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Business Ethics
Q:
Accounting fraud by public companies is particularly troubling for what reason(s)?
a) investors rely on auditors to convey truthful information
b) accountants must obey their client's directives
c) accountants aren"t subject to regulations
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Fraud typically occurs in which types of organizations?
a) small businesses
b) large corporations
c) nonprofits and churches
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
_____________ is a particular type of theft and fraud whereby an employee steals money from his/her employer.
a) Theft
b) Fraud
c) Embezzlement
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
___________ is the use of one's occupation for personal enrichment through the deliberate misuse or misapplication of the employing organization's resources or assets.
a) Theft
b) Fraud
c) Embezzlement
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
__________ refers to taking someone's property without their permission.
a) Theft
b) Fraud
c) Embezzlement
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Useful "case studies" or scenario vignettes that can provide the basis for analysis through ethics training can be derived from which of the following resources?
a) business ethics literature
b) internet websites
c) previous dilemmas at the organization
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Because employees may be cynical about the extent to which wrongdoers actually face prescribed consequences for their behavior, a useful tool in ethics training includes which of the following?
a) a list of prescribed behaviors and associated consequences
b) a strict Code of Conduct that outlines punishments for unethical behaviors
c) information on previous unethical behavior at the organization, and the associated consequences that occurred
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Ethics training known as _______________ can be useful in assessing the extent to which ethics permeates organizational operations, including how well the organization is living up to its codes.
a) code of conduct analysis
b) ethical culture assessment
c) moral development analysis
d) work as a calling
e) none of the above
Q:
An effective way of presenting ethics training to employees is to frame it as a method of ___________.
a) continuous improvement in the organization
b) determining whether unethical behavior has occurred
c) ensuring appropriate consequences for unethical behavior
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Which of the following is the most effective method of including web-based training in ethics training programs?
a) as the sole source of information on ethical decision-making
b) as a complement to facilitator-guided face-to-face interactions and group activities
c) as the tool for training long-term employees, instead of group activities and facilitator-guided interactions
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Ethics training should be introduced to employees during which of the following stages of employment?
a) orientation
b) six-month review
c) one-year anniversary
d) as soon as an ethical dilemma occurs
e) none of the above
Q:
If well done, ethics training holds ______________ accountable for their ethical behaviors and provides an opportunity for misunderstandings to be addressed.
a) employees only
b) employees and employers
c) customers
d) low-level workers
e) mid-level managers
Q:
A high degree of trust in an organization is associated with which of the following:
a) economic benefits through enhanced performance
b) eliminating psychological barriers separating employers and employees
c) attracting and sustaining high-quality stakeholders
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
_______________________ refers to having a positive attitude that another member of the organization will be fair and not take advantage of one's vulnerability or dependency in a risky situation.
a) whistleblowing
b) organizational communication
c) ethics
d) organizational trust
e) none of the above
Q:
A necessary characteristic of effective organizations is ____________ within the culture.
a) hierarchy
b) trust
c) whistleblowing
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Identify the ten "ethical hazard approaching" signs. How can they be managed?
Q:
Reasonable individuals can disagree about what is an appropriate ethical action. Discuss the process by which a manager can facilitate a negotiation between competing ethical perspectives.
Q:
Discuss the relationship between Kohlberg's stages of moral development and the six ethical theories presented in the chapter by defining each stage and its associated ethical theories.
Q:
Identify and define at least four major ethical theories presented in the chapter.
Q:
Discuss the individual characteristics that impact ethical beliefs, sensitivities, intentions and behaviors.
Q:
A useful approach managers should take when engaging employees who apply different ethical theories is to listen carefully to the people who disagree, categorize the responses in terms of the six ethical theories, and then reframe the analysis.
Q:
Researchers have found strong consensus among core values, or virtues, that are common worldwide, despite cultural differences.
Q:
Ethical theories such as egoism and deontology should be used interchangeably to motivate ethical decision making.
Q:
In the systematic rational ethical decision framework, legal actions represent the highest ethical dimension of ethical behavior.
Q:
When two ethical theories such as the "Golden Rule" and individual self-interest are in conflict, self-interest takes precedence.
Q:
Though they provide helpful lists of questions to ask when facing an ethical dilemma, the Rotary's Four-Way Test and Raytheon's Ethics Quick Test and ACTION model are not philosophically systematic.
