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Q:
In terms of markets and governments, the United States:
A. has more faith in government planning.
B. has placed less faith in the market.
C. chose a capitalist, democratic approach to life.
D. reflects a preference for greater central authority.
Q:
In the context of economic systems, the Third Way refers to _____.
A. totalitarianism
B. market socialism
C. capitalism
D. communism
Q:
Which of the following countries followed the Third Way between the harsher extremes of capitalism and communism?
A. Sweden
B. U.S.A
C. China
D. Russia
Q:
The pure free market approach assumes that:
A. less faith should be placed in the market and more in government planning.
B. legal systems in all countries should reflect a preference for greater central authority.
C. centralized authority will result in a free government and economy free of corruption.
D. business structures and societies can be operated at large free of all but foundational legal mechanisms.
Q:
Identify the correct statement regarding socialists.
A. They aim to retain the benefits of industrialism while abolishing the social costs often accompanying the free market.
B. They reserve much of their concern for the condition of the middle and higher classes.
C. They reject the need for aggressive government intervention to correct economic and social ills.
D. They embrace communist totalitarianism and reject democracy.
Q:
Which of the following statements about socialists is true?
A. Socialists feel that the economy must be directed toward the welfare of the successful capitalists.
B. Socialists reserve much of their concern for the condition of the higher class.
C. The harshness of working life is not objected by socialists.
D. Class distinctions are anathema to socialists.
Q:
Which of the following statements corresponds to Karl Marxs beliefs?
A. The mode of production in material life determines the general character of the social, political, and spiritual processes of life.
B. Unrestrained capitalism would do the society good.
C. The pursuit of wealth and self-interest by individuals will continuously build the societys moral core.
D. Competition and unrestrained pursuit of industrial growth is essential for the welfare of the capitalists.
Q:
Which of the following is true of Robert Putnams observations on social capital?
A. Putnam observed that the practice of free market principles is essential for a moral life.
B. Putnam observed that a sharp rise was seen in league bowling from 1980 to 2000, although the number of bowlers decreased by about 10 percent.
C. Putnam observed that virtually every measure of social interaction fell significantly from roughly 1975 to 2000.
D. Putnam observed that only three categories of government were necessary: the police, the armed services, and the law courts.
Q:
Identify the underlying reason why socialists advocate income supports, free education, free health care, generous sick pay, and family planning.
A. Socialists believe that the economy must be directed toward the general interest rather than left free to multiply the welfare of successful capitalists.
B. Socialists seek an excessively individualistic approach to life where the communitarian approach of capitalism is muted by a concern for the welfare of all.
C. Socialists believe that communism harshly restrains individual freedom and creates a society based on unrestrained pursuit of industrial growth.
D. Socialists seek to embrace totalitarianism while calling for aggressive government intervention.
Q:
Which of the following views was advocated by Ayn Rand, the philosopher and novelist?
A. The necessary categories of government were only three in number: the police, the armed services, and the law courts.
B. The practice of free market principles is not needed for a rational, moral life.
C. The mode of production in material life determines the general character of the social, political, and spiritual processes of life.
D. The theory of market fundamentalism is a greater threat to open society today than communism.
Q:
The proper balance between _____ remains the central public policy debate in American life.
A. open markets and government intervention
B. personal freedom and private property rights
C. natural resources and personal ambition
D. intellectual freedom and social order
Q:
Which of the following countries follows a communist form of government?
A. The United States
B. Australia
C. China
D. The United Kingdom
Q:
_____ was particularly concerned about the growing imbalance between rich and poor and felt that the pursuit of wealth and self-interest would erode societys moral core.
A. Ayn Rand
B. Bo Xilai
C. Karl Marx
D. Anatole Kaletsky
Q:
Socialism has been associated with _____.
A. self-interest and strong pursuit of individual wealth
B. democratic governments and peaceful change
C. totalitarianism and violent revolution
D. economic individualism
Q:
____ in countries such as Russia, China, and Saudi Arabia employs the market to build wealth, which, in turn, is controlled and distributed by the state for its political purposes.
A. Regional socialism
B. Democratic capitalism
C. State capitalism
D. Religious socialism
Q:
Taking the privatization movement a step further, state and local governments are selling or leasing existing roads to private companies.
Q:
Chinas reliance on cheap labor to drive its economy still remains unchallenged as other nations are unable to undercut the Chinese advantage.
Q:
Extravagant wealth, side-by-side with punishing poverty, is perhaps the greatest disappointment and injustice, from the critics point of view, in the global advance of capitalist principles.
