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Business Ethics
Q:
(p. 27) According to the ERC, a good code of ethics is structured to liberate and empower people to make more effective decisions with greater confidence.
Q:
(p. 26) The Ethics Resource Center states that a code of ethics should help managers, employees, and stakeholders understand how an organization's cornerstones translate into everyday decisions, behaviors, and actions.
Q:
(p. 26) According to the ERC, an organization's cornerstones include its missions, values, and principles.
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(p. 26) The Ethics Resource Center defines a code of ethics as a central guide to support day-to-day decision making at work.
Q:
(p. 26) A company's code of ethics comprises written standards of moral behavior that are designed to guide managers and employees in making the decisions and choices they face every day.
Q:
(p. 26) The positive outcome of the awareness generated by unethical behavior in the business world has been increased attention to the need for third-party guarantees of ethical conduct and active commitments from the rest of the business world.
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(p. 26) An oxymoron is the combination of two facts that mirror and support each other.
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(p. 25) The standard of corporate governance appears to be at the highest in recent business history.
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(p. 25) The standard of corporate governance is the extent to which the officers of an organization are fulfilling the duties and responsibilities of their offices to the relevant stakeholders.
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(p. 25) Corporate governance is the system by which businesses are directed and controlled.
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(p. 25) Unethical corporate behavior could impact a community negatively if it were to lead to an economic decline.
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(p. 24-25) Unethical corporate behavior does not impact a company's stakeholders.
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(p. 24) The interests of creditors in an organization focus specifically on the employment of local residents and the safety of the work environment.
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(p. 24) The interests of wholesalers in an organization include accurate deliveries of quality products on time and at a reasonable cost.
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(p. 24) Stakeholders include stockholders, employees, and the federal government.
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(p. 24) Not every stakeholder will be relevant in every business situation.
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(p. 24) A stakeholder is someone with a share or interest in a business enterprise.
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(p. 24) Ethical behavior should be the same both inside and outside a business situation.
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(p. 24) Business ethics should be applied as a separate set of moral standards or ethical concepts from general ethics.
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(p. 24) Business ethics can be approached from two distinct perspectives: prohibitive and preventative.
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(p. 24) Business ethics involves the application of standards of moral behavior to business situations.
Q:
(p. 6) What is implied by the idea of ethical relativism?
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(p. 6-7) Discuss at least one weakness of each of the ethical theories.
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(p. 6-7) Name and discuss the three categories of ethical theories.
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(p. 4-5) Differentiate between intrinsic and instrumental value.
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(p. 4) How do people arrive at the definition of what's right or wrong?
Q:
(p. 11) At the _____ stage of moral development, a person is focused on individual rights and the development of standards based on critical examination.
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(p. 11) Kohlberg's framework offers us a clearer view into the process of ethical _____.
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(p. 10) _____ is the final step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem.
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(p. 9) The first step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to analyze the _____.
Q:
(p. 8) A(n) _____ is a situation in which there is no obvious "right" or "wrong" decision, but rather a "right" or "right" answer.
Q:
(p. 7) The idea of _____ implies some degree of flexibility as opposed to strict black-and-white rules.
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(p. 6) Originally attributed to a German philosopher named Immanuel Kant, _____ argues that there are certain and universal principles that should apply to all ethical judgments.
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(p. 9) Ethical choices that offer the greatest good for the greatest number of people refers to the ethical approach, proposed by David Hume, known as _____.
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(p. 6) _____ is a theory more focused on the outcome of your actions rather than focusing on the apparent virtue of the actions themselves.
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(p. 6) The problem with _____ is that societies can place different emphasis on different virtues.
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(p. 6) _____ is based on the assumption that one's pursuit of an ethical ideal will match others' ethical ideals.
Q:
(p. 5) A(n) _____ is just doing the right thing, and it is something most people can understand and support.
Q:
(p. 5) Stealing is wrong, but stealing food for a starving child would reflect a(n) _____.
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(p. 5) Money has _____ value, which means that money is valued for what it can buy rather than for itself.
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(p. 4-5) A(n)_____, such as happiness and health, is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake.
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(p. 4) The terms _____ and values are often used to mean the same thing, a set of personal principles by which you aim to live your life.
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(p. 4) _____ refers to a set of personal principles formalized into a code of behavior.
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(p. 4) _____ is a particular set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that characterize a group of individuals.
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(p. 4) A structured community of people bound together by similar traditions and customs refers to a _____.
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(p. 4) _____ refers to a study of how people try to live their lives according to a standard of "right" or "wrong" behavior.
Q:
(p. 12) At the _____ stage, a person is focused on self-chosen ethical principles that are found to be comprehensive and consistent.
