Q&A Hero

Q: The nitrogen for nucleotide synthesis comes from A) carbohydrates. B) fats. C) proteins. D) DNA. E) RNA.

Q: In a(n) ________ reaction, NH4+is produced when glutamate is converted to -ketoglutarate.A) dehydrogenationB) transaminationC) oxidative deaminationD) reductionE) hydration

Q: The initial digestion of protein is catalyzed by an enzyme called A) chymotrypsin. B) peptidase. C) pepsin. D) amylase. E) trypsin.

Q: The digestion of protein begins in the A) mouth. B) stomach. C) small intestine. D) large intestine. E) pancreas.

Q: The coenzyme(s) used in fatty acid synthesis is (are) A) NADH. B) FADH2. C) NADPH. D) NADH and NADPH. E) FADH2 and NADH.

Q: Acyl carrier protein is used inA) oxidation.B) lipogenesis.C) gluconeogenesis.D) acetyl CoA production.E) fatty acid degradation.

Q: The production of new fatty acids is calledA) gluconeogenesis.B) oxidation.C) transesterification.D) oxidation.E) lipogenesis.

Q: Fatty acid synthesis takes place primarily in A) liver cells. B) intestinal cells. C) brain cells. D) muscle cells. E) adipocytes.

Q: The letters ACP stand for A) acetyl Coenzyme P. B) aconitate protein complex. C) acetyl condensing protein. D) acyl carrier protein. E) acetyl CoA-palmitate.

Q: Malonyl CoA contains a 3-carbon compound used in A) lipogenesis. B) acetyl CoA formation. C) gluconeogenesis. D) glycogenolysis. E) the citric acid cycle.

Q: In Type I diabetes mellitus, A) blood glucose levels are too low. B) glucose intake is too low. C) birth of a baby restores normal pancreatic function. D) sufficient insulin is produced, but cannot be used. E) the pancreas produces insufficient insulin.

Q: Ketosis can lower the blood pH below 7.4, producing the condition A) anemia. B) hyponatremia. C) hypokalemia. D) acidosis. E) alkalosis.

Q: In Type II diabetes mellitus, A) blood glucose levels are too low. B) glucose intake is too low. C) birth of a baby restores normal pancreatic function. D) sufficient insulin is produced, but cannot be used. E) the pancreas produces insufficient insulin.

Q: Ketosis is a condition that can occur if A) ketone bodies cannot be completely metabolized. B) too many ketones are ingested. C) too much protein is available in the diet. D) the brain is starved of glucose. E) low fat intake occurs.

Q: When excess acetyl CoA accumulates in the liver, a pathway called ________ is initiated. A) transamination B) glycolysis C) gluconeogenesis D) emulsification E) ketogenesis

Q: Each acetyl CoA produces ________ ATP in the citric acid cycle. A) 2 B) 6 C) 10 D) 12 E) 24

Q: Leptin is A) a digestive enzyme. B) a cofactor for fatty acid oxidation. C) an obesity gene. D) a zymogen. E) a hormone stored in fat cells.

Q: Fats are higher in caloric value than carbohydrates becauseA) 1 gram of fat produces significantly more ATP than 1 gram of glucose.B) fats can make use of the citric acid cycle.C) fats make use of oxidation.D) 1 gram of glucose weighs more than 1 gram of fat.E) 1 gram of glucose contains more moles than 1 gram of fat.

Q: The energy released by the oxidation of a cis fatty acid isA) slightly more than that obtained from a trans fatty acid.B) slightly less than that obtained from a trans fatty acid.C) the same as that obtained from a trans fatty acid.D) less than that obtained from one glucose molecule.E) used immediately to form ATP.

Q: Myristic acid, a C14 fatty acid, undergoes the -oxidation cycle ________ times.A) 2B) 4C) 6D) 7E) 14

Q: Myristic acid, a C14 fatty acid, produces ________ acetyl CoA when completely metabolized. A) 2 B) 5 C) 7 D) 12 E) 14

Q: The complete oxidation of CH3(CH2)8COOH produces ________ molecules of ATP. A) 80 B) 78 C) 82 D) 64 E) 76

Q: What is the total number of ATP molecules produced from the lauric acid (C12H24O2) found in coconut oil? A) 78 ATP B) 90 ATP C) 100 ATP D) 97 ATP E) 95 ATP

Q: Beta-oxidation takes place in the A) nucleus. B) cytosol. C) cytoplasm. D) mitochondrial matrix. E) Golgi body.

Q: Fatty acyl CoA cannot cross into the mitochondrial matrix untilA) it is cut into 2-carbon segments.B) the citric acid cycle has begun.C) oxidation has taken place.D) the mitochondrial membrane undergoes a modification.E) it binds with a charged carrier molecule called carnitine.

