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Q:
18+ On a recent fundraising drive, most of the 30 volunteers raised between $10 and $50 each. However, Brian and Karen each raised over $100. Which of the following is true?
a) The amounts of money raised by Brian and Karen are outliers.
b) The data would best be represented three-dimensionally.
c) The data appear negatively skewed.
d) The data should be represented on a back-to-back stem-and-leaf display.
Q:
58 Given the following numbers: 1, 3, 4, 2, 3:a) Calculate X.b) Calculate X2c) Calculate CX, where C = 2
Q:
57 Suppose the following numbers represent test scores from students in this class: 80, 95, 75, 100.
a) What is X2?
b) What notation would be used to represent the sum of these test scores?
Q:
56 Describe two ways to obtain a random sample.
Q:
55 Briefly describe the benefits of random assignment to groups.
Q:
54 An instructor for a course in Psychology of Gender wanted to know if there are gender differences in whether or not students major in the sciences.
a) Name the independent variable.
b) Name the dependent variable.
c) Is the dependent variable discrete or continuous?
Q:
53 A drink manufacturer wanted to examine the effect of different can designs on sales.
a) Name the independent variable.
b) Name the dependent variable.
c) Is the dependent variable discrete or continuous?
Q:
52 Dr. Smith measured depressive symptoms using a questionnaire where scores could range from 0 to 40. Then, he used the clinical cutoff of a score of 16 to classify people as depressed or not depressed. Briefly describe the two types of data Dr. Smith had at his disposal.
Q:
51 Give one example of each of the following types of data:
a) nominal
b) ordinal
c) interval
d) ratio
Q:
50 Name three examples of continuous variables.
Q:
49 Name three examples of discrete variables.
Q:
48XY = XY.
Q:
47 If X1 = 1, X2 = 3, and X3 = 5 and C = 3, then CX = 12.
Q:
46 If X1 = 1, X2 = 3, and X3 = 5, then the X = 9.
Q:
45 A student measured the effect on test performance of listening to various types of music while studying. Test performance is a dependant variable.
Q:
44 A researcher randomly assigned clients to two conditions (a wait-list control group and a hypnosis group) and measured their smoking reduction. Smoking reduction is an independent variable.
Q:
43 A "variable" refers to data that is constant.
Q:
42 Height is a continuous variable.
Q:
41 Marital status (e.g., single, married, divorced/separated, widowed) is a discrete variable.
Q:
40 Classifying students by their major field of study is an example of nominal data.
Q:
39 Ranking students from the most popular to the least popular is an example of ratio data.
Q:
38 What does NOT count as "measurement?"
a) The assignment of numbers to behaviors
b) Matching verbal expressions to ratings of hostility
c) Assessment of behavior with only a weakly valid instrument
d) These are all examples of measurement.
Q:
37 Which of the following statements is NOT true about scales of measurement?
a) Measurement scales depend on the purpose for which you collected data.
b) Moving from ordinal to ratio scales represents an increase in the meaning assigned to numbers
c) Certain statistical procedures can only be performed with ratio data.
d) Measurement scales were, at least historically, tied to psychology's quest to be treated as a true science.
Q:
36 When _______ is used, every subject in a study has an equal chance of being placed in each of the groups being formed?
a) random assignment
b) equivalent groups
c) matching
d) selective assignment
Q:
35 Ordinal scales
a) are not really scales at all because they only provide numbers as arbitrary levels.
b) give information about differences between points on the scale.
c) provide information by ordering people, objects, or events along some continuum.
d) have a true zero point.
Q:
34+ Which of the following is most likely to be an independent variable?
a) running speeds
b) depression scores
c) paw-lick latencies
d) forms of therapy
Q:
33+ The use of different colored boxes in the above example is most likely to be a
a) continuous independent variable.
b) discrete independent variable.
c) continuous dependent variable.
d) discrete dependent variable.
Q:
32 A consumer researcher wanted to examine the effects of using different-colored boxes on shoppers' level of buying her brand of cereal. What is the dependent variable?
a) levels of buying
b) kind of cereal
c) different colored boxes
d) the consumer researcher
Q:
31+ Which of the following types of variables cannot be continuous?
a) nominal variables
b) independent variables
c) dependent variables
d) quantitative variables
Q:
30 Where X is a variable and C is a constant, which of the following equations is true?
Q:
29 Which of the following is NOT true of random number tables?
a) They can be used to draw random samples.
b) They can be used to assign participants to conditions.
c) They are only useful for drawing random numbers between 0 and 9.
d) It is appropriate to start at any place in the table when using it.
