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Q:
The Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act:
A. makes it unlawful to use computers to solicit, lure, or entice a child, but it does not include the content of mobile phones.
B. seeks to criminalize online content harmful to minors based on contemporary community standards.
C. prohibits not just actual child pornography, but also material that depicts persons who appear to be minors or that is presented so it conveys the impression that the person depicted is a minor.
D. prohibits websites from collecting personal information from children under 13 without parental permission.
Q:
The _____ is charged with primary enforcement of the Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA).
A. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
B. Federal Trade Commission
C. Consumer Product Safety Commission
D. Food and Drug Administration
Q:
Which of the following is a provision of the Computer Pornography and Child Exploitation Prevention Act of 1999?
A. It prohibits websites from collecting personal information from children under 13, who use computers, without parental permission.
B. It requires that parents be allowed to review and correct any information collected about their children and published.
C. It makes it unlawful for companies manufacturing computers to employ children below the age of 15.
D. It makes it unlawful to use a computer to solicit, lure, or entice a child or otherwise engage in sexual offenses with a child.
Q:
The repeated use of electronic media (such as e-mail or chat rooms) to harass or threaten another person is referred to as:
A. cyberterrorism.
B. spear phishing.
C. cyberstalking.
D. VoIP spamming.
Q:
Catalina has been receiving threat messages from Steve, one of her Facebook contacts. Steve has never met Catalina, but he has been tracking her activities on the social network regularly. This is an example of:
A. cyberterrorism.
B. spear phishing.
C. cyberstalking.
D. VoIP spamming.
Q:
A(n) _____ is any person who takes data that are discrete at the level of an individual and combines it with individual-level data from one or more other sources.
A. aggregator
B. hacker
C. cyber stalker
D. spammer
Q:
Briefly explain nuisance, trespass, and strict liability.
Q:
Briefly describe the Kyoto Protocol. Has it been successful in achieving its fundamental objective?
Q:
Give some examples of environmental degradation in the United States and in the world.
Q:
Which of the following is a network of infected computers that can be harnessed to take coordinated action, such as sending spam?
A. Botnet
B. Adware
C. Malware
D. Spambot
Q:
_____ is the process of building profiles of individuals by organizing all the disparate pieces of information collected in the normal course of business.
A. Data mining
B. Phishing
C. Hacking
D. Whistleblowing
Q:
Which of the following events is reducing the worlds carbon sink capacity?
A. Rise in the number of endangered species in Asia
B. Burning of forests in the Amazon and Indonesia
C. Increase in the amount of phytoplankton in the Pacific Ocean
D. Expanding of the glaciers in the Arctic region
Q:
Discuss the cap-and-trade program.
Q:
Describe the role of tax laws in environmental protection in the United States.
Q:
What are the two national goals established by the Clean Water Act?
Q:
Discuss the enforcement actions available for the government agencies in case of environmental issues.
Q:
Describe in brief some of the challenges faced while protecting a species under the Endangered Species Act.
Q:
In an environmental law context, _____ has been considered where crop dusting contaminated adjacent properties, toxic chemicals were improperly disposed of, and oil contaminated a nearby water well.
A. trespass
B. strict liability
C. negligence
D. nuisance
Q:
Which of the following statements is true of the Kyoto Protocol?
A. It called for a 50 percent reduction from 1990 levels of greenhouse gas emissions to be achieved by 2010.
B. It became binding when ratified by 180 countries, on Russias ratification in late 2004.
C. It was ratified first by the United States.
D. It acknowledged that underdeveloped countries were principally responsible for the greenhouse gas levels at that time.
Q:
Which of the following countries is currently the largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the world?
A. China
B. India
C. The United Kingdom
D. The United States
Q:
A chemical plant has expanded with all the appropriate permits from related agencies. Since the expansion, people living within a few miles of the plant are awakened at night by the bright light and loud noise associated with flaring unused gas and chemicals from smokestacks. Assuming the flaring does not threaten the residents' safety, what common law claim would best address the citizens' complaints in this scenario?
