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Q:
Education is ______________ correlated with wealth, with a slight decline occurring at the doctoral level.
a) positively
b) negatively
c) equally
d) inversely
e) none of the above
Q:
_________________'s emphasis on liberty has increased national wealth more than any other economic system.a) socialismb) communismc) capitalismd) feudalisme) none of the above
Q:
U.S.-born _______________ unionized immigrant farm workers in California and led a 10-year nationwide boycott against grapes picked by nonunion workers.
a) Che Guevera
b) Cesar Chavez
c) Samuel Gompers
d) Taft Hartley
e) none of the above
Q:
The 1935 passage of which law legally obligated employers to negotiate with duly elected unions and codified regulations governing the process for forming a union?
a) the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA)
b) the Sherman Antitrust Act (SAA)
c) the Taft Hartley Act (TFA)
d) the National Strike Act (NSA)
e) none of the above
Q:
The establishment of __________________ was an early victory for labor unions, resulting from strikes across the nation in 1886.
a) fair wages
b) the eight-hour work day
c) equal pay for all workers
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Philosophers including ___________________ and Friedrich Engels disputed Adam Smith's assumptions about the moral sentiments of business people, and inspired some union organizers.
a) Karl Marx
b) Samuel Gompers
c) Milton Friedman
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
A(n) _________________ is an association of employees that advances its members interests, including wages, benefits, work rules and other conditions of employment, through collective bargaining with an employer.
a) oligopoly
b) strike
c) labor union
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Dependency on slave labor ________________ during the Industrial Revolution.
a) increased
b) decreased
c) stayed the same
d) was outlawed
e) was eliminated
Q:
The U.S. Constitution was written without addressing the issue of slavery to:
a) recognize that slaves were fundamental to the growth of the new nation
b) appease southern states whose economies depended on slaves
c) protect the rights of paid workers
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
_________________ is a system in which some individuals are perceived as property, and thereby capable of being owned by other people and subject to the whims of their owners, with no provisions for eventual freedom.
a) slavery
b) indentured servitude
c) low-wage workers
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
First developed in the late 1880s in response to increasing corporate complexity and growth, the concept of __________________ refers to laws protecting individual shareholders from financial liability if businesses are sued or fail.
a) antitrust legislation
b) limited liability
c) antitrust acts
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
In the late 1880s, states began to compete against one another in which of the following ways?
a) relaxing religious freedoms
b) introducing the right to bear arms
c) simplifying rules for obtaining corporate charters and eliminating tax restrictions
d) monopolizing business operations
e) none of the above
Q:
The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 outlawed which of the following?
a) monopolies
b) mercantiles
c) charters
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
The Industrial Revolution was characterized by which of the following?
a) religious freedom
b) development of ammunitions
c) technological innovation
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
The period in the early 1800s marked by significant economic growth in the United States was called:
a) the Revolutionary War
b) the Industrial Revolution
c) the Declaration of Independence
d) the birth of capitalism.
e) none of the above
Q:
Smith cautioned that owners who do not rely on moral sentiments when dealing with laborers could result in which of the following problems:
a) an overabundance of labor, which could drive wages below subsistence levels
b) excessive application of piece-rate incentives, which could increase productivity in the short term but damage the worker's health in the long run
c) excessive application of division of labor, which could increase productivity in the short term but damage the worker's intellectual abilities in the long term
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Government intervention in the marketplace, Smith reasoned, is needed under only which of the following conditions:
a) when contracts are violated
b) when merchants abuse their freedom by committing injustices against others
c) when the pursuit of self-interest does not generate highly desired social welfare benefits
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Prior to capitalism, key management positions were often filled based on which of the following?
a) family connections
b) political connections
c) wealth
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Adam Smith argued that when self-regulating moral mechanisms fail, ________________ must serve to protect the public from egregious immoral actions.
a) democracy
b) strong justice systems
c) individual sanctions
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Which of the following were not among the benefits early capitalists associated with a free and competitive market economy?
