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Q:
Expropriation occurs when a government seizes private property for an illegal purpose and awards just compensation.
Q:
Firms overseas have almost total legal protection against government acts in the countries in which they operate, under the act of state doctrine.
Q:
Confiscation occurs when a government seizes a private property for a proper public purpose and awards just compensation.
Q:
The act of state doctrine provides that only a head of state can make treaties with another nation.
Q:
Under the principle of comity, a foreign business that deals with a U.S. business may be subject to U.S. law.
Q:
A treaty is a contract or other agreement between two or more nations that must be ratified by the United Nations to take effect.
Q:
International law attempts to reconcile the authority of each nation over its own affairs with its desire to benefit from trade and harmonious relations.
Q:
An international custom is a general practice accepted in the international arena as law.
Q:
Bowie, a certified public accountant, prepares and certifies Candy Products Corporation's financial statements. These statements are included in Candy's registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission before Candy's offering of securities. Dona buys a security covered by the registration statement. Based on this transaction, Dona files a suit against Bowie under Section 11 of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. To succeed in the suit, what must Dona prove? Bowie responds that Dona was not in privity with him and that even if she had been in privity, she cannot prove his lack of due diligence. Can Bowie prevail on these grounds? Why or why not?
Q:
Dominique, a certified public accountant, provides accounting services to Eagle Corporation. The services include preparing Eagle's financial reports and issuing opinion letters based on the reports. In 2008, Eagle falls into serious financial trouble, but neither Dominique's reports nor her opinion letters indicate this situation. Relying on Dominique's portrayal of Eagle's financial situation, Eagle borrows a large sum of money to build a new shipping facility. In lending Eagle the money, First National Bank relies on Dominique's opinion letter. Dominique is aware of this reliance. If Dominique did not engage in intentional fraud but was negligent, what is her potential liability?
Q:
Bryce's accountant is Caleb and his attorney is Delilah. All states protect, as privileged information, Bryce's communications with
A.Caleb and Delilah.
B.Caleb only.
C.Delilah only.
D.neither Caleb nor Delilah.
Q:
Pace is an attorney, whose clients include Quikfeet Running Shoes Company. Unless Quikfeet has violated securities law, the contents of Pace's file on Quikfeet may be disclosed to someone other than Quikfeet
A.only to a third party who is a foreseeable user of the information.
B.only under a court order (with or without Quikfeet's consent).
C.only with Quikfeet's consent.
D.under any circumstances.
Q:
Flynn, an accountant, helps Grange Supply Company prepare and file a false federal corporate income tax return. Under the Internal Revenue Code, this is
A.a felony punishable by a fine and imprisonment.
B.a felony punishable only by a fine.
C.a misdemeanor punishable only by a fine.
D.a civil violation subject to a liability suit but not a crime.
Q:
Feder prepares federal corporate income tax returns for Giant Stores, Inc., and other firms. Under the Internal Revenue Code, with respect to an understatement of a client's tax liability, Feder may be liable for
A.negligent or willful misconduct.
B.no misconduct.
C.only negligent misconduct.
D.only willful misconduct.
Q:
Jerzy is an accountant whose clients include Kopper Kettle Restaurants, Inc. For a violation of securities laws, Jerzy may be subject to
A.comprehensive liability.
B.corporate liability.
C.criminal liability.
D.no liability.
Q:
Lacy is an accountant who prepares her clients' tax returns. Muff is not an accountant, but he also prepares tax returns for clients. Under the Internal Revenue Code, liability for preparing a false return may be imposed on
A.Lacy and Muff.
B.Lacy only.
C.Muff only.
D.neither Lacy nor Muff.
Q:
Longway Trucking, Inc., files a suit against Midge, an accountant, under the antifraud provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 of the Securities and Exchange Commission. To succeed in recovering damages, Longway must show that Midge
A.acted with scienter.
B.bought or sold a security.
C.is incompetent.
D.knows nothing about securities.
Q:
Beth is an accountant with Coffee Sales Corporation. Doral buys Coffee Sales stock and loses money on the investment. To recover from Beth under Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and SEC Rule 10b-5, Doral must prove
A.none of the choices.