A. "good boy/nice girl" ethical orientation
B. law and order orientation
C. universal ethical principle orientation
D. obedience and punishment orientation
Q:
(p. 11) Which of the following is true of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning?
A. Kohlberg argues that we develop a reasoning process over time, moving through four distinct stages as we are exposed to major influences in our lives.
B. At the postconventional stage, the lowest level of moral development, a person's response to the perception of right and wrong is initially directly linked to the expectation of punishment or reward.
C. At the preconventional stage, the highest level of ethical reasoning, a person makes a clear effort to define principles and moral values that reflect an individual value system rather than simply reflecting a group position.
D. Stereotypical behavior is recognized, and conformity to that behavior develops in the conventional stage of moral development.
Q:
(p. 11) Which of the following is the lowest level of moral development in Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of ethical reasoning?
A. Preconventional
B. Conventional
C. Postconventional
D. Social contract
Q:
(p. 10) _______ looks at the information available to us to resolve an ethical dilemma, and draw conclusions based on that information in relation to our own ethical standards.
A. Universal ethics
B. Utilitarianism
C. Ethical reasoning
D. Metaphilosophy
Q:
(p. 10) Susan and Jessica are arguing over the importance of Arthur Dobrin's eight questions to be considered when resolving an ethical dilemma. Susan is of the view that these questions are apt and relevant. Jessica does not agree with Susan's view. Which of the following would weaken Susan's argument?
A. Arthur Dobrin's eight questions are based on the assumption that feelings are not taken into consideration.
B. Arthur Dobrin's eight questions are based on the fact that alternative resolutions for one to select from are always present.
C. Arthur Dobrin's eight questions are based on the fact that there is not enough information available for one to answer the questions.
D. Arthur Dobrin's eight questions are based on the assumption that there is sufficient time for the degree of contemplation that such questions require.
Q:
(p. 10) Which of the following questions is identified by Arthur Dobrin to resolve an ethical dilemma?
A. What do your feelings tell you?
B. What are the alternatives?
C. What can be done to resolve the problem?
D. What will people think of you if you don't find a solution?
Q:
(p. 10) Which of the following is the final step of the three-step process for solving an ethical problem?
A. Analyze the consequences
B. Plan a solution
C. Make a decision
D. Analyze the actions
Q:
(p. 9) The first step in the three-step process for solving an ethical problem is to:
A. analyze the consequences.
B. make a plan.
C. make a decision.
D. analyze the actions.
Q:
(p. 8) Joe feels pressured to lie to his client to keep an important contract because of intense market competition. He feels they will never discover the truth. Joe is:
A. facing a functional fixedness.
B. facing an ethical dilemma.
C. contemplating the instrumental value attached to the contract.
D. expressing a simple truth.
Q:
(p. 8) _____ refers to a situation in which there is no obvious "right" or "wrong" decision, but rather a "right" or "right" answer.
A. Less evil principle
B. Logical inference
C. Ethical dilemma
D. Defeasible reasoning
Q:
(p. 8) The basic assumption of ethical theory is that:
A. a person as an individual or community is in control of all the factors that influence the choices they make.
B. everyone is committed to doing the right thing.
C. individuals share similar standards in a community.
D. an individual's pursuit of an ethical ideal should match others' ethical ideals to avoid trouble.
Q:
(p. 8) The study of how ethical theories are put into practice refers to _____.
A. meta-ethics
B. normative ethics
C. descriptive ethics
D. applied ethics
Q:
(p. 7-8) Which of the following is true of ethical relativism?
A. The idea of relativism implies some degree of flexibility as opposed to strict black-and-white rules.
B. The idea of relativism implies that the ends justify the means.
C. The problem with this approach is that individuals share similar standards in a community.
D. The problem with this approach is that everyone is committed to doing the right thing.
Q:
(p. 7) According to the concept of _____, the traditions of your society, your personal opinions, and the circumstances of the present moment define your ethical principles.
A. universal ethics
B. normative ethics
C. ethical relativism
D. utilitarianism
Q:
(p. 7) Which of the following is a problem with the universal ethics approach?
A. The problem with this approach is the reverse of the weakness in ethics for the greater good.
B. The problem with this approach is the idea that the ends justify the means.
C. The problem with this approach is that individuals share similar standards in a community.
D. The problem with this approach is that everyone is committed to doing the right thing.
Q:
(p. 6) Universal ethics argues that:
A. societies can place different emphasis on different virtues.
B. ends justify the means.
C. there are certain principles that should apply to all ethical judgments.
D. everyone is committed to doing the right thing.
Q:
(p. 6) The theory of _____ places actions within a strictly moral context instead of basing actions on the needs of a particular situation.