Q: The function of fatty acyl CoA is to A) activate a fatty acid for metabolism. B) produce a 2-carbon segment for metabolism. C) isomerize cis fatty acids. D) cross the blood-brain barrier. E) produce a lipoprotein.

Q: The 2-carbon units obtained by degradation of a fatty acid are further metabolized inA) gluconeogenesis.B) the citric acid cycle.C) oxidation.D) glycolysis.E) transamination.

Q: In the activation of a fatty acid, energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is used toA) form a double bond in an oxidation reaction.B) join the fatty acid to CoA.C) add a molecule of water across a double bond to give a hydroxyl group on the carbon.D) oxidize the hydroxyl group on the carbon.E) cause a unit of acetyl CoA to separate from the fatty acid chain.

Q: During complete oxidation of the fatty acid CH3(CH2)18COOH, ________ molecules of acetyl CoA are produced, and the fatty acid goes through the -oxidation cycle ________ times.A) ten; tenB) nine; tenC) nine; nineD) nine; eightE) ten; nine

Q: Which step is found in the breakdown of a fat? A) an activation that requires 1 ATP B) an oxidation with a cytochrome C) an oxidation with CoQ D) direct substrate phosphorylation E) production of pyruvate

Q: The series of reactions that produces energy by hydrolyzing fats to units of acetyl CoA is calledA) transamination.B) oxidation.C) hydration.D) hydrolysis.E) reduction.

Q: The 2-carbon segments removed from a fatty acid during metabolism are used to form A) glucose. B) pyruvate. C) lactate. D) CoA. E) acetyl CoA.

Q: The removal of 2-carbon segments of a fatty acid for further metabolism is calledA) oxidation.B) transamination.C) deglyceration.D) dehydration.E) decarboxylation.

Q: Most of the glycerol produced by fatty acid breakdown is converted eventually to A) glucose. B) protein. C) fat. D) lactate. E) amino acids.

Q: Most of the glycerol produced by fatty acid breakdown goes to the A) pancreas. B) gall bladder. C) liver. D) small intestine. E) brain.

Q: The enzymes that break down triacylglycerols into fatty acids and glycerol are called A) lyases. B) aconitases. C) lipases. D) hydrolases. E) oxidoreductases.

Q: Fat stores in the body are mobilized when A) adipocyte concentrations are high. B) blood glucose levels are high. C) glucagon production is low. D) insulin production is high. E) glucose and glycogen stores are low.

Q: Red blood cells do not metabolize fatty acids because they have A) no nucleus. B) a cell wall. C) a cell membrane. D) no mitochondria. E) no DNA.

Q: The heart muscle's primary source of fuel is A) glucose. B) fatty acids. C) amino acids. D) glycogen. E) lactate.

Q: The source of energy for red blood cells is A) amino acids. B) fatty acids. C) glycerol. D) glucose. E) lactate.

Q: Fatty acids are not a source of energy for the brain because A) they cannot diffuse across the blood-brain barrier. B) the citric acid cycle does not operate in the brain. C) chylomicrons are too large for absorption by brain cells. D) they are metabolized before they get as far as the brain. E) there is no lipase in the brain.

Q: A chylomicron is a A) lipase. B) digestive enzyme. C) triacylglycerol. D) transport lipoprotein. E) storage protein.

Q: The action of pancreatic lipase on triacylglycerols produces A) emulsions. B) micelles. C) monoacylglycerols and free fatty acids. D) high-density lipoproteins. E) low-density lipoproteins.

Q: The small droplets of fat that are the first step in the digestion of dietary fats are called A) emulsions. B) detergents. C) bile drops. D) lipoproteins. E) micelles.

Q: Fat cells are known as A) lysosomes. B) adipocytes. C) glycerides. D) islet cells. E) monoacylglycerols.

Q: Most of the energy stored in the human body is in the form of A) glycogen. B) glucose. C) muscle tissue. D) triacylglycerols. E) the amino acid pool.

Q: Fatty acids and glycerol are produced from the metabolism of A) lipids. B) proteins. C) carbohydrates. D) amino acids. E) glucose.

Q: The digestion of fats begins when the fat globules are A) emulsified by bile salts. B) attacked by protease enzymes to form smaller fat globules. C) converted to lipoproteins for greater solubility. D) hydrolyzed to glucose and amino acids. E) hydrolyzed to glycerol and fatty acids.

Q: The digestion of fats begins in the A) mouth. B) stomach. C) small intestine. D) large intestine. E) pancreas.