a) more goods and services
b) lower prices
c) better-quality products
d) greater labor flexibility
e) higher tax revenues
Q:
According to its definition, capitalism as an economic system is characterized by which of the following?a) mercantilist policiesb) democratic policiesc) freedom and competitiond) religious freedome) selfishness at all costs
Q:
Adam Smith argued that "wealth of nations" resulted from which of the following?
a) freedom and competition
b) economic self-interest
c) capitalist economic systems
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Fundamental notions behind Adam Smith's concept of a fair economic system include which of the following?
a) reason and liberty
b) freedom and religious control
c) selfishness and justice
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
_____________, a Scottish philosopher, provided many of the teachings that underlie capitalist systems.a) James Madisonb) Adam Smithc) John Locked) King George IIIe) none of the above
Q:
The fundamental belief on which the Declaration of Independence was founded, grounded in philosophical notions of basic human rights, was ________________.
a) the right to bear arms
b) the right to own property
c) government should be based on the consent of the governed
d) government should pursue happiness
e) none of the above
Q:
Which of the following rights were not included in the Bill of Rights?
a) right to bear arms
b) freedom of the press
c) freedom from unreasonable search and seizure
d) freedom to rule the colonies
e) freedom of religion
Q:
Which of the following early leaders was not among the authors of the Declaration of Independence?
a) Thomas Jefferson
b) James Madison
c) Benjamin Franklin
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
The Boston Tea Party was a response to which of the following British policies?a) monopolistic business practicesb) attempts to limit religious freedomsc) attempts to limit the rights of indigenous peopled) all of the abovee) none of the above
Q:
The ________________ in 1773 was a major colonial incident resulting from the East India Company's monopolistic business practices.
a) Boston Tea Party
b) Plymouth settlement
c) Revolutionary war
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Among the reasons Pilgrims settled in Massachusetts were desires for:
a) religious freedoms
b) economic opportunities
c) new trade routes
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
_____________________ were laborers who served their masters for several years in exchange for transportation, food, clothing, lodging, and eventual freedom.
a) slaves
b) settlers
c) indentured servants
d) Pilgrims
e) none of the above
Q:
The ________________, chartered by King James, searched for gold and gems and led trading in furs and spices in the Roanoke Islands.a) Columbus excursionsb) Jamestown settlementsc) Virginia Company of Londond) American Charterse) none of the above
Q:
Settlements in Roanoke, Jamestown and Plymouth were early examples of ________________.
a) business ventures
b) participant democracies
c) uplifting indigineous populations
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
______________ were granted by the British government to allow several people to create organizations by pooling financial resources, which enabled riskier business projects to be undertaken.
a) pacts
b) charters
c) constitutions
d) doctrines
e) none of the above
Q:
Discuss the most common types of unethical behaviors in organizations. Provide at least three examples.
Q:
Discuss the reasons people cite for behaving unethically. Provide at least three examples.
Q:
Discuss why good people occasionally behave unethically. Provide at least three examples of unintended unethical behaviors.
Q:
Define the three broad stages of moral development by including at least two characteristics of each stage: the preconventional level, the conventional level, and the postconventional level.
Q:
Discuss the various understandings of human nature, defined as the moral, psychological and social characteristics of human beings, which are fundamental to managing ethics.
Q:
Provide at least four examples of competitive advantages of ethical organizations.
Q:
Discuss Kidder's notion of the four types of ethical dilemmas based on competing values. Provide an example of each dilemma.
Q:
Define the stakeholder conception of business ethics, and identify at least three examples of stakeholders in business.
Q:
Discuss the components of an action sequence in decision making, and its relation to moral action.
Q:
Provide at least three examples of costs associated with unethical behaviors. Provide an example, in the business context, for each.
Q:
A common ethical dilemma involves choosing between the competing values of truth versus loyalty.
Q:
A stakeholder is any person or organization that is affected by, or could affect, an organization's goal accomplishment.
