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Chemistry
Q:
Which functional group below represents a carboxylic acid?
A) B) C) D)
Q:
The four cyclic amine bases that occur in DNA are ________, ________, ________, and ________.
Q:
Identify the functional group: A) aldehyde
B) ketone
C) ester
D) ether
Q:
Naturally occurring organic molecules that dissolve in nonpolar solvents are called ________ of which the most plentiful in nature are ________ and ________.
Q:
Identify the functional group: A) alcohol
B) amine
C) amide
D) ester
Q:
Monosaccharides are classified as either ________ or ________.
Q:
Which of the following statements is false regarding functional groups?
A) The chemical properties of the functional group dictate the chemistry of the larger molecule.
B) Each functional group has a characteristic chemical behavior.
C) A functional group consists of an atom or a group of atoms that is part of a larger molecule.
D) A functional group consists of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Q:
Individual amino acids that make up a protein are called ________.
Q:
Which one of the structures below is different from the other three? A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
Q:
The amide bonds that form when two or more amino acids link together are called ________ bonds.
Q:
Some of the products from reaction of bromine and propane are shown below. (The hydrogen atoms are not shown in the structures.) How many are identical structures? A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) All are isomers of each other.
Q:
In living cells reaction sequences that break molecules apart are known as ________, while reaction sequences in which larger molecules are created are known as ________.
Q:
Which of the structures below are identical? A) I and II
B) II and III
C) III and IV
D) I and IV
Q:
201Tl is used in myocardial perfusion imaging. It undergoes beta decay with a half-life of 73 hours generating 80 keV X-rays. A typical dose is 2.5 mCi which is equal to ________ Bq.
Q:
An average person receives 40 mrem of radiation from medical procedures annually. If a dose as low as 25 rem can lead to a decrease in white blood cell count, what is the maximum number of medical procedures that involve radiation allowable before white blood cell count decrease occurs?
Q:
Human bones found on the west coast of the United States were thought to be remains of a prospector who lived in the 19th century. The bones were subjected to carbon-14 dating. Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5715 years. Living organisms decay at a rate of 15.3 disintegrations per minute per gram of carbon. The bones had a carbon-14 decay rate of 5.13 disintegrations per minute per gram of carbon. To one significant figure the age of the bones is ________ years old, so the person ________ (did, did not) live in the 19th century.
Q:
Radiocarbon dating involves the unbalanced equation shown below. Needed to balance this equation is ________. This is an example of ________ decay.C -> N + ?
Q:
Among the types of radiation, , , , and X, the one that requires the least amount of protective clothing is ________ radiation.
Q:
In the transmutation reaction that results in the formation of berkelium-243, shown below, the nucleus that is bombarded by alpha particles is ________.? + He -> Bk + 2n
Q:
What is needed to balance the nuclear fusion reaction below?2 H -> H + ?
Q:
What is needed to balance the nuclear fission reaction below?n + U -> Te + ? + 2 n
Q:
The two reactions shown below are classified as (1) nuclear ________ and (2) nuclear ________.(1) n + U ->Ba + Kr + 3 n(2) H + H -> He
Q:
Energy is ________ (released, required) in the transmutation reaction shown below. The atomic masses are 40Ar (39.9624), 1H (1.0078), 40K (39.9640), 1n (1.0087).Ar + H -> Kr + n
Q:
The reaction below releases ________ kJ/mol. The atomic masses are 3He (3.0160), 1H (1.0078), 4He (4.0026), 0e (0.0005486).He + H -> He + e
Q:
The mass change for the reaction shown below is ________ amu. The atomic masses are 3He (3.0160), 4He (4.0026), 1H (1.0078).2 He -> He + 2 H
Q:
The mass defect for the chemical reaction shown below is ________ g.2 F -> F2 E = -159 kJ/mol
Q:
The binding energy for lithium-7 nuclei is 3.79 1012 J/mol. The binding energy per nucleon for lithium-7 nuclei is ________ MeV/nucleon.