Q:
In the context of capitalism in America, which of the following most likely led the government to curb the power of big business?
A. Poor foundation of personal freedom
B. Lack of private property rights
C. Emergence of monopolistic abuse
D. Lack of natural resources
Q:
_____ in the United States, Japan, Denmark, and other nations favors business to create wealth and government to regulate as needed.
A. Democratic capitalism
B. State capitalism
C. Religious socialism
D. Regional socialism
Q:
Capitalists consider class distinctions unjust.
Q:
Communists are convinced that problems of market failure mean that the free market is simply incapable of meeting the needs of all segments of society.
Q:
To pay for its comprehensive welfare benefits, the United States takes 50.1 percent of its national income in taxes, the highest rate of any industrialized nation.
Q:
Sweden and the other Scandinavian states rely on wise government spending as their key ingredient in a successful market-based economy.
Q:
The pure free market approach adds all forms of government including regulatory agencies, consumer protection, environmental rules, and antitrust law to our business system and our society.
Q:
American capitalism, despite its extraordinary success, is criticized for problems of poverty, inequality, and unfairness.
Q:
It is a well-known fact that the United States ranks well on standard social measures and not so well on standard economic measures.
Q:
Socialism embraces totalitarianism while calling for aggressive government intervention to correct economic and social ills.
Q:
Capitalists fear the irrationality of a society based on competition and unrestrained pursuit of industrial growth.
Q:
Democratic capitalism and state capitalism trade with each other for mutual advantage but are economic and political rivals.
Q:
Capitalism features economic cooperation and varying degrees of centralized control.
Q:
The term collectivism embraces communism and socialism and similar philosophies on the left side of the political or economic spectrum.
Q:
Political scientist Benjamin Barber believes that capitalism drags us into decadence by encouraging us to buy as many unnecessary products as we can manage.
Q:
The American financial communitys near collapse in late 2008 had been most directly ignited by the subprime mortgage crisis.
Q:
Capitalism in America was built on the strong philosophical foundation of personal freedom and private property rights.
Q:
How are the cleanups of hazardous waste sites required by CERCLA funded?
Q:
What is meant by the term "National Priority List"?
Q:
What year was the Toxic Substances Control Act passed?
A. 2001
B. 1970
C. 1981
D. 1976
Q:
What are the essential constituents of an environmental impact statement (EIS)? How are business people affected by the EIS requirement?
Q:
The Coriolis Corporation is building a new widget plant near Honolulu, HI. Coriolis is not worried much about the expenses of installing air pollution control equipment considering Honolulu came out as the U.S. city with the best air quality according to the "State of the Air 2011" report by the American Lung Association. Do you agree with Coriolis's stance? Under the Clean Air Act, what kind of air pollution control equipment must Coriolis install in the plant? Why?
Q:
How does the Clean Water Act regulate wetlands?
Q:
The European Union regulatory scheme is premised on what is known as the _____ principle that requires companies to demonstrate that a chemical is safe before it is produced and distributed.
A. exclusion
B. precautionary
C. equivalence
D. uncertainty
Q:
Which of the following is true of the international standards for the premanufacture screening of new chemicals?
A. The U.S. regulation requires companies to demonstrate that a chemical is safe before it is produced and distributed.
B. The EU regulations dealing with premanufacture screening of chemicals follow the precautionary principle.
C. The EU restrictions on the production of chemicals that have been linked to health problems will have little or no effect on the U.S. chemical exports to the EU.
D. The European Union requires regulators to show that products or their uses present an unreasonable risk to human health or the environment before they can be regulated or taken off the market.
Q:
FIFRA regulates what environmental area?
A. Agricultural chemicals
B. Clean drinking water
C. Fishing waters
D. City air quality
Q:
Companion regulations promulgated by EPA and enforced by the Food and Drug Administration control the amount of pesticide residue that can remain on raw and processed food intended for human or animal consumption. These regulations establish what are known as:
A. allowances.
B. permits.
C. tolerances.
D. blocs.
Q:
The National Priority List was drawn by the EPA with reference to which of the following statutes?
A. Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act
B. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
C. Resource Recovery Act
D. Toxic Substances Control Act
Q:
The toxic waste dump cleanups required by CERCLA:
A. are funded entirely by a tax on chemicals and feedstocks.
B. are funded entirely by the state in question.
C. are funded entirely by the responsible party or parties.
D. are funded entirely by the "Superfund."
Q:
The Environmental Protection Agency administers the "Superfund." The cost of cleaning up a Superfund site can be substantial. Where does the money come from to pay for this?