Q: Identify each of the following metabolic pathways.A) glycolysisB) electron transportC) citric acid cycle1> the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid2> the series of reactions that converts acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide and water3> the series of reactions that produces water4> the series of reactions that uses electron carriers

Q: Match the terms with the following descriptions.A) oxidative phosphorylationB) coenzyme A1> the process that makes ATP using energy from the electron transport chain2> the carrier of acetyl (two-carbon) groups

Q: Indicate the amount of ATP produced when each of the following reactions occurs.A) 7 ATPB) 2 ATPC) 32 ATPD) 2.5 ATPE) 10 ATP1> complete oxidation of glucose2> acetyl CoA -> 2CO23> glucose -> 2 pyruvate under aerobic conditions4> glucose -> 2 lactate5> pyruvate -> acetyl CoA + CO2

Q: The oxidation of FADH2 yields 1.5 ATP.

Q: The oxidation of NADH yields 2.5 ATP.

Q: 12 ATP are produced when glucose is oxidized to CO2 and H2O.

Q: The energy levels of complexes decrease as electron transport progresses.

Q: Cyt c is a component of complex IV.

Q: Citrate is one of the products of the citric acid cycle.

Q: In reaction 1 of the citric acid cycle, acetyl CoA reacts with oxaloacetate.

Q: In reaction 4 of the citric acid cycle, -ketoglutarase, a five-carbon keto acid, is decarboxylated.

Q: In this figure, depicting part 1 of the Citric Acid Cycle, taken from your text, identify the substances numbered. 1> Substance 12 2> Substance 13 3> Substance 14 4> Substance 15 5> Substance 16 6> Substance 17 7> Substance 18

Q: In this figure depicting the Stages of Metabolism taken from your text, identify the metabolic substance numbered. 1> Substance 1 2> Substance 2 3> Substance 3 4> Substance 4 5> Substance 5 6> Substance 6 7> Substance 7 8> Substance 8 9> Process 9 10> Process 10 11> Process 11

Q: The complete oxidation of glucose produces ________ ATP molecules. A) 2 B) 8 C) 12 D) 24 E) 32

Q: In glycolysis, glucose produces 2 pyruvate ions and a total of ________ ATP molecules. A) 2 B) 4 C) 7 D) 8 E) 12

Q: Overall, one turn of the citric acid cycle produces A) three CO2 molecules. B) three NADH molecules. C) two FADH2 molecules. D) 6 ATP. E) 2 GTP.

Q: In stage three of metabolism, the overall result is to release A) glucose and water. B) lactate and acetyl CoA. C) lactate and glucose. D) glycogen and water. E) carbon dioxide and energy.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a possible product of pyruvate under anaerobic conditions? A) lactate B) acetaldehyde C) fumarate D) ethanol E) CO2

Q: What is the correct coefficient for ATP in the complete combustion of glucose?C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + ________ ATP + 6H2OA) 6B) 12C) 18D) 24E) 32

Q: Which is the best choice for the box labeled "Answer" in the illustration below? A) oxidized carrier B B) carbon dioxide C) OH- D) reduced carrier BH2 E) energy

Q: One example of an electron carrier in the respiratory chain is A) ATP. B) GTP. C) coenzyme Q. D) citrate. E) water.

Q: The compounds in the respiratory chain that remove hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH are classified as A) oxidative transporters. B) osmotic carriers. C) electron carriers. D) phosphorylators. E) citrates.

Q: The energy released during electron transport is used to produce A) glucose. B) citric acid. C) carbon dioxide. D) ATP. E) NADH.

Q: In electron transport, NADH and FADH2 are used to provide A) oxygen. B) electrons and hydrogen ions. C) carbon atoms. D) water and carbon dioxide. E) thiol groups.

Q: Electron transport is also calledA) the citric acid cycle.B) -oxidation.C) transamination.D) the respiratory chain.E) fermentation.

Q: The electron carrier ________ provides 1.5 ATP via electron transport. A) FADH2 B) NADH C) NADPH D) HS-CoA E) acetyl CoA

Q: In electron transport, the oxidized product from the reaction of CoQ + NADH + H+ is A) CoQ. B) CoQH2. C) FADH. D) FAD. E) NAD+.

Q: In electron transport, the three protein complexes (I, III, and IV) A) act as proton pumps, which generate a proton gradient. B) transfer electrons from NAD+ to O2. C) transfer electrons from FAD to O2. D) act as electron pumps, which generate an electron gradient. E) act as Ca2+ pumps, which generate a Ca2+ gradient.

Q: In electron transport, the synthesis of ATP from ADP + Pi is called A) glycolysis. B) fermentation. C) oxidative phosphorylation. D) isomerization. E) hydrolysis.

Q: In the chemiosmotic model of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is synthesized as A) OH- flows through ATP synthase. B) electrons flow through ATP synthase. C) Ca2+ flows through ATP synthase. D) H+ flows through ATP synthase. E) Na+ flows through ATP synthase.

Q: The components of the electron transport chain do NOT include A) oxygen (O2). B) Cyt c. C) Complex III. D) CoQ. E) acetyl CoA.