Q:
28 According to the text, the most important component of an experiment for giving us confidence that our results are meaningful is
a) random sampling.
b) random assignment.
c) summation notation.
d) the manipulation of the dependent variable.
Q:
27 Use of a sample not randomly selected in an experiment
a) makes random assignment impossible.
b) limits the degree to which the results can be generalized to the whole population.
c) requires the use of ratio scales of measurement.
d) interferes with the use of quantitative independent variables.
Q:
26 In an experiment, an independent variable is _______ and a dependent variable is _______.
a) manipulated, measured
b) measured, manipulated
c) continuous, manipulated
d) discrete, summation
Q:
25+ If a happiness scale had a true zero point, a score of zero would mean
a) low levels of happiness.
b) an absence of happiness.
c) an arbitrary level of happiness.
d) nothing useful.
Q:
24 A true zero point is characteristic of
a) all scales of measurement.
b) an interval scale.
c) a ratio scale.
d) none of the above
Q:
23 Which of the following is NOT an example of "assigning a number to an object"?
a) giving a sensitivity score to a roommate
b) measuring a child's IQ
c) giving a football player jersey #87
d) All of the above are examples of assigning numbers to objects.
Q:
22+ For the following equation, which mathematical operation should be performed first?a) 3 - 1b) 6 + 2c) 4 + 1d) 2 x 4
Q:
21+ For the set of numbers 1, 17, 19, 30, 87, X5 refers to
a) 1, 17, 19, 30.
b) 1, 17, 19, 30, 87.
c) 87.
d) 5.
Q:
20 What is wrong with the above study when generalizing to people in general?
a) The sample was not randomly assigned.
b) The sample was not random sampled from a larger population.
c) A nominal scale was used to measure the dependent variable.
d) Nothing was wrong with the above study.
Q:
19 In the above study, what is the independent variable?
a) weight
b) feedback
c) students
d) happiness
Q:
18+ Professor Jeffrey assigned each of his students a number and selected 20 for his study by using a table of random numbers. Professor Jeffrey was interested in how the type of feedback received would affect the level of happiness in his students. The students were either praised or insulted and then the levels of happiness were measured by a questionnaire administered at the end of the study. What is the dependent variable of this study?
a) praise
b) feedback
c) students
d) happiness
Q:
17+ Calculate ï“X2 with X1 = 2, X2 = 5.
a) 11
b) 29
c) 18
d) 49
Q:
16+ Which of the following is most certainly an ordinal scale?
a) football numbers
b) mailbox numbers
c) IQ scores
d) Celsius temperature scale
Q:
15 In an equation, a constant is
a) always represented by the letter "c."
b) a term that you can ignore.
c) another word for "variable."
d) a number that does not change its value in a given situation.
Q:
14 An important general rule given in the text is
a) always square values before you do anything else.
b) work algebraic equations from right to left.
c) perform operations that are within parentheses before you perform operations outside of parentheses.
d) operations can be performed in any order.
Q:
13+ The Greek letter ï“ is a symbol for
a) multiplication.
b) suppression.
c) the square root.
d) summation.
Q:
12+ Which of the following is a discrete variable?
a) gender
b) age
c) height
d) depression score
Q:
11+ Which of the following is least likely to be an example of an independent variable?
a) gender
b) age
c) treatment condition
d) test score
Q:
10 If we want to obtain a random sample of people to interview, we could best do so by
a) drawing random numbers from a table and linking a number to a person.
b) taking every 10th name out of the telephone book.
c) knocking on doors and interview whoever answers.
d) asking for volunteers.
Q:
9 When we use paw-lick latency as a measure of temperature sensitivity, latency is
a) an independent variable.
b) a categorical variable.
c) a continuous variable.
d) a discrete variable.
Q:
8 In the preceding question the independent variable is
a) stress.
b) adrenaline.
c) location.
d) the number of children treated for sleep disturbance.
Q:
7+ If we are comparing the adrenaline scores of children who live near an airport with those who live away from an airport, the dependent variable is
a) location.
b) adrenaline.
c) stress.
d) distance from the airport.
Q:
6 In the study of children living near an airport, we first need to be concerned about
a) the underlying scale of adrenaline scores.
b) the relationship between numerical scores on adrenaline and underlying stress.
c) whether adrenaline increases over time in a continuous fashion.
d) the number of children who showed high adrenaline scores.