A. Federal tax revenues
B. State tax revenues
C. Fees assessed against all chemical companies
D. Fees assessed against all corporations that use chemicals
Q:
Which of the following regulates the manufacture and use of pesticides?
A. FIFRA
B. TSCA
C. RCRA
D. CERCLA
Q:
What agency regulates underground waste disposal units in the United States?
A. EPA
B. IRS
C. SEC
D. FTC
Q:
The _____ gives the federal government and the states the authority to regulate facilities that generate, treat, store, and dispose of hazardous waste.
A. Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act
B. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
C. Oil Pollution Prevention, Response, Liability and Compensation Act
D. Toxic Substances Control Act
Q:
Which of the following is true of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act?
A. Failure to comply with its regulations incurs civil penalties, but not criminal penalties.
B. It gives the federal government and the states the authority to regulate facilities that generate, treat, store, and dispose of hazardous waste.
C. It focuses on cleaning up past disposal sites threatening public health and the environment.
D. Its programs are centrally coordinated and administered directly by the central government.
Q:
The term "Superfund" refers to:
A. the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
B. the pool of money collected to compensate victims of nuclear reactor disasters.
C. the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA).
D. the fund that the automobile industry must maintain to develop alternative-fuel vehicles.
Q:
John owns a parcel of land on which he wants to build an apartment building. However, John's land is currently a swamp; he wants to drain it. John should apply for a permit to drain the swamp from:
A. the Army Corps of Engineers.
B. the Wetland Preservation Board.
C. the Environmental Protection Agency.
D. the National Institute of Health.
Q:
John owned a parcel of land on which he wanted to build an apartment building. However, his land is a swamp and he could not get a permit from the Army Corps of Engineers to drain the swamp. He had to buy a neighboring piece of land and build the apartment on that. Since he has been effectively deprived of being able to make any economically viable use of his property, his attorney suggests that he may be able to pursue a claim for regulatory taking and receive compensation from the government for the fair market value of the interest of his land. What is the basis for such a claim?
A. The Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act
B. The Fourth Amendment
C. The Clean Water Act
D. The Fifth Amendment
Q:
Which of the following is an essential responsibility of the EPA under the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act?
A. Designating sites for disposal into oceans
B. Regulating disposal of dredge spoils
C. Overseeing dumping of sewage sludge
D. Conducting the dredging of harbors
Q:
Which of the following statements about ocean dumping is accurate?
A. The states have the responsibility for designating ocean disposal sites under the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act.
B. The Clean Water Act has provisions for regulation of the disposal of dredge spoils from dredging to keep harbors open.
C. The Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act set up a permit system regulating the dumping of all types of materials into ocean waters.
D. The Clean Water Act required that all ocean dumping of municipal sewage sludge and industrial wastes be terminated by end of the 20th century.
Q:
Which of the following is true of the Safe Drinking Water Act?
A. The primary responsibility of complying with the established standards lies with the federal government.
B. It applies to public water bodies and water suppliers, and not to private suppliers.
C. The EPA sets primary drinking water standards, minimum levels of quality for water consumed by humans.
D. It set up a permit system regulating the dumping of all types of materials into ocean waters.
Q:
Which of the following is true of the Clean Water Act?
A. The act enforces criminal sanctions against offenders.
B. The act mandates civil sanctions against offenders.
C. The act is enforced by the federal and the state governments.
D. Violation of the act results in fines, but not imprisonment.
Q:
The Clean Water Act:
A. gives the federal government the primary responsibility for regulating the country's waters.
B. lacks provisions for private action by affected citizens or groups of citizens.
C. sets up a permit system for dredging and filling activities in wetlands.
D. allows discharge only of domestic sewage to a publicly owned treatment works.
Q:
The permit program for any dredging or filling activity in a wetland is administered by the:
A. Army Corps of Engineers.
B. Wetland Preservation Board.
C. Environmental Protection Agency.
D. National Institute of Health.
Q:
Which of the following can issue both National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits and industrial discharge permits?
A. The states
B. The federal government
C. Sewage treatment plants
D. The EPA
Q:
Anyone who discharges wastewater, other than just domestic sewage, to a publicly owned treatment works (POTW) must obtain what is known as a(n) _____ permit from the local sewage treatment plant where the discharge is being sent or from the state.
A. industrial discharge
B. Water Pollution Control System
C. National Pollution Discharge Elimination System
D. national industrial discharge
Q:
Who has the primary responsibility for preventing, reducing, and eliminating water pollution under the Clean Water Act of 1972?