Q:
A simple ethical decision-making framework that helps individuals to analyze the basis of their actions compels the individual to ask: "How would my mother (or other individual you respect) feel if what I"m planning to do appeared on the front page of a newspaper?"
Q:
Even if an intention to act ethically is solidified, an individual still may not follow through on the ethical intention and behave ethically.
Q:
Acts with a high likelihood of causing harm have high moral intensity.
Q:
Harmful acts with severe consequences have high moral intensity.
Q:
The term temporal immediacy refers to the dynamic that acts that immediately cause harm have lower moral intensity.
Q:
Liberals and conservatives tend to differ in their prioritization and framing of ethical dilemmas.
Q:
Dilemmas often arise because people usually have a very short time to respond to an ethical issue.
Q:
Becoming aware of how others interpret or experience our decisions and behaviors expands a person's ethical sensitivities.
Q:
Individuals all typically possess the same level of ethical sensitivity; the difference is in ethical behaviors.
Q:
Recognizing how much effort an employee exerts at work, and the dynamic that not working hard can affect other workers, is an example of an ethical sensitivity.
Q:
People with less work experience tend to be better ethical decision makers, because they have less to lose.
Q:
One's philosophical/value orientation, whether deontological or a more "relativist" orientation, does not seem to impact his/her ability to make ethical decisions.
Q:
Ethical beliefs are followed by ethical intentions which are always followed by ethical behaviors.
Q:
In a given dilemma, the gap between ethical belief and ethical intent can be caused by not wanting to create negative relationships with the other person involved in the dilemma, among other reasons.
Q:
People most often agree on what ethical action "should" be done, but fewer people actually "would" do the right thing, and even fewer actually "did" what they think they should or would do.
Q:
The terms "ethical" and "moral" are commonly interchangeable.
Q:
The philosopher Emmanuel Kant presents the __________________ , which is a rule that applies to all situations.
a) relativist ethic
b) virtue ethic
c) Golden Rule
d) categorical imperative
e) none of the above
Q:
It is important for managers to utilize a strategic decision-making framework in order to:
a) ensure all employees agree with the manager's decisions
b) ensure all employees are persuaded to change their minds
c) ensure all employees understand the manager's ethical reasoning
d) ensure disagreements are handled without encouraging discussion
e) none of the above
Q:
When consideration of the various ethical approaches results in conflicting conclusions, the decision maker should:
a) select one of the options randomly because all carry equal ethical certitude
b) respect everyone and do what a virtuous person would do
c) do nothing, because consensus has not been achieved
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
___________ represent(s) either or lack of virtue or an excess of virtue.
a) egoism
b) vices
c) deontology
d) self-interest
e) none of the above
Q:
While utilitarianism is "ends-based" and deontology is "rules-based," _____________, considered to be a higher stage of moral reasoning, is based on achieving excellence in morals by practicing morally valued character traits.
a) relativism
b) egoism
c) virtue
d) fundamentalism
e) none of the above
Q:
A concern with the deontological approach to ethical decision making involves acknowledging:
a) universal principles are relative
b) it may prove impossible, impractical or undesirable in practice
c) managers must make decisions motivated only by virtue
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Social group and cultural relativism ask the individual to consider _______________ when making decisions.
a) norms and standards
b) universal principles
c) self-interest
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
A novelist whose writings are consistent with the egoist perspective, ____________, argues that the best thing for the common good is to become an individual of high integrity willing to pursue self-interest at all costs.
a) Adam Smith
b) Ayn Rand
c) Thomas Jefferson
d) Aristotle
e) none of the above
Q:
Adam Smith emphasized that individuals are, by nature, ______________.
a) egoists
b) deontologists
c) capitalists
d) virtuous
e) none of the above
Q:
The ethical approach that equates moral actions with those that promote an individual's self-interest is known as _____________.
a) utilitarianism
b) egoism
c) cultural relativism
d) virtue ethics
e) none of the above
Q:
The notion that right actions strengthen moral character is consistent with ____________ ethics.
a) virtue
b) dentological
c) utilitarian
d) social group
e) none of the above
Q:
Deontology asserts that actions must treat _______________ with respect and dignity in all situations, and that good actions are those that everyone should do.
a) the immediate stakeholders
b) an individual's self-interest
c) all stakeholders
d) the greatest number
e) none of the above
Q:
The approach that is consistent with the belief that right actions are beneficial to the greatest number of people is called ____________.