B.fraud and reliance only.
C.fraud, reliance, and materiality only.
D.scienter, fraud, reliance, materiality, and causation only.
Q:
Meri, an accountant, includes a false statement in a report for Novelty Paper Products, Inc. (NPPI) that is filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. When Otho buys stock in NPPI and loses money on the investment, he files a suit against Meri, alleging fraud under the 1934 Securities Exchange Act. To avoid liability, Meri can show that she
A.intended to defraud NPPI, not Otho.
B.intended to profit on stock trades generally, not only with Otho.
C.is an otherwise competent accountant.
D.was not aware her statement was false.
Q:
Pat, an accountant, includes a false statement in a report for Quantity Overstock, Inc., that is filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Quantity publishes a misleading ad about its future prospects. Rita sees the ad and calls Stan, who buys stock in Quantity. Under Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, liability may attach to
A.Pat's report.
B.Quantity's ad.
C.Rita's call.
D.Stan's purchase.
Q:
Mona, an accountant, prepares for NuTech Corporation a financial statement that omits a material fact. The financial statement is included in NuTech's registration statement, which Pam reads. Pam buys NuTech stock. Under Section 11 of the Securities Act of 1933, for Mona to be liable for the omission, Pam must show that
A.Pam relied on the omission.
B.Pam suffered a loss on the stock.
C.Pam knew about the omission before making her purchase.
D.the omission had no causal connection to her loss.
Q:
Quin, an accountant, prepares for Reddy, Inc., a financial statement that omits a material fact. The statement is included in Reddy's registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Timor, who reads the statement, and Ubi, who does not, each buy Reddy stock. Velma reads the statement but does not buy the stock. Under Section 11 of the Securities Act of 1933, Quin may be liable to
A.no one.
B.Timor and Ubi.
C.Timor, Ubi, and Velma.
D.Ubi only.
Q:
Lulu, an accountant, conducts an audit of Microstuff Toys, Inc. After the conclusion of the audit, the working papers created in preparing the audit must be
A.disposed of immediately.
B.kept until the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board's review.
C.maintained for seven years.
D.retained forever.
Q:
Hadley, an accountant, accumulates working papers while performing an audit for Ilene. After the audit, these documents belong to
A.Hadley, with Ilene having a right of access to the papers.
B.Ilene, with Hadley having a right of access to the papers.
C.neither Hadley nor Ilene-the papers must be disposed of.
D.the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board.
Q:
Craig is an accountant whose clients include Digby Excavation Corporation. Elbert is Craig's attorney. Under the common law and by statute in many states, working papers that Craig develops when preparing financial reports for Digby are owned by
A.Craig.
B.Digby.
C.Elbert.
D.no one-the papers must be destroyed immediately after use.
Q:
Bruno is an accountant. Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the degree of government oversight over the public accounting practices of Bruno and other accountants was
A.decreased.
B.increased.
C.eliminated.
D.unchanged.
Q:
Toby is an accountant whose clients include U-All Company. If Toby is negligent in his work for U-All, most courts would hold him liable to U-All and
A.any third party.
B.no third party.
C.third parties who are foreseen users of the work.
D.third parties who are reasonably foreseeable users of the work.
Q:
Quibble Game Company's liabilities exceed its assets. Quibble hires Roo & Slay, an accounting firm, to prepare a balance sheet. Through Roo & Slay's negligent omissions, the sheet shows a positive net worth. Town Bank relies on the balance sheet to make a loan to Quibble. When Quibble defaults, Town files a suit against Roo & Slay. Under the Restatement rule, Roo & Slay is most likely
A.liable because Roo & Slay owed a duty of care to Quibble.
B.liable because Roo & Slay owed a duty to any foreseeable user.
C.liable if Roo & Slay knew that Town would rely on the balance sheet.
D.not liable because Roo & Slay and Town were not in privity.
Q:
Doug is an accountant whose clients include Everyday Products, Inc. (EPI). Under the Ultramares rule, if Doug is negligent in his work for EPI, he could be liable to
A.EPI and any third party.
B.EPI and third parties who are foreseen users of his work for EPI.
