Q&A Hero

Q: What does the specific purpose of a speech represent? a. the response desired from the speaker b. our honest biases and stereotypes c. the response desired from the audience d. the response demanded from the context

Q: A speaker's _____ purpose might be to inform, to persuade, or to celebrate. a. actual b. general c. objective d. specific

Q: Generalizability is the extent to which conclusions developed from data collected from a population can be extended to the sample.

Q: A sampling frame is the available population in which a researcher is interested and from which research participants are selected.

Q: What should you refrain from in the initial stage of brainstorming? a. free association b. critiquing c. combining d. wild thinking

Q: What does the speaker do during the refinement phase of topic selection? a. focus your specific topic b. articulate a specific purpose statement c. articulate a thesis statement d. all of the above

Q: Match the following terms and the descriptions of sampling procedures: 1)Using the individuals who offer to participate in a research study. 2)Researcher seeks a specified number of participants who fit the characteristics of subgroups important to the research project. 3)Choosing individuals who are convenient and easily available as research participants. 4)Finding additional research participants by asking current participants to recommend individuals with similar characteristics. 5)Choosing individuals to participate in research because they are considered "typical" of the critical characteristics important to the research project. A. Volunteer sample B. Quota sampling C. Convenience sample D. Snowball sample E. Purposive sample

Q: Match the following terms and the descriptions of sampling procedures: 1)Every person has an equal chance of being selected; individuals are selected one at a time and independently. 2)Population is divided according to homogeneous groups; randomly select participants from each group. 3)A two-stage sampling process used when the researcher cannot identify a complete listing of the population. 4)Divide the population by the desired sample size to establish that every nth person should be selected; select a random number to establish where in the list to begin selection. A. Simple random sampling B. Stratified random sampling C. Cluster sampling D. Systematic sampling

Q: Simple random sampling is: A.Also called systematic sampling. B.When every person has an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study. C.A two-stage or multistage process. D.All of the above.

Q: What approach to developing topic ideas explores "habitual" paths of thought such as people, places, ideas, values, and problems? a. mind mapping b. topic analysis c. interest charts d. media prompts

Q: What approach to exploring topics focuses on basic journalistic questions such as what? why? when? how? where? and who? a. mind mapping b. topic analysis c. topoi of topic discovery d. brainstorming

Q: What does the speaker do in the discovery phase of selecting a topic? a. identify general topic areas b. articulate a thesis statement c. articulate a specific purpose statement d. consider ideas for presentation aids

Q: Sampling error is: A.the number of times a person is contacted before they agree to participate in a research project. B.the degree to which a sample differs from population characteristics. C.always present. D.the number of mistakes a researcher makes in selecting the sample. E.b and c.

Q: Probability sampling means that selection of participants is: A.random. B.probable, but not plausible. C.probably good enough to generalize the results to the population. D.based on one characteristic of the population while ignoring another. E.none of the above.

Q: What is the problem with trying to give a five minute presentation on the ecology? a. Enough material could not be found. b. The audience would not be interested. c. The topic is not manageable. d. The topic is irrelevant and insignificant.

Q: A population is: A.selected from the sample. B.selected from the sampling frame. C.determined by identifying the characteristics the researcher wants participants to have. D.is based on access and availability. E.c and d.

Q: The quality of data interpretation cannot be better than the quality of data collected.

Q: All of the following are criteria for choosing good speech topics except a. it should be entertaining. b. it should involve your listeners. c. it should be manageable. d. it should involve you.

Q: A measurement can be reliable, but not valid.

Q: Henry A. Murray and his associates at Harvard identified more than 50 different human needs.

Q: Motivational appeals work by associating a message with fulfilling basic needs, desires, and impulses.

Q: Understanding an audience's possible motivation is not possible.

Q: Measurements must be both valid and reliable.

Q: Adapting your speech to a particular audience is inherently unethical.

Q: In practice, perfect reliability is easily achieved.

Q: As a public speaker, you should learn as much as possible about your particular audience.

Q: Generally, reliability can be improved.

Q: Which of the following are considerations for adjusting your speeches to a given speaking situation? a. Will the time or timing of my speech pose any challenges? b. Will the physical location for my speech pose any challenges? c. Are there any recent news events of relevance I should account for? d. All of the above

Q: Discrete data reflect amounts of the variable.

Q: Discrete data are sometimes referred to as nominal data or categorical data.

