Q&A Hero

Q: Having specified and systematic rules and procedures for selecting and coding content in content analysis helps to decrease coders' subjective analysis.

Q: Speakers should keep all of the following in mind when using humor to capture audience attention except a. it should be relevant to your topic. b. it should be appropriate to the occasion. c. it should be brief to avoid upstaging your message. d. all of the above should be kept in mind.

Q: Interaction analysis codes: A.communication into categories. B.the content of ongoing communication between two or more individuals. C.the verbal or nonverbal features or functions of conversation. D.communication according to a standardized coding scheme. E.all of the above.

Q: What type of transition reminds listeners of the points you have covered before you move onto the next part of your message? a. stock words b. internal summary c. vocalized pause d. signpost

Q: In content coding, unit of analysis refers to: A.the discrete thing that is coded and counted. B.the standard or uniform unit that allows comparisons among categories. C.the length of the unit. D.the value of the unit. E.a and b.

Q: In content coding, it is common to see coding schemes with one category identified as "other." This reflects: A.a wise move by the researcher as some elements will not fit in any of the categories. B.a failure of the coding scheme, indicating that the coding scheme is not as developed as it should be. C.the code that researchers use when they want to further examine some elements. D.the code that researchers use as the standard against which other categories are tested. E.none of the above.

Q: What do effective speakers use to demonstrate to their listeners that they are through with one point or part of their speeches, and moving onto the next? a. divination b. subpoints c. transitions d. passage markers

Q: The principle of _____ entails that speech materials in an outline should descend in importance from general main points to more specific subpoints and sub-subpoints. a. coordination b. balance c. subordination d. order

Q: Content analysis can be performed on texts or messages that are: A.captured in writing. B.captured on audiotape. C.captured on videotape. D.spoken; the researcher codes the content in real-time. E.all but d.

Q: The principle of _____ entails that entries at a given level of an outline should be of similar importance to the speech. a. coordination b. balance c. subordination d. order

Q: As a quantitative method, content analysis is used: A.to produce scores for participants who produced the content. B.to produce frequency counts for each coded element so they can be compared. C.to compute means and standard deviations for each coded element. D.to count the time or space between thought units. E.as a measure of participants' knowledge.

Q: In content analysis, manifest content is the: A.description of the characteristics of the content itself. B.interpretations about the content that imply something about the nature of the participants or effects on participants. C.method the researcher uses to collect the content. D.procedure the researcher uses to analyze the content. E.interpretation of the content made by the participants themselves.

Q: What is a working outline? a. a rigid structure b. a conclusive tool c. a tentative plan d. a formal exercise

Q: Why is outlining an important part of structuring speeches? a. It provides a tentative plan for your developing speeches. b. It helps you untangle thoughts and information into coherent messages. c. It helps you see the structure of speeches as developed. d. All of the above.

Q: Content analysis and interaction analysis are similar in that: A.each is considered a quantitative method. B.each codes ongoing interaction. C.each is an experimental research design. D.each is a method for analyzing content of interaction. E.each relies on participants' perceptions of communication events.

Q: What should you develop to support the main ideas of your speeches? a. general information b. subpoints and sub-subpoints c. illustrations and presentation aids d. a list of supporting materials

Q: Statistically significant results ensure practical application of the results.

Q: Multiple regression allows the researcher to determine the relative importance of each variable to the regression relationship.

Q: Your text offers all of the following advice for selecting the main ideas for your speeches except a. consider what themes emerge from your research. b. consider the need to establish your central thesis. c. consider the need to satisfy your specific purpose. d. all of the above advice is given.

Q: Because there is no theoretical limit to the number of predictor variables tested in multiple regression, it is common for researchers to include 10 or more.

Q: What would be the best speech design for persuading your audience to support a campus crusade against crime? a. refutative b. problem"solution c. categorical d. sequential

Q: Regression is of particular advantage to communication researchers because it allows researchers to study variables that cannot be experimentally manipulated.

Q: What would be the best design for a speech on the three types of bosses? a. refutative b. spatial c. categorical d. sequential

Q: A significant r value would cause the researcher to retain the null hypothesis.

Q: Correlation tests for curvilinear relationships.

Q: What would be the best design for a speech on how to build a deck? a. chronological b. spatial c. narrative d. sequential

Q: A correlation coefficient can range from -1.00 to +1.00.

Q: Which part of a speech should be the longest? a. introduction b. body c. conclusion d. transitions

Q: Correlation equals causation.

Q: What principle of effective speech structure suggests that all major parts of a speech should receive appropriate development? a. simplicity b. order c. balance d. parsimony

Q: To use a correlation as a statistical test, each participant must have provided measurements on two separate variables.

Q: What principle of effective speech structure is reinforced by repeating a key phrase or point? a. simplicity b. order c. style d. balance

Q: What principle of speech structure suggests that speeches should follow a consistent pattern of development? a. style b. simplicity c. balance d. order

Q: Regardless of how the research hypothesis is stated, there is a complementary null hypothesis.