a) deontology
b) utilitarianism
c) virtue
d) social group relativism
e) none of the above
Q:
Systematic rational ethical decision-making frameworks can help management:
a) reveal the ethical dimensions of any decision being made
b) justify unethical behaviors in the face of conflicting pressures
c) explain why moral decisions are all relative
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
The process of ethical reasoning can be compared with which of the following?
a) any other managerial problem-solving process
b) only those managerial processes that involve ethical dilemmas
c) helpful lists of questions such as the Rotary's Four-Way Test and Raytheon's ACTION model
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Rotary International's Four-Way Test provides a simple framework for decision making that asks us to consider of the things we think, say, or do; the Four-Way Test includes which of the following questions:
a) is it the Truth?
b) is it ethically sensitive?
c) is it morally appropriate?
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Obstacles that divert someone from not act acting on ethical intention include which of the following:
a) second doubts
b) weakness of will
c) lack of moral courage
d) old habits
e) all of the above
Q:
Ethical ______________ is determining mentally to take some action that is believed to be morally appropriate.
a) behavior
b) intention
c) sensitivity
d) action
e) none of the above
Q:
Among the organizational characteristics associated with ethical behaviors are which of the following?
a) codes of ethics
b) ethical climate/culture
c) organization size
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Harmful acts concentrated in a particular area and characterized by ______________, or nearness of an act to its victims and beneficiaries, have high moral intensity.
a) temporal immediacy
b) concentration of effect
c) proximity
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
______________ refers to the length of time between an act and the onset of consequences associated with the act.
a) Probability of effect
b) Magnitude of consequences
c) Temporal immediacy
d) Proximity
e) none of the above
Q:
________________ refers to the degree of social agreement that an act is good or bad.
a) Social norms
b) Social consensus
c) Social pressure
d) Social dilemmas
e) none of the above
Q:
According to theorist Tom Jones, an issue's moral intensity is likely to vary based on which of the following factors?
a) magnitude of consequences
b) social consensus
c) probability of effect
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
________, which is likely to determine the magnitude of a person's moral approval or disapproval, is dependent on issue-related factors, rather than individual or organizational factors.
a) moral sensitivity
b) moral intention
c) moral intensity
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
According to Ajzen's theory of __________________, formulating an intention to act ethically is a function of a person's attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.
a) moral development
b) ethical sensitivity
c) planned behavior
d) moral reasoning
e) none of the above
Q:
Individuals whose beliefs are consistent with a liberal political persuasion tend to focus on which of the following value sets?
a) ingroup/loyalty
b) fairness/reciprocity
c) authority/respect
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Individuals whose beliefs are consistent with a conservative political persuasion tend to focus on which of the following value sets?
a) ingroup/loyalty
b) authority/respect
c) purity/sanctity
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
"Gut reactions" that characterize how many ethical decisions are made typically derive from:
a) moral reasoning
b) personal value systems
c) ethical sensitivity
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
A quick insight independent of any reasoning process of right and wrong is known as:
a) ethical sensitivity
b) ethical judgment
c) ethical intuition
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Ethical _________________ refers to an individual's awareness that a particular situation raises ethical concerns.
a) opinion
b) belief
c) moral
d) sensitivity
e) none of the above
Q:
A ____________ is a mental state that guides behaviors.
a) opinion
b) belief
c) moral
d) sensitivity
e) none of the above
Q:
Individual characteristics that are associated with ethical beliefs, sensitivities, intentions and behaviors include which of the following?
a) more education
b) more work experience
c) religion
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Which step is missing in the sequence of moral behavior?
Ethical belief, _________________, ethical action
a) ethical intent
b) ethical understanding
c) ethical behavior
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
The four-component model indicates that individuals are likely to behave morally if which of the following conditions are present?
a) awareness of an ethical dilemma and formation of a moral judgment
b) development of motivation to address the moral dilemma
c) the individual is a person of high moral character
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
James Rest's four-component model is a useful tool for exploring __________________.
a) stages of moral development,
b) ethical decision making
c) moral versus immoral actions
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Ethical dilemmas typically involve trade-offs based on _______________.
a) right versus wrong
b) competing values and interests
c) moral versus immoral choices
d) correct versus incorrect decisions
e) none of the above
Q:
Ethical behavior models provide which of the following:
a) rationalizations for questionable decision making
b) frameworks for decision making based on rational principles
c) fail-safe solutions to moral dilemmas
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Discuss the relationship between Codes of Ethics and organizational assessment.