Q:
Providing goods and services is the only ethical aspect of organizational operations.
Q:
The most basic justification people provide for behaving unethically is to avoid punishment and receive praise.
Q:
Managers must be concerned with both unintended and intended unethical behavior.
Q:
Unintended unethical behaviors can result from insufficient knowledge or situational ambiguity.
Q:
According to psychological research, individuals begin to lie when they are teenagers and young adults.
Q:
Moral imperatives are principles compelling people to action.
Q:
Cognitive dissonance leads to development of the next higher stage of moral development.
Q:
Applying universal ethical principles such as justice and equality is associated with the preconventional level of moral development.
Q:
According to the conventional level of moral reasoning, being "good" or "right" means to be in accordance with societal rules.
Q:
Egocentric punishment avoidance is associated with the preconventional level of moral development.
Q:
Human nature is universally understood to predispose us to unethical behavior.
Q:
If anticipated return-on-investments (ROIs) are similar, potential lenders and investors consistently choose unethical organizations rather than ethical organizations.
Q:
An effective method of persuading employees of the importance of being ethical is to focus on benefits of ethical behavior and costs of unethical behavior.
Q:
Unethical organizations are more likely to attract higher-quality job applicants.
Q:
Research indicates linkages between ethical performance and financial performance of organizations.
Q:
Abusive supervision of employees, including verbal abuse, is associated with absenteeism, health care costs and lost productivity.
Q:
Reputation management is a minor concern for most organizations.
Q:
Employee theft only occurs at middle- and lower-levels of organizations.
Q:
The biggest source of retail industry theft is customers.
Q:
Legal costs are the only cost associated with unethical behaviors.
Q:
Research indicates that unethical behavior in organizations is an issue in areas as diverse as government agencies, the military, construction, the law, and medical research.
Q:
Small businesses generally face fewer problems with unethical behaviors than do large organizations.
Q:
An action sequence of decision making consists of the motivation behind the act, the act itself, and the consequences of the act, which can carry ethical weight.
Q:
Most organizations face no ethical challenges.
Q:
Managers and owners are also victims of unethical behaviors.
Q:
Which of the following is not one of Kidder's ethical dilemmas based on competing values?a) short term versus long termb) truth versus loyaltyc) morality versus ambiguityd) individual versus communitye) justice versus mercy
Q:
Which of the following is not cited as a reason people intentionally behave unethically?
a) avoiding punishment and seeking praise
b) feeling pressure to do so by those in authority
c) believing that the organizational culture encourages or tolerates unethical behavior
d) feeling pressure to do so by overly aggressive business objectives
e) feeling pressure to do so by moral imperatives
Q:
Which of the following can lead to unintended unethical behavior?
a) misaligned management systems
b) situational ambiguity
c) insufficient knowledge
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Which of the following is not a typical reason why good people occasionally behave unethically?
a) a good person chose one set of values over a competing set of values
b) a good person may justify the unethical behavior based on a reason considered more compelling
c) a good person may not have intended to generate the resultant unethical outcome
d) a good person may think he/she can get away with unethical behavior
e) a good person may choose not to prevent an unethical behavior for compelling reasons such as fear of retaliation.
Q:
_______________________ are defined as the deliberate pursuit of actions intended to benefit the interests or welfare of others.
a) moral imperatives
b) altruistic behaviors
c) societal norms
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Motivation to progress through the stages of moral development involves which of the following:
a) moral discomfort
b) moral comfort
c) moral complacency
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Which of the following are considered universal ethical principles?
a) the "Golden Rule"
b) justice
c) equality
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
________________________ are principles compelling people to action, found in all cultures and major world religions.
a) moral reasonings
b) cognitive dissonances
c) moral imperatives
d) individual opinions
e) individual rules
Q:
Cognitive dissonance occurs when an individual considers _______________________, which creates an unpleasant state of mind.
a) punishment versus reward
b) inconsistent or contradictory attitudes and beliefs
c) the stages of moral development
d) all of the above
e) none of the above