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Q:
Next-step reality does not apply to news programs.
a. True
b. False
Q:
People expose themselves to the media to find messages they cannot get in real life.
a. True
b. False
Q:
In a romance story
a. an important element of the plot is missing.
b. the story usually begins with a person who is in a wonderful relationship.
c. the story usually begins with a person who is lonely.
d. a serious crime triggers the story.
Q:
Reality TV programming became a recognizable genre in the year
a. 1980.
b. 1990.
c. 2000.
d. 2010.
Q:
With regard to electronic games, affective tone refers to
a. what designers want gamers to feel as they play.
b. the emotions of the games main characters.
c. the music heard during game play.
d. the color scheme of game visuals.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a design rule of electronic games?
a. Rewards must only go to good players.
b. The game should be consistent.
c. The game should be unpredictable.
d. The game should be relatively easy to learn.
Q:
When a digital game player is focused on sequential steps in a process leading to a greater accomplishment, this is called
a. flow.
b. telescoping.
c. transportation.
d. None of the above
Q:
Which of the following is not a popular form of social contact through interactive media platforms?
a. Online friendship
b. Online dating
c. Living in a different world through online environments
d. Wiki editing
Q:
What do people share through interactive media platforms?
a. Opinions
b. Information
c. Music
d. All of the above
Q:
Blogs are
a. monologic.
b. informative.
c. dialogic.
d. forms of wikis.
Q:
To increase your media literacy with regard to content, you need to
a. understand message formulas.
b. develop your knowledge structures about the real world.
c. understand your personal needs.
d. All of the above
Q:
When you understand the next-step reality organizing principle
a. you can better appreciate media content.
b. you develop a keener aesthetic sense.
c. you ask questions about story patterns.
d. All of the above
Q:
Producers of media messages apply content formulas to attract audiences.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The key element of a put-down comedy is
a. imbalance of power between characters.
b. physical aggression.
c. quirky characters that illustrate the craziness of everyday life.
d. a budding romance between characters.
Q:
All of the following statements are true, except
a. sometimes we want more reality than fantasy in a media message.
b. sometimes we want more fantasy than reality in a media message.
c. in Hollywood movies we need some reality cues.
d. In the news we dont need any fantasy elements.
Q:
One reason why people go to media rather than getting an experience in real life is that
a. they are bored.
b. they can also get those experiences in real life.
c. it costs less to get those experiences in the media than in real life.
d. None of the above
Q:
The formula with farce mentioned in the text refers to
a. the fact that the genre of reality television is deceptive and far from reality.
b. the strategy of identifying niche markets.
c. media stories that start with an ordinary situation and then remove the audience from reality one step at a time.
d. the common formula for suspense movies.
Q:
The three meta-genres of mass media content are
a. narratives, games, and interactive message platforms.
b. information, persuasion, and entertainment.
c. drama, comedy, and romance.
d. news, advertising, and drama.
Q:
News are included in
a. the narrative meta-genre.
b. the games meta-genre.
c. the persuasion meta-genre.
d. interactive message platforms.
Q:
Reality shows are included in
a. the narrative meta-genre.
b. the games meta-genre.
c. the persuasion meta-genre.
d. interactive message platforms.
Q:
Commercial advertisements are included in
a. the narrative meta-genre.
b. the games meta-genre.
c. the persuasion meta-genre.
d. interactive message platforms.
Q:
The inverted pyramid news-writing formula
a. developed as an adaptation to the digital news environment.
b. tells a story in an entertainment format.
c. begins a story with the most important information.
d. begins with teasers and ends with the most important information.
Q:
Puffery refers to
a. the fact that Americans can choose from more than 40,000 supermarket items.
b. the fact that the United States produces more waste than any other country in the world.
c. ads making implicit claims that cannot be tested for the truth.
d. None of the above
Q:
The genetic blueprint for a successful movie contains
a. more love, sex, and romance than comedy.
b. more comedy than action.
c. more action than sex.
d. more special effects than action.
Q:
Audiences enjoy tragedies because they make people feel
a. better off compared with unfortunate characters.
b. positive emotions when they see the happy ending.
c. satisfied when bad things happen to the main characters.
d. All of the above
Q:
In general, which of the following statements about action/horror formulas is NOT true?
a. Violence is a staple.
b. They send the message that it is wrong for police officers to break the law.
c. Characters are stereotypes.
d. Characters are static.