A. normative ethics
B. universal ethics
C. reductionism
D. utilitarianism
Q:
(p. 6) The problem with a utilitarian approach to ethics is:
A. the differing attitudes of various societies to the Golden Rule.
B. the idea that the ends justify the means.
C. that societies can place different emphasis on different virtues.
D. that not everyone is committed to doing the right thing.
Q:
(p. 6) Ethical choices that offer the greatest good for the greatest number of people is referred to as _____.
A. virtue ethics
B. normative ethics
C. ethical relativism
D. utilitarianism
Q:
(p. 6) _____ is a theory more focused on the outcome of your actions rather than the apparent virtue of the actions themselves.
A. Ethics for the greater good
B. Normative ethics
C. Ethical relativism
D. Virtue ethics
Q:
(p. 6) The problem with virtue ethics is that:
A. it is based on consequentialism.
B. societies are formed according to the Golden Rule.
C. societies can place different emphasis on different virtues.
D. it is based on the idea that the ends justify the means.
Q:
(p. 6) _____ refers to a concept of living your life according to a commitment to the achievement of a clear ideal.
A. Universal ethics
B. The Golden rule
C. Utilitarianism
D. Virtue ethics
Q:
(p. 6) The Greek philosopher Aristotle's belief in individual character and integrity established the concept of _____.
A. philosophical ethics
B. virtue ethics
C. The Golden Rule
D. utilitarianism
Q:
(p. 6) Charlotte works at an advertising agency. She is usually late in responding to e-mails. She realizes this after an important project, she was responsible for, was delayed due to similar behavior from her manager. Now, Charlotte replies to her e-mails on time. Which of the following would indicate that this change in Charlotte's behavior was a result of adopting the Golden rule?
A. Charlotte empathized with others when she faced a similar situation.
B. Charlotte was afraid that her manager would give her a low rating.
C. Charlotte wanted to impress her colleagues.
D. Charlotte had no friends and was lonely.
Q:
(p. 6) Do unto others as you would have them do unto you explains the _____.
A. golden rule
B. simple truth
C. moral justice
D. operational rule
Q:
(p. 5) Which of the following statements accurately explains the basic categories of ethics?
A. A question of someone's personal character, his or her integrity, is not one of the basic categories of ethics.
B. Personal integrity, a category of ethics, looks at ethics from an external rather than an internal viewpoint.
C. Simple truth is an assumption of the four basic categories of ethics.
D. Rules of appropriate behavior for a community or society is only applicable to closed societies.
Q:
(p. 5) Alison Anderson, the CEO of Anderson Inc., laid the foundation for an apt professional behavior in her workplace. She was honest, aware, and sensitive and is considered a role model by young entrepreneurs. Which of the following basic categories of ethics is depicted in this scenario?
A. Simple truth
B. Rules of differentiation
C. Personal integrity
D. Rules of appropriate behavior for a community or society
Q:
(p. 5) Which of the following indicates the rules of appropriate individual behavior?
A. Jamie had a strict family upbringing that had major impact on his personal moral standards.
B. Mitchell had never lied to her parents or done anything without their consent.
C. Damian always reaches the workplace before time and is always the last one to leave.
D. Alice travels to different countries for work and conducts herself according to the culture of the country she visits.
Q:
(p. 5) Which of the following is an example of simple truth?
A. Ronald lives a life true to his moral standard and is considered the ideal son by his parents.
B. Jonathan's personal value system helps him to stay away from simple conflicts.
C. Amelia believes that murder is wrong, a view supported by most people.
D. Cathy respects her parents and is always keen on helping her neighbors.
Q:
(p. 5) Which of the following is one of the four basic categories of ethics?
A. Personal integrity
B. Psychological behaviorism
C. Rules of differentiation
D. Stretched truth
Q:
(p. 5) _____ is just doing the right thing, and it is something most people can understand and support.
A. Memory conformity
B. The rule of differentiation
C. Double think
D. A simple truth
Q:
(p. 4-5) The difference between intrinsic value and instrumental value is that:
A. intrinsic value refers to the adoption of those standards that are ultimately unique to a society.
B. instrumental value refers to the quality by which the pursuit of one value is a good way to reach another value.
C. instrumental value refers to the quality by which a value is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake, whether anything comes from that pursuit or not.
D. intrinsic value refers to values acquired through media and religion.
Q:
(p. 5) Which of the following scenarios exemplifies instrumental value?
A. Victoria possesses half a million in her bank account.
B. Eighty-year Mathew is in good health.
C. Cathy is always happy.
D. Fernando is upset with his poor SAT scores.
Q:
(p. 5) _____ can be said to have instrumental value.
A. Money
B. Self-respect
C. Happiness
D. Health