. stabilizes a system
Q:
Which of the following energy forms is low-quality?a. the energy released by burning coalb. the heat dispersed in the oceanc. concentrated sunlightd. high-speed winde. the energy released by burning wood
Q:
____ is a measure of the amount of energy available to do useful work.a. Energy qualityb. Energy effectivenessc. Energy conservationd. Energy efficiencye. Energy radiation
Q:
The second law of thermodynamics says that whenever energy is converted from one form to another in a physical or chemical change, ____.a. more energy will be present in the second formb. heat is absorbedc. light is producedd. we end up with lower-quality or less useable energy than we started withe. the second form of energy will always be kinetic
Q:
Wind farms are viable options for supplying more of our energy needs in the future because ____.a. high-speed wind is a form of medium-quality energyb. high-speed wind is a form of high-quality energyc. high-speed wind is a form of low-quality energyd. wind continuously moves at great speeds around the globee. wind is potential energy
Q:
Which statement best describes the first law of thermodynamics?a. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed.b. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.c. Heat is a form of kinetic energy.d. Solar energy is converted into chemical energy in living systems.e. When energy is used up, its gone.
Q:
An example of potential energy is ____.a. electricity flowing through a wireb. the chemical energy in a candy barc. a bullet fired at high velocityd. the falling of a leaf from a treee. the flowing of water
Q:
Most forms of energy can be classified as either ____.a. chemical or physicalb. kinetic or mechanicalc. potential or mechanicald. chemical or kinetice. potential or kinetic
Q:
Kinetic energy is energy associated with ____.a. chemical reactionsb. motionc. foodd. coale. elevation differences
Q:
Energy can be formally defined as the ____.a. velocity of any moving objectb. heat generated by atoms losing electronsc. capacity to do workd. displacement of heat from the sun to the earthe. process of moving objects
Q:
If a carbon atom combines with oxygen atoms to form CO2, this would be described as ____.a. a physical changeb. a chemical changec. both a physical and chemical changed. first a physical change, but then it becomes a chemical changee. neither a physical change or a chemical change, but a scientific change
Q:
The law of conservation of matter states that whenever matter undergoes a physical or chemical change, ____.a. atoms can be createdb. atoms can be destroyedc. atoms cannot be created or destroyedd. atoms can be destroyed if we compost theme. atoms can be created by reactions between organic compounds
Q:
Genes are composed of sequences of ____. a. ionsb. chromosomesc. cellsd. nucleotidese. proteins
Q:
Simple organic molecules called monomers can be linked together by chemical bonds to form ____.a. chromosomesb. lipidsc. polymersd. hydrocarbonse. elements
Q:
____ are the fundamental structural and functional units of life.a. Ionsb. Atomsc. Compoundsd. Moleculese. Cells
Q:
Which of the following contains all of the others?a. chromosomesb. genesc. cellsd. DNA moleculese. cell nuclei
Q:
The compound represented by the formula CH4 is ____.a. calcium carbonateb. carbon dioxidec. methane, a hydrocarbond. sodium chloridee. glucose, a simple carbohydrate
Q:
All organic compounds are characterized by the presence of ____.a. carbonb. hydrogenc. oxygend. nitrogene. phosphorus
Q:
An acidic solution would have ____. a. more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions and a pH greater than 7 b. more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions and a pH greater than 7 c. more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions and a pH less than 7 d. more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions and a pH of 7 e. more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions and a pH less than 7
Q:
Which list of items contains only ions?a. CO2, H2O, Na+, H-b. Na+, H-, Pb, Hgc. Pb, Hg, CO2,NaCld. Cl-, Na+, Ca2+, NO3-e. NaCl, NO, CO, NaOH
Q:
Ions are atoms or groups of atoms that have ____.a. gained or lost electronsb. gained or lost protonsc. gained or lost neutronsd. undergone radioactive decaye. different numbers of protons and neutrons in the same atom
Q:
The most common form of the carbon atom is sometimes referred to as 12C. An isotope of this atom is called 14C. 14C must have a different number of ____ than 12C.a. ionsb. protonsc. atomsd. neutronse. electrons
Q:
An element ____.a. can combine with protons to make an atomb. is made up of compoundsc. can combine with one or more other elements to make a compoundd. is defined by the number of electrons it hase. can only be organic
Q:
An atom's mass number is equal to the total number of ____.a. neutrons and isotopesb. neutrons and electronsc. neutrons and protonsd. protons, neutrons, and electronse. protons only
Q:
Protons, neutrons, and electrons are all ____.a. forms of energyb. equal in massc. subatomic particlesd. negative ionse. charged particles
Q:
The atomic number of an element is the number of ____.a. atoms in a moleculeb. protons in an atomc. nuclei in a moleculed. electrons in an atome. protons and neutrons in an atom
Q:
Atomic theory, the idea that all elements are made of up atoms, ____.a. is a scientific theoryb. is a scientific lawc. is tentative scienced. is no longer considered to be correcte. violates the law of conservation of matter
Q:
Matter is best described as ____.a. thermodynamicb. something that has the capacity to do workc. positively chargedd. something that can produce changee. anything that has mass and takes up space
Q:
A scientific law ____.a. is a hypothesis that has been provenb. is what a theory becomes when it passes experimental testsc. is called that because there are consequences when it is brokend. is a well-tested and widely accepted description of what we find happening repeatedly and in the same way in naturee. determines the series of steps that should be followed when designing an experiment to test a hypothesis
Q:
Outline the nine necessary steps to develop a scientific theory.Critical thinking includes ____.a. knowing that everything you read or hear is wrongb. only looking for information that supports your opinionsc. learning how to argue persuasively that you are rightd. knowing what the right answer should be, and finding an explanation for any results that disagreee. identifying and evaluating your personal assumptions, biases, and beliefs, being careful to distinguish between facts and opinions