Q:
5 Evans et al. (1998) recorded adrenaline levels of children who lived near a newly opened airport to see if the presence of the airport increased stress levels in children. (Increased stress would be associated with increases in adrenaline levels.) In this study we would most likely view adrenaline as
a) a ratio measurement of stress.
b) a nominal measure of stress.
c) somewhere between an ordinal and an interval measure of stress.
d) an absolute measure of stress.
Q:
4 When we are concerned about the measurement scale, we are concerned about
a) the numbers we have collected.
b) the underlying concept which we are trying to measure.
c) the interpretation we can give to our resulting statistics.
d) both the underlying concept and our interpretation of them.
Q:
3+ The major difference between an interval and a ratio scale is that
a) with an interval scale you know which values represent more of the quantity.
b) with an interval scale you can speak meaningfully about a score of 0.
c) with a ratio scale you can speak meaningfully about a score of 0.
d) both scales carry the same level of information
Q:
2+ Which scale really isn"t much of a scale at all?
a) nominal
b) ordinal
c) interval
d) ratio
Q:
1 Scales of measurement are important because
a) they influence the kinds of statistical tests we will use in at least a crude way.
b) they reflect the kinds of statements we may make about relationships between points on the scale.
c) they limit the kinds of conclusions we can draw from a study.
d) all of the above
Q:
61 Briefly describe the importance of random samples in statistics.
Q:
60 Describe a process to obtain a random sample of Olympic athletes from the 2006 Winter Games.
Q:
59 Name three samples that could be drawn from the population of all Olympic athletes from the 2006 Winter Games.
Q:
58 Name three types of categorical data.
Q:
57 Name three types of measurement data.
Q:
56 Indicate whether the following examples are of descriptive statistics or inferential statistics.
a) 40% of the students in this class are male.
b) Determine if students in the Advanced Calculus Class have higher scores on the Math portion of the SAT than the average student on campus.
c) The average grade on the first statistics exam.
Q:
55 Indicate whether the following are examples of testing relationships or differences.
a) Increased smoking during pregnancy is associated with lower birth weight of infants.
b) Males tend to engage in more physical aggression than females.
c) Students in the study skills course had higher grades than students who were not in the study skills course.
Q:
54 A non-profit organization is interested in identifying the need for subsidized childcare in a low-income neighborhood. They conduct phone interviews with 100 families who live there and find out that 25% of them need childcare.
a) What is the population of interest?
b) What is the sample?
c) Is their sampling technique a good way to represent the population of interest? Explain.
d) Is 25% a statistic or a parameter?
Q:
53 The drug company claims that only 6% of all patients experience severe side effects when using the new medication. An independent researcher reported that 10% of patients in his study of 300 patients using the new medication experienced severe side effects.
a) Does the drug company consider 6% to be a parameter or a statistic?
b) Is 10% a parameter or a statistic?
c) What inference might be drawn from these data?
Q:
52 A drug company is interested in testing the effectiveness of a new treatment for clinical depression by comparing the depressive symptoms of patients using the new drug to the depressive symptoms of patients using a drug that is already on the market. Is the drug company interested in relationships or differences?
Q:
51 Testing if increases in hours of sleep are associated with increases in grade point average is an example of testing a relationship rather than a difference.
Q:
50 The students who took the study skills course are a sample rather than a population.
Q:
49 Comparing the grade point average of students who took a study skills course to the grade point average of students who did not is an example of testing a relationship.
Q:
48 Comparing the grade point average of students who took a study skills course to the grade point average of students who did not is an example of inferential statistics rather than descriptive statistics.
Q:
47 The grade point average of a random sample of students surveyed in a dining hall is a statistic.
Q:
46 The grade point average of all freshmen at a particular university is a parameter.
Q:
45 The type of data, categorical or measurement is not an important consideration when selecting a statistical procedure.
Q:
44 When deciding which statistical procedure to use, the number of groups or variables is an important factor.
Q:
43 Grade point average is an example of categorical data rather than measurement data.
Q:
42 The number of males and females in this class is an example of categorical data rather than measurement data.
Q:
41 In which of the following experiments could we NOT use random assignment?
a) a comparison of groups receiving three different levels of a drug
b) a comparison of driving errors with and without consuming alcohol
c) the comparison of people from several religious groups in terms of acceptance of others' beliefs
d) None of the above could use random assignment.