Q:
The next-step reality formula
a. guides viewers in choosing only realistic messages.
b. focuses viewers attention on the idea that all media messages are both real and fantasy.
c. assists the audience in escaping reality.
d. helps viewers determine which messages are real and which are fantasy.
Q:
The reality elements in media messages
a. are unnecessary.
b. signal to audiences that the message resonates with real-life experiences.
c. signal to audiences that the message offers something novel.
d. None of the above
Q:
The fantasy elements in media messages
a. are unnecessary.
b. signal to audiences that the message resonates with real-life experiences.
c. signal to audiences that the message offers something novel.
d. None of the above
Q:
All media messages follow
a. rules of entertainment.
b. rules of media genres.
c. conventions that can be expressed as message formulas.
d. All of the above
Q:
We are constantly engaged in the following types of decisions during exposures:
a. listening, thinking, and watching.
b. filtering, meaning matching, and meaning construction.
c. analyzing, interpreting, and grouping.
d. None of the above
Q:
The goal of filtering messages is
a. to pay attention to messages that have usefulness and ignore other messages.
b. to synthesize across several meaning options.
c. to interpret messages.
d. to access previously learned meanings.
Q:
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
a. The media create much of our filtering code for us.
b. We filter out the majority of information we encounter.
c. We are conscious of most of our filtering processes.
d. We are constantly flooded with information.
Q:
When Albert watches football games on television, he does not pay much attention during the commercial breaks. This is an example of
a. message filtering.
b. meaning matching.
c. meaning construction.
d. All of the above
Q:
Meaning matching
a. involves creative interpretation.
b. never becomes routine.
c. does not involve ones memory.
d. is about connecting symbols to meaning.
Q:
While watching a scary movie, Melissa hears the suspenseful music intensifying. She knows that this means that something bad is going to happen soon. Melissa is engaging in the following type of decision during exposures:
a. filtering messages.
b. meaning matching.
c. meaning construction.
d. memorized perception.
Q:
Meaning matching requires _____________ while meaning construction requires _____________.
a. competencies; skills
b. connotative meanings; denotative meanings
c. personal experience; universal symbols
d. conscious thought; automaticity
Q:
Which type of decision during exposures does not occur automatically?
a. Meaning construction
b. Meaning matching
c. Filtering
d. None of the above; all type of decision during exposures are automatic.
Q:
Formulas are
a. conventions that message producers use as guidelines when creating messages.
Q:
Producers of mass media messages apply message formulas to
a. attract audience members.
b. hold the attention of audience members throughout the entire message.
c. make audience members want to seek additional messages from them.
d. All of the above
Q:
Audience members know how to recognize and understand suspenseful cues in stories. This is evidence that
a. audiences know how to use message formulas.
b. audiences understand media genres.
c. audiences know how to use interactive message platforms.
d. All of the above
Q:
The transported state of exposure is
a. simply the high end of attentional state.
b. simply the high end of the automatic state.
c. simply the high end of the self-reflexive state.
d. qualitatively different from the attentional state.
Q:
Gabes mother pulled the plug on his video game system and yelled, Youve been on that thing for six hours! When the screen turned off, he looked at the clock and could not believe that he had been playing for so long. He had completely lost track of time while being so caught up in the game. While playing the video game, Gabe was in
a. the automatic state.
b. the subconscious state.
c. the self-reflexive state
d. the transported state.
Q:
In the transported state, people are _____________, while in the self-reflexive state, people are _____________.
a. highly involved cognitively; highly involved emotionally
b. highly involved emotionally; highly involved cognitively
c. paying close attention to messages; paying little attention to messages
d. paying little attention to messages; paying close attention to messages
Q:
You are sitting in a classroom watching a film on advertising. During the film you ask yourself: What am I getting out of this? Why am I interpreting the films messages the way I am? You are in the
a. automatic state.
b. self-reflexive state.
c. transported state.
d. cognitive state.
Q:
For psychological exposure to occur,
a. a person must be paying conscious attention to a message.
b. a person must watch a message in the self-reflexive state.
c. there must be some trace element of the message created in a persons mind.
d. None of the above
Q:
The psychological criterion of exposure can be met
a. by a great variety of elements.
b. only consciously.
c. only unconsciously.
d. only when cataloged into long-term memory.