Q:
The mass defect for the formation of lithium-6 is 0.0343 g/mol. The binding energy for lithium-6 nuclei is ________ kJ/mol.
Q:
All nuclei heavier than ________ are radioactive.
Q:
Helium-3, an electron, a neutron, and a proton have masses of 3.016029 amu, 5.486 10-4 amu, 1.00866 amu, and 1.00728 amu, respectively. The mass defect for the formation of helium-3 is ________ amu or ________ g/mol.
Q:
The mass of a helium-4 nucleus is ________ (greater than, less than, the same as) the sum of the masses of two protons plus two neutrons.
Q:
The loss in mass that occurs when protons and neutrons combine to form a nucleus is called the ________ of the nucleus, and the corresponding energy released during the formation of that nucleus is the ________ that holds the nucleus together.
Q:
Which nuclide below is most likely to decay by electron capture?
A) W
B) W
C) W
D) W
Q:
Which of the following nuclides is most likely to undergo beta decay?
A) Hg
B) Hg
C) Hg
D) Hg
Q:
Which of the following elements would be expected to be particularly stable?
A) O
B) N
C) C
D) B
Q:
If the age of the Earth is 4.5 billion years and the half-life of 40K is 1.26 billion years, what percent of the Earth's original amount of 40K remains today?A) 4.2%B) 8.2%C) 12%D) 16%
Q:
The practical limit for 14C dating occurs when its activity falls to 0.20% of its original value due to interference in detectors by natural background radiation. If the half-life is 5715 years, what is the maximum age of a sample that can be dated by 14C without interference?
A) 1.3 104 years
B) 2.9 104 years
C) 5.1 104 years
D) 2.9 106 years
Q:
If a log contains 60.0% of the 14C present in a living tree, how long has the log been dead? The half-life of 14C is 5715 years.
A) 2290 years
B) 3430 years
C) 4210 years
D) 7560 years
Q:
The ratio of 238U to 206Pb is used to date old mineral samples. Each 1.000 g of 238U that decays eventually produces 0.866 g of 206Pb. If the half-life of 238U is 4.468 109 years, what is the age of a mineral that has a 238U/206Pb mass ratio of 2.00?
A) 2.94 109 years
B) 3.60 109 years
C) 3.87 109 years
D) 4.47 109 years
Q:
An archeological artifact was subjected to radiocarbon dating. The artifact showed a carbon-14 decay rate of 13.8 disintegrations/min per gram of carbon. Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5715 years, and currently living organisms decay at the rate of 15.3 disintegrations/min per gram of carbon. What is the approximate age of the artifact?
A) 257 years old
B) 371 years old
C) 591 years old
D) 851 years old
Q:
Carbon-14, which is present in all living tissue, radioactively decays via a first-order process. A one-gram sample of wood taken from a living tree gives a rate for carbon-14 decay of 13.6 counts per minute. If the half-life for carbon-14 is 5715 years, how old is a wood sample that gives a rate for carbon-14 decay of 3.9 counts per minute?
A) 4.6 103 yr
B) 6.6 103 yr
C) 1.0 104 yr
D) 2.9 104 yr
Q:
Radiation is dangerous to organisms because
A) all radionuclides are poisonous.
B) it causes electrolysis of water in the cells.
C) it causes nuclear reactions in the cells.
D) it ionizes molecules in the cells.
Q:
Most of the radiation to which people are exposed comes from
A) atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons.
B) emissions from nuclear power plants.
C) medical procedures.
D) natural sources.
Q:
Which type of radiation source would pose the greatest health risk when used internally for a medical procedure?
A) an alpha emitter, t1/2 = 6 hours
B) a beta emitter, t1/2 = 6 hours
C) a beta emitter, t1/2 = 15 days
D) a gamma emitter, t1/2 = 6 hours
Q:
Which type of radiation is not used for medical applications?