A. A trespass claim
B. A negligence tort claim
C. A strict liability tort claim
D. A nuisance claim
Q:
Which of the following laws provides liability protection for prospective purchasers and contiguous property owners and authorizes increased funding for state and local programs that assess and clean up industrial sites that are no longer in use?
A. The Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act
B. The National Environmental Policy Act
C. The Toxic Substances Control Act
D. CERCLA
Q:
Which of the following was enacted for the purpose of identifying and cleaning up abandoned hazardous waste sites?
A. The Clean Water Act
B. The Toxic Substances Control Act
C. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
D. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
Q:
Which of the following statements is true of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act?
A. Cleanups may be carried out by the Environmental Protection Agency or private parties.
B. It requires that parties involved in cleanups recover costs from the federal government.
C. It attaches liability only with proof of both intent and negligence.
D. Potentially responsible parties are limited to present owners of the site.
Q:
The _____ is commonly known as the Superfund.
A. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
B. Clean Water Act
C. Clean Air Act
D. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Q:
Individuals may challenge government environmental decisions, such as the granting of a permit, and generally demand both governmental and private-sector compliance with the law in:
A. representative actions.
B. class actions.
C. citizen suits.
D. mass torts.
Q:
Under the Toxic Substances Control Act:
A. the waste generator must create a manifest to be used in tracking waste from its creation to its disposal.
B. the federal government is authorized to prohibit future open dumping.
C. the Environmental Protection Agency is empowered to review and limit or stop the introduction of new chemicals.
D. the companies importing new industrial chemicals must provide the required safety data to the Environmental Protection Agency even if the data they have does not suggest the chemical poses a substantial risk.
Q:
The act governing the safe movement and disposal of hazardous solid wastes is the:
A. Clean Water Act.
B. Toxic Substances Control Act.
C. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act.
D. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
Q:
Which of the following acts addresses the dangers of both nonhazardous and hazardous solid wastes?
A. The Clean Air Act
B. The Clean Water Act
C. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
D. The National Environmental Policy Act
Q:
Which of the following statements is true of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act?
A. Its provisions exclude safe movement and disposal of hazardous solid wastes.
B. It covers recycled hazardous materials.
C. Its provisions for nonhazardous solid wastes are more supportive than punitive.
D. It vests authority with the states rather than the federal government.
Q:
Seventy percent of the toxic waste in the landfills comes from _____.
A. food items
B. medicines
C. electronics
D. industrial chemicals
Q:
The _____ amendments of 1970 and 1977 gave the Environmental Protection Agency the power to set air quality standards and to ensure that those standards are achieved according to a timetable prescribed by the agency.
A. Clean Air Act
B. Air Pollution Control Act
C. National Environmental Policy Act
D. Toxic Substances Control Act
Q:
Which of the following is a requirement necessitated by the Clean Air Act?
A. It required all pollutant dischargers to secure an Environmental Protection Agency permit.
B. It required new equipment to capture industrial and business pollution.
C. It required the states to set air quality standards.
D. It required limits to be imposed on the amount of pollutants that may lawfully enter the water of the United States from any point source.
Q:
Which of the following statements is true of the Clean Water Act?
A. Enforcing this act and ensuring that water bodies are monitored regularly primarily comes under the federal jurisdiction.
B. Eliminating the discharge of pollutants into navigable waters is one of the goals of this act.
C. Achieving water quality sufficient only for recreation in and on the water is its primary goal.
D. Eliminating pollutants emitted from nonpoint sources is the main focus of this act.
Q:
In the context of the Clean Water Act:
A. the Environmental Protection Agency has exclusive implementation authority.
B. the federal government has clearly defined the waters that come under its jurisdiction.
C. the states have primary responsibility for its enforcement.
D. the federal government has assumed the responsibility of monitoring surface water runoff.
Q:
Which of the following is a drawback of the Clean Water Act?
A. Its regulation of point sources leaves many pollutants unmonitored.
B. Its goals do not include achieving water quality sufficient for the protection and propagation of fish.
C. Its jurisdiction on navigable waters is limited to monitoring the discharge of pollutants into the water bodies.
D. Its enforcement is the sole responsibility of the federal government and thus the act is partially enforceable.
Q:
Which of the following factors has hindered the successful implementation of the Clean Water Act?