Q:
Scientific hypotheses and results that have not undergone the rigors of peer review, or that have been discarded as a result of peer review or additional research, are considered to be ____.a. limited but accurateb. scientific lawsc. scientific theoriesd. unreliable sciencee. reliable science
Q:
Narrative: (questions 9 and 10)A tiny, tawny colored butterfly called the Carson Wandering Skipper was always known for its small and very localized populations. Typically, it was found along the western Nevada and eastern California high desert areas. It was always located close to hot springs and other wet areas that supported salt grass, the host plant it depended on.Recently, the populations went into a steep decline, and a last hold-out area was threatened by imminent construction of a freeway bypass. Biologists became alarmed and began an intensive search for populations in locations other than the spot designated for the freeway bypass. They began their search by identifying all known locations of hot springs, in hopes of finding small populations of the Carson Wandering Skipper close by.As biologists searched for previously unknown populations of the Carson Wandering Skipper, biologists wondered if hot springs were absolutely essential to its survival. This phase of the investigation is ____.a. finding out what is known and asking a questionb. analyzing data and asking a questionc. asking a question and testing predictionsd. accepting their hypothesis and analyzing datae. accepting their hypothesis and asking a question
Q:
Narrative: (questions 9 and 10)
A tiny, tawny colored butterfly called the Carson Wandering Skipper was always known for its small and very localized populations. Typically, it was found along the western Nevada and eastern California high desert areas. It was always located close to hot springs and other wet areas that supported salt grass, the host plant it depended on.
Recently, the populations went into a steep decline, and a last hold-out area was threatened by imminent construction of a freeway bypass. Biologists became alarmed and began an intensive search for populations in locations other than the spot designated for the freeway bypass. They began their search by identifying all known locations of hot springs, in hopes of finding small populations of the Carson Wandering Skipper close by. The biologists observations that the Carson Wandering Skipper populations had declined is an example of ____.
a. reporting a conclusion
b. identifying a problem
c. performing an experiment
d. proposing a hypothesis
e. making testable predictions
Q:
Because there is often no way to measure every instance of a phenomenon around the entire world, scientists ____.
a. can do little more than guess at whats happening
b. do not even attempt to do so
c. pick one instance and assume its perfectly representative
d. use statistical sampling and mathematical models to make estimates
e. use computer simulations instead
Q:
Which list describes the sequence scientists typically follow in the beginning stages of their investigations about how nature works?
a. analyze data → search literature → perform experiment → identify a problem → ask a question
b. ask a question → search literature → perform experiment → analyze data → identify a problem
c. search literature → ask a question → identify a problem → analyze data → perform experiment
d. identify a problem → search literature → ask a question → perform experiment → analyze data
e. ask a question → search literature → identify a problem → perform experiment → analyze data
Q:
A classmate tells you that a statement heard on the news about an environmental process noted in a local ecosystem cannot be true because it has not been scientifically proven. You realize that ____.
a. this classmate is misinformed because science cannot prove anything, but it can disprove events conclusively
b. this classmate is misinformed because science cannot prove or disprove anything absolutely
c. this classmate is misinformed because the environmental process in question actually has been proven scientifically
d. this classmate is correct
e. this classmate has confused scientific theories and scientific laws
Q:
Scientific hypotheses differ from scientific theories in that they are ____.
a. widely accepted descriptions of what we find happening over and over in nature
b. possible, but not yet well-tested, explanations of data
c. not able to be tested
d. arrived at after extensive mathematical modeling
e. facts rather than opinions
Q:
A(n) ____ is an approximate representation or simulation of a system.
a. model
b. datum
c. projection
d. experiment
e. peer review
Q:
Science is ____.
a. a field in which observations are rarely tested
b. never investigated using statistical tools and models
c. best described as a collection of opinions
d. supported by small amounts of evidence
e. a broad field of study focused on discovering how nature works
Q:
The Bormann-Likens study in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire can be described as ____.
a. a comparison of a control site with an experimental site in nature
b. a study using computer model simulations of a complex natural system
c. an experiment in which too many factors were varied to draw a conclusion from the results
d. missing a baseline for comparison, making it difficult to draw a conclusion from the results
e. an observational study that attempted not to interfere with a natural system
Q:
Recall the Bormann-Likens controlled experiment in the forested valleys of New Hampshire. Which statement best describes the effects of water flowing out of deforested areas into undisturbed areas?
a. The amount of water flowing out of the deforested valley following rain increased by 30-40%, and soil erosion increased.
b. The amount of water flowing out of the deforested valley decreased by 10-20%, and soil erosion decreased.
c. The flow of water did not change, but soil erosion increased.
d. Other types of plants took the place of the trees, preventing deforestation from affecting the flow of water.
e. Eroding soil dammed up the river, preventing the flow of water.
Q:
A scientific hypothesis must be testable.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Radioactive decay occurs when the nuclei of unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast-moving chunks of matter (alpha particles or beta particles), high-energy radiation (gamma rays), or both at a fixed rate.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Thousands of genes make up a single chromosome.
a. True
b. False