C.EPI and third parties who are reasonably foreseeable users of his work for EPI.
D.EPI only.
Q:
Marquis Company's liabilities exceed its assets, but the firm's employees falsify its books to reflect a positive net worth. Marquis hires Nan & Ollie, an accounting firm, to prepare a balance sheet, which is certified to show a positive net worth. Pure Credit Corporation relies on the balance sheet to make a loan to Marquis. When the firm defaults, Pure Credit files a suit against Nan & Ollie. Under the Ultramares rule, the accounting firm is most likely
A.liable because Nan & Ollie owed a duty of care to all third parties.
B.liable because Nan & Ollie owed a duty of care to Marquis.
C.liable because Nan & Ollie owed a duty to any foreseeable user.
D.not liable because Nan & Ollie and Pure Credit were not in privity.
Q:
Grover Nut Company files a suit against Hud, its former accountant, alleging actual fraud. Grover must prove
A.intent to deceive.
B.misrepresentation of a non-material fact.
C.the lack of an injury.
D.unjustifiable reliance.
Q:
Filtration Products, Inc., files a suit against Emmett, its former accountant, alleging constructive fraud. Emmett may be held liable
A.if Filtration cannot prove actual fraud.
B.if Emmett was grossly negligent in the performance of his duties.
C.only if Emmett acted with fraudulent intent.
D.only if Emmett impersonated someone else who could be liable for fraud.
Q:
Ezra, an accountant, intentionally misstates a material fact to mislead Fruit Packing Industries, Inc., a client. Fruit Packing justifiably relies on the misstatement to its detriment. Ezra is most likely liable for
A.actual fraud.
B.constructive fraud.
C.destructive fraud.
D.virtual fraud.
Q:
Lars accuses Moe, an attorney, of committing malpractice. Malpractice is
A.a breach of ethics.
B.a defalcation.
C.a mistake in judgment.
D.professional negligence.
Q:
Lebron, an attorney, allows a statute of limitations to lapse on a claim by Midwest Metal Fabrication Company, a client. Lebron
A.can be held liable for malpractice.
B.has violated an ethical standard but cannot be held liable.
C.is subject to criminal penalties under the statute of limitations.
D.will be automatically disbarred.
Q:
Dwayne can be described as "a reasonably competent general practitioner of ordinary skill, experience, and capacity." This is the normal standard for judging the performance of
A.a client.
B.an accountant.
C.an attorney.
D.a tax preparer.
Q:
Yves is an accountant charged with negligence by Zesty Soup Company, a client. Yves may successfully defend against the claim if he can show that
A.scienter was lacking.
B.he complied with all International Financial Reporting Standards.
C.the negligence was not the proximate cause of the client's losses.
D.the negligence was only contributory.
Q:
Jaime, an accountant, contracts to perform services for Kase. Jaime acts in good faith and conforms to generally accepted accounting principles, but makes a mistake in judgment. Jaime is most likely
A.liable if Jaime failed to discover a defalcation.
B.liable if Jaime failed to discover a fraud.
C.liable if Jaime failed to discover an impropriety.
D.not liable.
Q:
Tiny is an accountant. Tiny's violation of generally accepted accounting principles and generally accepted auditing standards
A.does not indicate that Tiny was negligent.
B.is prima facie evidence that Tiny was negligent.
C.precludes Tiny from raising any defense against a negligence claim.
D.will never subject Tiny to liability.
Q:
Pluto accuses Quark, an accountant, of committing defalcation. This is
A.embezzlement.
B.general misconduct.
C.professional negligence.
D.throwing something out of a window.
Q:
Leslie, an accountant, enters into a contract to provide services to Marty. Leslie does not finish the work within the contract's deadline. Leslie is
A.liable for breach of contract.
B.not liable, because Leslie is a professional.
C.not liable, because Leslie's failure must have been Marty's fault.
D.not liable, because the work took longer than foreseen.
Q:
Gert, an accountant, contracts to conduct an audit for Hailey. In performing the audit, Gert fails to detect certain misconduct. Gert is most likely
A.liable if a normal audit would have revealed the misconduct.
B.liable if Gert issues a specifically qualified opinion.