A. It remains unclear if the state or the federal government is primarily responsible for the implementation of the act.
B. Its jurisdiction is limited to monitoring the discharge of pollutants into navigable waters.
C. It is implemented by the states under the supervision of the Environmental Protection Agency.
D. It remains unclear exactly what waters are actually covered by the act.
Q:
Which of the following statements is true of the Clean Air Act?
A. Air quality standards are set federally, but the states are required to establish implementation plans to achieve and maintain those standards.
B. Private companies receiving federal contracts, funding, licenses, and the like may be parties to the completion of an environmental impact statement.
C. Limits are imposed on the amount of pollutants that may lawfully enter the water of the United States from any point source.
D. All pollutant dischargers are required to secure an Environmental Protection Agency permit before releasing effluents into a navigable stream.
Q:
Which of the following statements is true of the National Environmental Policy Act?
A. Its environmental provisions diminished federal presence in the promotion of a clean and healthy environment.
B. It requires an environmental impact statement for all activities affecting the environment, whether public or private.
C. Its primary influence results from its environmental impact statement (EIS) requirements.
D. It was the first law that required a permit to discharge refuse into navigable waters.
Q:
Which of the following established the Council on Environmental Quality, which serves as an adviser to the president?
A. The North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation
B. The Clean Water Act
C. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
D. The National Environmental Policy Act
Q:
The Environmental Protection Agency was created in 1970 to mount a coordinated attack on environmental problems. Its duties primarily include:
A. conducting research on pollution problems.
B. establishing a strong federal presence in the promotion of a clean and healthy environment.
C. imposing liability on any intentional invasion of an individuals right to the exclusive use of his or her own property.
D. organizing international conferences to discuss environmental concerns.
Q:
Negligence is a substantial and unreasonable invasion of the private use and enjoyment of one's land.
Q:
Which of the following statements is true of the Congressional Budget Offices estimation about environmental taxes and how Americans spend money on gas and utilities?
A. The poorest 20 percent of Americans spend only 6 percent of their income on gas and utilities.
B. The richest 20 percent of Americans spend 40.2 percent of their income on gas and utilities.
C. The poorest 20 percent of Americans spend 21.4 percent of their income on gas and utilities. D. The United States collects federal taxes on energy (including the federal gas tax) amounting to $10 per ton.
Q:
As part of its program to _____, California began running its own carbon cap-and-trade program on January 1, 2013.
A. make economic growth and environment protection mutually exclusive
B. increase the limit of the carbon footprint level of vehicles
C. cut greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to 1990 levels by 2020
D. produce 41 percent more electricity than it had in the 1980s by 2020
Q:
Which of the following factors poses a problem in tackling environmental concerns?
A. If a decision is taken to correct an environmental problem, the entire burden of the correction falls on the poorest section of society.
B. Environmental protection in the United States is just a matter of science, cost assessment, and social policy.
C. The federal government plays an insignificant role in the protection of the environment.
D. When performing a costbenefit analysis, the criterion that should be used to evaluate the cost to future generations is not clear.
Q:
The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) requires all dischargers to secure a permit, most often from the Environmental Protection Agency, before pouring effluent into a navigable stream.
Q:
The Clean Water Act clearly states what waters are covered by the act and therefore subject to Environmental Protection Agency regulations.
Q:
Recycled hazardous materials are covered by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
Q:
Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the provisions for nonhazardous wastes are more supportive than punitive in tone and approach.
Q:
The Brownfields Act provides liability protection for prospective purchasers and contiguous property owners.
Q:
The main purpose of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 is to allow private citizens to sue for damages caused by hazardous chemicals.
Q:
As early as 1899, Congress enacted a law that required a permit to discharge refuse into navigable waters.
Q:
The Environmental Protection Agency assists both state and local pollution control efforts.
Q:
Early clean air legislation in 1963 and 1965 afforded the government maximum authority.
Q:
Under the Clean Air Act, the state government is solely responsible for setting air quality standards.
Q:
In the context of the cap-and-trade program, pollution credits are issued to the least significant emitters of the pollutant for which a cap is set.