A. The federal government
B. State government
C. Local (county) governments
D. Businesses
Q:
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) is also known as the:
A. Ocean Dumping Ban Act.
B. River and Harbor Act.
C. Safe Drinking Water Act.
D. Clean Water Act.
Q:
Which of the following must obtain a National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit?
A. A manufacturing firm buries its hazardous waste materials in a special dump.
B. A factory discharges industrial wastewater from a point source into a river.
C. An apartment building discharges domestic sewage to a publicly owned treatment works.
D. A chemical plant discharges wastewater to a publicly owned treatment works.
Q:
Which of the following is true of U.S. efforts to curb greenhouse gas emissions?
A. In 2009, EPA issued a rule requiring annual reports of greenhouse gas emissions by certain large sources, beginning in 2011.
B. The House of Representatives established a cap and trade programsimilar to the acid rain control programfor greenhouse gas emissions.
C. The EPA is barred from taking any actions to deal with greenhouse gas emissions.
D. The EPA introduced the "tailoring rule" that requires all sources to address their greenhouse gas emissions as they get permits.
Q:
Which of the following is a part of the comprehensive federal plan to combat climate change?
A. Fossil fuel taxes
B. An executive order to have all federal buildings equipped with solar power
C. A federal mandate to reduce coal emissions by 2016
D. There is no comprehensive federal plan to combat global climate change
Q:
Which of the following was the earliest federal legislation enacted to protect water bodies against pollution?
A. The Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act
B. The Safe Drinking Water Act
C. The Clean Water Act
D. The River and Harbor Act
Q:
The _____ provided that people had to obtain a discharge permit from the Army Corps of Engineers to deposit or discharge refuse into a navigable waterway.
A. The Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act
B. The Safe Drinking Water Act
C. Toxic Substances Control Act
D. The River and Harbor Act
Q:
Which of the following statutes enacted by Congress is also known as the "Refuse Act"?
A. The Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act
B. The Safe Drinking Water Act
C. The Clean Water Act
D. The River and Harbor Act
Q:
Brilliant Manufacturing is building a new factory. What kind of air pollution control technology must Brilliant install in its factory according to the Clean Air Act?
A. The best available state-of-the-art technology
B. Technology that its competitors in the industry are using
C. The most cost-efficient technology
D. Technology in line with the local air quality
Q:
Which of the following statements about the permit system established by Congress through the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act is accurate?
A. Permits under the permit system are issued by the EPA.
B. The permit system was established by Congress in 1970.
C. A state permitting program is approved by each concerned state.
D. The permits contain monitoring and reporting requirements.
Q:
Which of the following statements about vehicle emission standards under the Clean Air Act is accurate?
A. Individual owners need to get their vehicles certified by the EPA for emission standards.
B. Manufacturers are required to warrant that certified vehicles will always meet emission standards.
C. EPA can order manufacturers to recall and repair vehicles that do not meet emission standards.
D. EPA performs emission tests on all the vehicles it certifies for emission standards.
Q:
As a result of regulation of fuel additives by the Clean Air Act, _____ was largely phased out of use as an octane enhancer in gasoline.
A. toluene
B. lead
C. methanol
D. nitrous oxide
Q:
Which of the following is true of the emission trading scheme provided by the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act?
A. Allowances can be traded between companies, but cannot be sold.
B. It requires companies to file an environmental impact statement.
C. It applies only to those companies engaged in interstate commerce.
D. Allowances can be sold to government, but not among private firms.
Q:
The 1970 Clean Air Act required the EPA to regulate the emission of toxic air pollutants. Which of the following toxic air pollutants did the EPA set standards for under this authority?
A. Toluene
B. Phenol
C. Asbestos
D. Selenium
Q:
Which of the following statements about the problem of acid rain is accurate?
A. The 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act addressed the problem of acid rain by requiring the installation of scrubbers.
B. The 1970 Clean Air Act addressed the problem of acid rain by providing for an emission trading scheme.
C. The 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act addressed the problem of acid rain by instructing electric generating facilities to build tall smokestacks.
D. The 1970 Clean Air Act addressed the problem of acid rain by requiring the installation of clean-coal technologies.
Q:
Which of the following was an unintentional effect of the 1970 Clean Air Act?
A. Decrease in the output of electricity generated
B. Development of clean-fueled vehicles
C. Sudden increase in the prices of clean fuels
D. Long range transport of some pollutants
Q:
NEPA is what type of law?
A. Federal law that affects all federal agencies and federal action
B. State law affecting state agencies across all 50 States
C. International law impacting State action
D. Municipal law that impacts federal action