Q: What does a preliminary tuning effect refer to? a. How the time of day affects audience perceptions of a speech b. How the occasion affects audience perceptions of a speech c. How recent events affect audience perceptions of a speech d. How speeches before your speech affect audience perceptions

Q: What explains why people behave the way they do?a. valuesb. motivationc. relevancyd. needs

Q: Match the following terms and these descriptions associated with threats to validity and reliability. Some responses can be used more than once. 1) Can be threatened when researcher selects participants through convenience. 2) Can be threatened by the research's influence on participants 3) Participant change over time 4) Can be threatened when researchers used questionnaires that are dated 5) Participants drop out of study that occurs over long time period 6)Particularly problematic when researcher uses university students as participants to generalize results to other populations and samples. A. Internal validity B. Morality or attrition C. Maturation D. External validity E. Ecological validity

Q: All of the following values are thought to have universal appeal before all audiences and cultures excepta. shared enemies.b. honesty and fairness.c. self-determination.d. respect for tradition.

Q: Match the following terms and the descriptions. Some responses can be used more than once. 1) Measures what you want it to measure and not something else 2) Degree of similarity in measurements captured at different points in time 3) The relationship between the concept being measured and the process of measuring it 4) Measuring the core concept that was intended to be measured and not something else 5) Reflects true differences among individuals' scores. 6) Just by looking at the measuring device we believe it will measure what it is supposed to measure 7) Achieved when one measurement can be linked to some other external measure 8) A reliability coefficient indicates the degree to which this concept occurred 9) Easiest type of validity to establish 10) Degree to which the measuring device represents the full range of characteristics associated with the construct of interest 11) The measurement is table, trustworthy, or dependable 12) The degree to which multiple items invoke the same response from the participant 13) Using half of the measuring items for one measurement; the other half at another measurement A. Construct validity B. Content validity C. Criterion-related validity D. Face validity E. Internal reliability F. Internal validity G. Reliability H. Split-Half reliability I. Test-Retest reliability J. Validity

Q: Match the following terms and the descriptions of data types. Some responses can be used more than once. 1) Ranking of preferences for political candidates 2) Score on communication competence questionnaire 3) Sex 4) Employment status 5) Ranking of television markets 6) Number of times the audience asks a speaker question A. Discrete data B. Interval data C. Ordinal data D. Ratio data

Q: A threat to validity or reliability is: A.any data-related problem that could lead you to draw a false conclusion from the data. B.not really an issue if you're not going to publish your research. C.generated by research participants only. D.generated by researchers only. E.generated only when participants drop out of a study that collects data over a long period of time.

Q: How is gender stereotyping most frequently revealed? a. modeling b. slang c. omissions d. sexist language

Q: A semantic differential scale: A.asks participants to locate the meaning they ascribe to a stimulus. B.is a form of continuous level measurement. C.is anchored by two opposite or bipolar adjectives. D.does not include descriptors for the intermediate positions. E.all of the above.

Q: Johnny has negative feelings toward members of minority groups. While he is careful to avoid the explicit use of ugly labels, he does vent his beliefs through comments such as, "In my neighborhood, we respect law and order." Johnny's words may be characterized as a. ethnocentrism. b. supremacism. c. symbolic racism. d. marking.

Q: A Likert-type scale: A.is a discrete measurement. B.has a true zero. C.distinguishes which element is highest, next highest, and so on. D.has a response set which must be balanced at the ends of the continuum. E.any measurement that uses numbers as the response.

Q: Generalized assumptions such as "Asians are good at math" are best characterized as a. response sets. b. ethnocentrism. c. stereotypes. d. labeling.

Q: Continuous level data: A.reflect differing degrees, amounts, or frequencies. B.range from some minimum to maximum quantity. C.reflect different categories of a variable. D.are only produced from participants' answers to items on a questionnaire. E.a and b.

Q: Membership in which type of group would best indicate an interest in problems of public life? a. political b. social c. religious d. occupational

Q: All the following can generally be said of well-educated audiences except that they are a. more informed about current events. b. more interested in social and political issues. c. easier to persuade. d. more open to social and technological changes.

Q: The age and gender of an audience is what type of information? a. attitudinal b. demographic c. critical d. scholarly

Q: A variable measured with discrete data means that the data identify participants as belonging to A.one of at least two categories of the same variable. B.one of several categories of multiple variables. C.some position on a continuum of scores. D.a ranked position as compared to other participants. E.some position on a continuum of scores, including zero.

Q: Measurement allows researchers to make comparisons among: A.individuals in the research project. B.multiple studies using the same measurement device. C.variables in one study. D.all of the above. E.none of the above.

Q: Measurement is: A.the same as evaluation. B.identifying variables as independent or dependent. C.collecting data through a questionnaire, or counting the number of instances a particular event occurs. D.the same as interpretation. E.everything the researcher does to arrive at the numerical estimate.