Q:
When we pay attention to a media message, that attention
a. always stays the same.
b. can vary.
c. is subliminal.
d. is unconscious.
Q:
Which exposure state resides above the threshold of human sense perception but below the threshold of conscious awareness?
a. The automatic state
b. The attentional state
c. The transported state
d. The self-reflexive state
Q:
If you are mindlessly flipping through channels while focused on the conversation youre having with you friend, you are consuming television messages in
a. the attentional state.
b. the transported state.
c. the automatic state.
d. the self-reflexive state.
Q:
The distinguishing element of which exposure state is conscious awareness of messages?
a. Automatic
b. Cognitive
c. Transported
d. Attentional
Q:
Explain the difference between subliminal and subconscious stimuli and their implications for exposure.
Q:
Name and explain each of the four exposure states.
Q:
Name and explain the three types of decisions during exposures.
Q:
Discuss how developing your natural abilities can help you become more media literate.
Q:
All of the following statements are accurate, except
a. there is an aggressive media competition for our attention.
b. the term exposure is often used synonymously with the term attention.
c. for attention to a media message to occur, people must first be exposed to that message.
d. attention is exactly the same as exposure.
Q:
Attention to a media message requires first exposure to the respective message and then also
a. conscious awareness of the message.
b. unconscious encounter with the message.
c. being transported.
d. All of the above
Q:
When we say that a person was exposed to a media message, we refer to
a. physical exposure.
b. perceptual exposure.
c. psychological exposure.
d. All of the above
Q:
Physical exposure refers to
a. a persons unique interpretation of a message.
b. human ability to receive appropriate auditory and visual input.
c. a persons proximity to a media message.
d. All of the above
Q:
Perceptual exposure refers to
a. a persons unique interpretation of a message.
b. human ability to receive appropriate auditory and visual input.
c. a persons proximity to a media message.
d. All of the above
Q:
Stimuli that are outside the boundaries of human perception are labeled with the following term:
a. subconscious.
b. subliminal.
c. unconscious.
d. subsensory.
Q:
What three criteria must be met before we say that a person is paying attention to a media message? Explain each criterion.
Q:
People with a high degree of conceptual differentiation classify objects into
a. a large number of mutually exclusive categories.
b. a large number of broad categories.
c. a small number of broad categories.
d. a small number of specific categories.
Q:
Having a high tolerance for ambiguity is the ability to
a. understand ambiguous emotions.
b. ignore messages that do not meet our expectations.
c. distinguish between right and wrong.
d. follow situations into unfamiliar territory.
Q:
With media literacy, it is important to distinguish between exposure and attention.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Once the hurdles of physical, perceptual, and psychological exposure are cleared, attention to the message is guaranteed.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Stimuli that are outside the boundaries of human perception are called subliminal.
a. True
b. False
Q:
All psychological exposure happens consciously.
a. True
b. False
Q:
In the automatic state of exposure, people are exposed to media messages but are not aware of them.
a. True
b. False
Q:
People in the transported state lose track of their real-world environment and experience narrative time rather than real time.
a. True
b. False
Q:
In meaning matching, the goal is to make decisions about which messages to ignore.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The processes of meaning matching and meaning construction are intertwined.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Our ability to understand and control our emotions is called conceptual differentiation.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Field independency is our natural ability to distinguish between the signal and the noise in any message.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Matty and Spencer both read the same news article about the Presidents new gun control proposal, but based on their political affiliations and attitudes toward the President, they both had very different interpretations of the story. Matty and Spencer engaged in
a. biased reading.
b. meaning matching.
c. meaning construction.
d. None of the above
Q:
We can develop media literacy by
a. becoming more impulsive.
b. developing field dependency.
c. developing our natural abilities.
d. focusing on vertical thinking.
Q:
Our ability to understand and control our emotions is called
a. emotional tolerance.
b. emotional ability.
c. emotional intelligence.
d. emotional ambiguity.
Q:
The VALS typology is a type of psychographic segmentation.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Even if a person has a choice of 100 cable TV channels, a typical viewer watches 5 to 8 channels on a consistent basis.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Use of a remote control increases the number of channels a viewer consistently watches.
a. True
b. False