Q: Facts and statistics are especially effective because they tend to speak for themselves.

Q: The significance level is usually set at .05 as the criterion for making the decision to accept the research hypothesis.

Q: Students should not "tell stories" while giving serious speeches.

Q: Statistical tests were designed to test for relationships and differences on normally distributed variables.

Q: It is best to paraphrase when telling a story.

Q: Researchers use inferential statistics to determine if the relationship observed in the data is stronger than the relationship that might occur due to chance.

Q: Narratives are effective for public speaking because they are only stories and do not have to ring true with what the audience already knows.

Q: Statistical tests for relationship are limited to two variables.

Q: Hypothetical examples are a good choice when real ones are not available or inappropriate for use.

Q: Tests for relationship are most commonly computed for variables of continuous level data.

Q: Exogenous variables are: A.Used in structural equation modeling (SEM) B.Also known as endogenous variables C.Variables that are not caused by another variable D.Variables that are caused by another variable E.Both a. and c.

Q: Good examples can help enhance emotional involvement.

Q: Regression is superior to correlation because it: A.is more flexible. B.can predict some variables by knowing others. C.can be used with more than two variables. D.can test for the influence of more than one independent variable. E.all of the above.

Q: Speakers should especially consider entertainment value when evaluating expert testimony.

Q: It is less important to identify sources when paraphrasing testimony.

Q: Correlations can also be computed for variables based on ordinal or nominal data. These tests include: A.point biserial correlation B.spearman correlation coefficient C.coefficient of determination D.a and b. E.b and c.

Q: A correlation matrix is used to: A.display how every variable is correlated with every other variable. B.display the shared variance between pairs of variables. C.identify all of the possible hypotheses in a research study. D.determine which relationships are significant and worthy of further study. E.none of the above.

Q: Using prestige testimony is most often associated with persuasive speaking.

Q: Lay testimony is especially useful for validating controversial ideas.

Q: Researchers compute the coefficient of determination to: A.assess the linear characteristic of the correlation. B.determine the amount of shared variance for a significant r value. C.determine the amount of shared variance for an non-significant r value. D.assess the amount of error in a statistical test. E.determine if the correlation is positive or negative.

Q: Speakers often use lay testimony to help listeners understand the real-life consequences of issues.

Q: A spurious correlation is: A.the relationship between two unrelated variables. B.a nonsignificant relationship. C.one in which a third variable influences the nature of the relationship between the two variables tested. D.a positive linear relationship. E.a negative linear relationship.

Q: A correlation is the statistical test for: A.testing the linear relationship between two continuous level variables. B.testing the linear relationships among three continuous level variables. C.determining degrees of freedom. D.determining the significance level of other statistical tests. E.examining two variables of nominal level data.

Q: The expertise associated with expert testimony is area specific.

Q: If the data for the variables being tested are not normally distributed, the statistical test: A.cannot be used. B.is not affected. C.provides only an approximation of the relationship. D.must be done on other variables. E.can control for this by adding additional degrees of freedom.

Q: When a speaker uses the exact words of others, it is called paraphrasing.

Q: "Quoting out of context" refers to the use of testimony from sources that are not present at the speech.

Q: In interpreting an ANOVA, the main effects are ignored if a significant interaction effect occurs.

Q: Researchers use ANOVA when they are interested in testing for the variance that exists within groupings of the independent variable.

Q: Presentation aids are often used for presenting large amounts of statistical information.

Q: For ANOVA to be statistically significant, the between-groups variance must be greater than the within-groups variance.

Q: Reluctant testimony refers to information obtained without the consent of the source.

Q: The t-statistic is found by simply computing the means and standard deviations for both groups.

Q: Disinformation refers to the willful fabrication or distortion of information beyond reason to advance a hidden agenda.

Q: Interpretations transform claims into factual statements.

Q: Chi-squares are limited to testing differences between two levels of any variable.

Q: Facts and statistics are the least authoritative forms of supporting material.

Q: A chi-square can indicate if significant differences are found, but can not determine where the significance differences occurred.

Q: If the test of difference is significant, the research hypothesis is accepted.

Q: In tests of difference, any difference found will be statistically significant.

Q: Facts and statistics are especially important with informative and persuasive speaking.

Q: What criteria of effective storytelling in speeches relates to meeting the requirements of a good story? a. narrative reality b. narrative probability c. narrative ambiguity d. narrative fidelity

Q: What type of supporting material is most associated with cultural traditions? a. definitions b. testimonies c. statistics d. narratives

Q: It is possible that the difference the researcher predicts in the hypothesis is not the difference that will exist in the data.

Q: The null hypothesis is retained until there is sufficient statistical support for accepting the research hypothesis.

Q: What do we mean by restating or summarizing testimony in your own words in your speeches? a. quoting out of context b. paraphrasing c. quotation abbreviation d. lay testimony