A) alpha emission
B) beta emission
C) gamma radiation
D) positron emission
Q:
Which is more dangerous in terms of short-lived exposure to radiation? One mole ofA) 89Sr, -, t1/2 = 50.5 days.B) 90Sr, -, t1/2 = 28.5 years.C) 91Sr, -, t1/2 = 9.5 hours.D) 94Sr, -, t1/2 = 74 seconds.
Q:
What type of shielding can be used to protect against gamma rays?
A) cloth
B) lead
C) wood
D) No shielding is effective against gamma rays.
Q:
A small block of wood or heavy clothing can form an effective shield against what type of radiation?
A) beta particles
B) cosmic rays
C) gamma rays
D) neutrons
Q:
A few sheets of ordinary paper can form an effective shield against what type of radiation?
A) alpha particles
B) cosmic rays
C) gamma rays
D) neutrons
Q:
Ionizing radiation having the lowest energy is exhibited byA) particles.B) particles.C) rays.D) X-rays.
Q:
The effects of ionizing radiation depend on
A) length of exposure to radiation.
B) location of source (internal or external).
C) type and energy of radiation.
D) All of these
Q:
Which unit of radiation is frequently used in medicine to describe the amount of tissue damage caused by a radioactive substance?
A) becquerel
B) curie
C) rad
D) rem
Q:
Which unit of radiation describes the amount of energy absorbed by a kilogram of tissue exposed to a radiation source?
A) becquerel
B) curie
C) gray
D) rem
Q:
Which unit of radiation describes the amount of radiation emitted by a radioactive substance?
A) becquerel
B) gray
C) rad
D) rem
Q:
A rad is
A) the amount of sample that undergoes 1 disintegration per second.
B) the amount of sample that undergoes 3.7 1010 disintegrations per second.
C) the amount of tissue damage done by radiation.
D) equal to 0.01 J of energy absorbed per kilogram of tissue.
Q:
What is the abbreviation used for the curie, a unit used in the measurement of nuclear disintegrations per unit time?
A) Cu
B) Cr
C) Ci
D) Ce
Q:
A curie is
A) the amount of sample that undergoes 1 disintegration per second.
B) the amount of sample that undergoes 3.7 1010 disintegrations per second.
C) the amount of tissue damage done by radiation.
D) equal to 0.01 J of energy absorbed per kilogram of tissue.
Q:
A sievert is
A) the amount of sample that undergoes 1 disintegration per second.
B) the amount of sample that undergoes 3.7 1010 disintegrations per second.
C) the amount of tissue damage done by radiation.
D) equal to 0.01 J of energy absorbed per kilogram of tissue.
Q:
A gray is
A) The Joules of energy absorbed per kilogram of tissue.
B) equal to 0.01 Ci.
C) the number of disintegrations per second.
D) 0.01 rem.
Q:
A becquerel is
A) the amount of sample that undergoes 1 disintegration per second.
B) the amount of sample that undergoes 3.7 1010 disintegrations per second.
C) the amount of tissue damage done by radiation.
D) equal to 0.01 J of energy absorbed per kilogram of tissue.
Q:
Which one of the following is most penetrating?
A) alpha particles
B) beta particles
C) gamma rays
D) positrons
Q:
Which one of the following instruments would be the least suitable for detecting particles given off in radioactive decay?
A) electron microscope
B) Geiger counter
C) photographic film
D) scintillation counter
Q:
Radiation is detected by its ________ properties.
A) gravitational
B) ionizing
C) kinetic
D) thermal
Q:
The first transuranium element was synthesized by bombarding U with neutrons. After capturing one neutron, the resulting nuclide was unstable and decayed by beta emission. What was the product of these two nuclear reactions?