Q:
The United States was unsuccessful in using the cap-and-trade approach to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions that were a major factor in the creation of acid rain.
Q:
Direct subsidies in the nature of rebates were used in the 2009 federal Cash for Clunkers program.
Q:
Environmental protection in the United States is just a matter of social policy and is free from political influences.
Q:
Explain dumping and give two reasons why a company might engage in dumping.
Q:
Describe the doctrine of sovereign immunity. Explain how the doctrine has been codified.
Q:
Describe in brief some of the challenges faced in enforcing foreign judgments.
Q:
The bulk of the environmental laws and regulations in the United States were drafted to address compartmentalized and discrete issues.
Q:
The cap-and-trade program leads to the use of the least cost-effective pollution reduction methods to reach the desired environmental goals.
Q:
Define the concept of comity as it is used in international law.
Q:
What is the purpose of the Paris Convention, originally signed by 11 countries in 1883?
Q:
Describe the U.N. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and its role in international trade.
Q:
Describe licensing and franchising.
Q:
What are the two factors used to determine whether an international custom exists?
Q:
Which of the following is true of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)?
A. It is a fully developed agreement that regulates all kinds of international trade.
B. It is not mandatory for all member countries of the World Trade Organization to subscribe to GATS.
C. It sets forth the general principles for the future of trade in services across borders.
D. It sets the stage for future negotiations to increase barriers to trade in services.
Q:
Which of the following statements about the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is true?
A. In practice, it has done away with nonconforming tariffs.
B. Under GATT, countries are prohibited from implementing the concept of national treatment.
C. Under GATT, once a good has been imported, it must be treated just as domestic goods are treated.
D. It discourages offering the same reduced tariff to all World Trade Organization members.
Q:
Which of the following is permitted by the World Trade Organization?
A. Payment of unfair subsidies by government
B. Dumping
C. Countervailing duties
D. Trade of contraband substances
Q:
Which of the following statements is true of the International Court of Justice?
A. It is a court that issues only advisory opinions that bind the parties.
B. It is no longer active since international trade agreements and treaties resolve most of the disputes it used to decide.
C. It is the only court that is devoted entirely to hearing cases of international public law.
D. It is made up of any number of judges from the U.S.
Q:
Which of the following is true of existing international dispute resolution bodies?
A. National courts hear cases on matters of international public law.
B. The International Court of Justice exercises both advisory and contentious jurisdiction.
C. The European Court of Justice hears cases involving only the European community settled in the United States.
D. The World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Body is a true court.
Q:
A Canadian court may not declare invalid the acts of the Chinese government taken within Chinas own jurisdiction because it is presumed that the foreign country, China, acted legally within its own territory. This is an example of which of the following doctrines? A. The act of state doctrine B. The doctrine of sovereign immunity C. The vesting of rights doctrine D. The governmental interest doctrine
Q:
Which act makes it unlawful to import goods bearing a trademark that has been registered with the Patent and Trademark Office and that is owned by a citizen of, or by a corporation or association . . . organized within the United States without the permission of the mark holder?
A. The Tariff Act
B. The Wheeler-Lea Act
C. The Clayton Act
D. The Uniform Adoption Act
Q:
The _____ and the Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) both provide a measure of international protection against the unauthorized reproduction of books, photos, drawings, movies, and the like.
A. Berne Convention
B. Paris Convention
C. Tariff Act
D. Clayton Act
Q:
_____ generally refers to the contracting by U.S. companies of such services as call centers, accounting, and customer services to foreign companies located in low-wage markets.
A. Outsourcing
B. Featherbedding
C. Offshoring
D. Dumping
Q:
_____ occurs when a manufacturer sells its products in a foreign country for less than their normal value.
A. Expropriation
B. Intrusion
C. Dumping
D. Depositing
Q:
The _____ permits restrictions on goods and technology where selling goods to other countries would harm national security, significantly advance U.S. foreign policy, prevent an excessive drain of scarce materials, or reduce serious inflationary impacts from foreign demand.
A. U.S. Export Administration Act
B. Foreign Country Subsidy Act
C. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
D. Free Trade Act