C.not liable if Gert generally disclaims any liability.
D.not liable if the misconduct was due to Hailey's negligence.
Q:
Estes, an accountant, contracts to perform services for Frasier. In performing those services, Estes uncovers a suspicious financial transaction. Estes is most likely not liable if he
A.acted negligently in failing to discover the transaction sooner.
B.conceals the discovery and otherwise finishes the work.
C.investigates and reports the discovery to Frasier.
D.obtains restitution from the perpetrator without Frasier's knowledge.
Q:
Rex, an accountant, enters into a contract to provide services to Sofi. Rex does not finish the work within the contract's deadline. Sofi pays a penalty as a result of the missed deadline and hires Trey to complete the job. Rex is most likely liable for
A.nothing.
B.Sofi's penalty and the cost to hire Trey.
C.Sofi's penalty only.
D.the cost to hire Trey only.
Q:
Lucille, an accountant, is subject to the accounting conventions, rules, and procedures that constitute generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). GAAP are determined by
A.the International Accounting Standards Board.
B.the American Bar Association.
C.the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.
D.the Financial Accounting Standards Board.
Q:
In no states are communications between an accountant and his or her client privileged.
Q:
Penalties for aiding or assisting in the preparation of false tax returns are limited to one penalty per taxpayer per tax year.
Q:
Accountants may be subject to criminal penalties for violations of federal securities laws.
Q:
A tax preparer that fails to give a taxpayer a copy of his or her tax return may be subject to a penalty under the Internal Revenue Code.
Q:
An accountant's liability under the Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 requires privity of contract.
Q:
An accountant is not liable for a misleading statement that affects the price of a security if the accountant acted in good faith.
Q:
An accountant who prepares a financial statement in good faith may avoid liability under Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Q:
An accountant is not liable for a misstatement to a purchaser of securities who knew of the misstatement but invested anyway.
Q:
A failure to follow generally accepted accounting principles and generally accepted auditing standards is proof of a lack of due diligence.
Q:
An accountant's liability under the Securities Act of 1933 requires privity of contract with the purchaser of a security.
Q:
Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, accountants must retain working papers relating to an audit or review for a certain period of time.
Q:
Working papers are the documents through which a court orders an accountant to audit a public company.
Q:
An accountant's working papers are the documents that are used and developed during an audit.
Q:
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 applies to domestic, but not foreign, public accounting firms that provide auditing services to "issuers."
Q:
An attorney may be liable in negligence to any third party who the attorney knows will rely on the attorney's work.
Q:
An attorney may be liable to a third party who relies on the attorney's legal opinion to the third party's detriment.
Q:
Under the Restatement (Third) of Torts, accountants can be held liable for negligence to any third parties.
Q:
In most courts, auditors cannot be held liable to third parties for negligence in the performance of their duties.
Q:
If a third party will be affected by a contract, the parties to the contract are in privity with the third party.
Q:
A professional's gross negligence in performing a duty constitutes actual fraud.
Q:
A professional can be liable for fraud whether or not he or she acted with fraudulent intent.
Q:
Malpractice is professional negligence.
Q:
Under rules of professional misconduct, an attorney should not engage in conduct involving deceit.
Q:
Each state establishes rules that govern the conduct of attorneys.
Q:
A client's negligence is never a defense to a charge of negligence against an accountant.
Q:
An accountant can avoid liability by proving that his or her negligence was only the proximate cause of the client's loss.
Q:
Attorneys are required to be familiar with well-settled principles of law applicable to a case.
Q:
An opinion that disclaims any liability for false or misleading financial statements is too general.
Q:
A qualified opinion must be specific and identify the reason for the qualification.
Q:
An accountant normally will be held liable to the client for incorrect judgment.
Q:
Generally, an accountant must exercise the degree of care that an ordinarily prudent accountant would exercise.
Q:
Accountants and other professionals may not be held liable for negligence in the performance of their service.
Q:
An accountant is required to discover every impropriety, defalcation, and fraud in a client's books.
Q:
Accountants and other professionals do not face liability under the common law for any breach of contract.
Q:
Professionals are obligated to adhere to standards of performance generally accepted within their profession.