A) Np
B) Pa
C) Th
D) U
Q:
A shorthand way of writing transmutation equations is to show the bombarding particle and the subsequent emitted particle in parentheses. Which particle is produced by Li (p, )?A) HB) HeC) BeD) He
Q:
A shorthand way of writing transmutation equations is to show the bombarding particle and the subsequent emitted particle in parentheses. Which of the following equations shows the balanced nuclear reaction for Li (n, )?A) Li + n -> He + HB) Li + He -> n + BC) Li + n -> He + HeD) Li + He -> n + Be
Q:
When Dy is formed by bombardment of Gd, what particle(s) was (were) used for the bombardment?A) one B) two -C) 4 neutronsD) 2 protons
Q:
What is the missing product of the nuclear reaction?Bi + p -> ? + PoA) B) +C) -D) n
Q:
The nuclear transmutation reaction that leads to the synthesis of plutonium-241 is shown below. What is the identity of the -particle bombardment target in this reaction?? + He -> Pu + nA) UB) UC) CmD) Cm
Q:
Which of the following reactions correctly shows the transmutation of an element by neutron absorption followed by beta emission?A) Tl + n -> e + PbB) Tl + e -> n + DyC) I + n -> e + XeD) Ce + e -> n + La
Q:
The masses of 4He, 6Li, and 10B are 4.0015, 6.0135, and 10.0102 amu respectively. The fission of a boron-10 nucleus into He-4 and Li-6 would
A) absorb energy.
B) evolve energy.
C) result in no energy change.
D) Need more information
Q:
Oxygen-16 (15.994915 amu) is synthesized in the sun by fusion of 12C (12.000000 amu) and 4He (4.00260 amu). How much energy is released in this nuclear reaction?
A) 2.48 103 kJ/mol
B) 2.30 106 kJ/mol
C) 6.92 108 kJ/mol
D) 7.20 1011 kJ/mol
Q:
Nitrogen-14 (14.003074 amu) is synthesized in the sun by fusion of 13C (13.003355 amu) and 1H (1.007825 amu). How much energy is released in this nuclear reaction?
A) 2.432 106 kJ/mol
B) 7.295 108 kJ/mol
C) 9.141 1010 kJ/mol
D) 1.807 1011 kJ/mol
Q:
In fusion reactions to make superheavy elements, energy is required to bring the two nuclei together and to form additional mass. How much energy must be converted into mass for the alpha bombardment of 253Es to form 257Md? (The isotopic masses are 253Es = 253.08294 amu, 4He = 4.00260 amu, 257Md = 257.09558 amu.)
A) 3.01 106 kJ/mol
B) 9.04 108 kJ/mol
C) 3.59 1011 kJ/mol
D) 7.21 1011 kJ/mol
Q:
What mass percent of 235U (the fissionable isotope) is used in the fuel in nuclear power plants?
A) 3%
B) 14%
C) 27%
D) 83%
Q:
What does the term "critical mass" mean? It is the
A) amount of fissionable material which will self-sustain a nuclear chain reaction.
B) difference between mass of individual protons and neutrons and the mass of the nucleus.
C) energy which holds the nucleus together.
D) mass of fuel in a nuclear reactor core.
Q:
Four heavy elements (A, B, C, and D) will fission when bombarded by neutrons. In addition to fissioning into two smaller elements, A also gives off a beta particle, B gives off gamma rays, C gives off neutrons, and D gives off alpha particles. Which element would make a possible fuel for a nuclear reactor?
A) element A
B) element B
C) element C
D) element D
Q:
Elements with ________ atomic mass are best possible candidates for a fission reaction.
A) very low
B) moderate
C) moderate to heavy
D) very heavy
Q:
Elements with ________ atomic mass are best possible candidates for a fusion reaction.
A) very low
B) moderate
C) moderate to heavy
D) very heavy
Q:
Breaking a chemical bond requires approximately 102 kJ/mol of energy. What is closest to the order of magnitude of the energy required to split a nucleus in to its individual protons and neutrons?
A) 103 kJ/mol
B) 104 kJ/mol
C) 108 kJ/mol
D) 1010 kJ/mol