Q: _____ refers to our feelings toward a given speaker or topic. a. Attitudes b. Beliefs c. Values d. Morals

Q: What motivational appeal is best exemplified by the statement, "We are Americans, and Americans have always believed in freedom"? a. relational needs b. achievement and recognition c. tradition d. pleasure and recreation

Q: If I were to suggest to my audience that there is nothing wrong with having a good time, what motivation am I hoping to tap into? a. achievement and recognition b. personal growth and satisfaction c. tradition d. pleasure and recreation

Q: Reliability and validity are similar concepts. It is only necessary for a researcher to demonstrate that one of these is present.

Q: A researcher cannot have a dependent variable without an independent variable and vice versa.

Q: Another term for independent variable is criterion variable.

Q: All of the following are advice for constructing audience survey questionnaires except a. state your questions as simply and clearly as possible. b. use words like "always" and "never" that force definitive answers. c. avoid a clear bias that leads responses in a given direction. d. all the above advice is offered.

Q: In a hypothesis, all variables must be identified as independent or dependent.

Q: Audience expectations for your speech will mostly likely be shaped by what variable of the speaking situation? a. occasion b. time of day c. physical location d. size of the audience

Q: Which of Abraham Maslow's needs is considered to be the highest? a. physiological b. self-actualization c. esteem d. sexual

Q: Sex is not a variable if the study investigates only women.

Q: Although the null hypothesis is subjected to the statistical test, the researcher presents the research or alternative hypothesis as the basis of the study.

Q: What motivational appeal is best exemplified by stating to an audience that they can succeed through hard work? a. achievement and recognition b. understanding c. tradition d. safety and security

Q: All of the following should be considered when analyzing an audience except a. what does my audience know about my topic? b. how does my audience feel about my topic? c. can my audience be trusted with this information? d. how can I best reach my audience?

Q: In developing a research project, it is okay for a researcher to ignore the literature if he or she has a good reason for doing so.

Q: What motivational appeal would most likely be invoked by speeches persuading listeners to purchase a home alarm system? a. understanding b. achievement and recognition c. safety and security d. justice

Q: Quantitative research generally relies on inductive reasoning.

Q: What motivational appeal is best exemplified by commercials asking you to give money to charities that provide for needy children? a. altruism b. safety and security c. relational needs d. achievement and recognition

Q: What are our most basic needs according to Abraham Maslow? a. self-actualization b. financial success c. a sense of belonging d. physical

Q: In quantitative research, researchers use numbers to represent amounts, frequencies, degrees, values, or intensity.

Q: _____ are the psychological needs, desires, and impulses that move audiences to action. a. Motivation b. Demographics c. Expectation d. Ethos

Q: Match the following descriptions with the terms: 1) Achieved when a researcher is consistent in the use of data collection procedures across all participants 2) Achieved when participants react similary to data collection procedures 3) Achieved when the measurement measured what was intended A. reliability B. validity

Q: Better-educated audiences tend to be more closed minded.

Q: Match the following descriptions with the terms: 1) The variable that is manipulated 2) Also known as the antecedent or predictor variable 3) Also known as the criterion variable 4) Is the cause of change in the other variable 5) May vary naturally without researcher manipulation 6) Is changed or influenced by another variable 7) The variable the research is trying to explain A. Dependent variable B. independent variable

Q: Maximum susceptibility to persuasion occurs during childhood and declines as people grow older.

Q: Our more important attitudes and values are anchored by our beliefs.

Q: Match the following descriptions with the terms: 1)Concept 2)Conceptual scheme 3)Construct 4)Variable 5)Operationalization A. An abstract way of thinking that helps us group together those things that are similar to one another B. Way of looking at the relationships among elements with common characteristics C. The theoretical definition of a concept D. Elements presented in the research question or hypothesis E. Specific way of measuring or observing

Q: An independent variable A.is the operationalization of the dependent variable. B.can be substituted for a dependent variable. C.is also referred to as antecedent, experimental, treatment and causal variable. D.confuses or obscures the effect of one variable on another.

Q: Attitudes are what we know or think we know about subjects.

Q: A null hypothesis A.is explicitly stated in a research article. B.is the basis of the statistical test. C.provides another alternative in addition to the research hypothesis. D.is the statement of no relationship or relationship between the variables. E.both b and d.

Q: A directional hypothesis is A.preferable to a null hypothesis. B.preferable to a research question. C.a precise statement indicating the nature and direction of the relationship or difference between the variables. D.states that a difference in either direction is acceptable. E.an operationalization of two more variables.