Q&A Hero

Q: Originally, Social Security was a. created as a program for the wealthy. b. intended to provide a supplement to savings and other means of financial support. c. created as a health insurance program. d. a food program for the elderly poor.

Q: Social Security began in 1935 as an initiative by President a. Eisenhower. b. Roosevelt. c. Hoover. d. Coolidge.

Q: In terms of Social Security, since 1940, a. men collect payments about 3 years longer and women about 5 years longer. b. taxes on workers have gone up each year to cover the future costs of the program. c. people increasingly rely on personal savings and not on Social Security as their main form of income. d. the government has continuously increased the benefits paid from the program to all older adults.

Q: In fiscal year 2011, Social Security and Medicare accounted for________of all federal spending.a. 6% b. 16% c. 36% d. 46%

Q: In the 1980s, the United States Congress began making substantive changes in the benefits to older adults based on the concept of a. laissez-faire government. b. fiscal conservancy. c. corporal punishment. d. intergenerational fairness.

Q: In the 1970s, older were adults were portrayed as a. kind, gentle, and caring. b. ruthless and unfeeling. c. politically active, fiscally conservative, and selfish. d. politically active, liberal, and generous.

Q: In the 1970s, benefits paid from Social Security a. went directly into other social programs for the elderly. b. increased. c. decreased. d. were denied to many elderly individuals.

Q: Between 1959 and 2010, the number of older individuals living below the poverty line in the United States a. decreased. b. increased. c. remained constant. d. increased for women and decreased for men.

Q: In 1959, roughly_____ of older adults were below the federal poverty line. a. 35%b. 40%c. 44%d. 45%

Q: The increase in_____that has occurred over the past few decades may result in children feeling a lower sense of obligation to their parents, placing a greater burden for the care of aging adults on society. a. individualism b. divorce c. the average number of children per family d. poverty

Q: The rapid increase in the number of_______will force a reconsideration of the issues of discrimination and access to health care, goods, and services. a. elderly men b. elderly women c. ethnic minority older adults d. older people with chronic illnesses

Q: If the ratio of workers to retirees falls from 3:1 to 2:1 as is expected, then to maintain the level of benefits in programs such as Social Security, workers will have to______than workers do now. a. pay less taxes b. work longer hours c. pay significantly higher taxes d. work further into old age

Q: Which is true regarding the dependency ratio? a. the lower the number, the fewer the workers b. the higher the number, the more workers c. the lower the number, the more workers d. the higher the number, the fewer workers

Q: By 2030, the ratio of workers to retirees will likely be a. similar to the current level3:1. b. decrease to 2:1. c. increase to 4:1. d. unimportant because Social Security will not exist.

Q: The dependency ratio reflects which of the following? a. the number of children under the age of 18 living in the United States b. the number of people dependent upon others for activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) c. the number of people under age 15 and over age 64 d. the number of people over age 75

Q: The________ratio provides insight as to the number of people who have to provide support for those less able to do so. a. dependency b. financial responsibility c. Social Security d. quality of life

Q: Between now and 2030, older adults will come to expect to keep their more affluent lifestyles as well as the benefits they've accrued over their years of working. However, research indicates that a. they will not, on average, have the financial savings necessary to support these expectations. b. most will live in poverty. c. chronic health conditions will significantly reduce their life spans. d. lack of affordable prescription drugs will mean higher mortality rates at younger ages for older adults.

Q: By 2030, older adults in the United States will be a. better educated. b. politically sophisticated. c. proficient users of computers. d. all of these.

Q: Between now and 2030, the population of older adults will have a. doubled. b. tripled. c. quadrupled. d. decreased by 50%.

Q: Conflict between young/middle-aged adults and older adults has not traditionally been a source of serious problems in society because a. older adults made up a small portion of the overall population. b. family ties between adult children and their parents worked against conflict. c. middle-aged people were reluctant to withdraw support from programs for older individuals. d. all of the above are reasons why intergenerational conflict has remained low.

Q: One well-known intergenerational conflict is between adolescents and their parents. A lesser known conflict that may have increased potential in the future is between a. children and their grandparents. b. children and their adolescent siblings. c. the young-old and the old-old. d. young/middle-aged adults and older adults.

Q: Because resources in a society are never divided equally among groups, there is always the potential for____________ between generations.a. conflictb. mistrustc. disagreementd. hostility

Q: Because of the changing population trends in the United States, the chances of_____ conflict may increase. a. cultural b. familial c. intergenerational d. child-retiree

Q: ________represent(s) the largest generation ever to reach adulthood. a. Generation X b. The Millenials c. The baby boomers d. none of the above

Q: What is successful aging?

Q: Describe Vaillant's model of successful aging.

Q: What can be done to lower one's level of cholesterol?

Q: What are the benefits of regular exercise for older adults?

Q: What is tertiary prevention? Define and give examples.

Q: Describe programs aimed specifically at improving the health of older adults.

Q: What are some conclusions that can be drawn regarding health promotion programs and older adults?

Q: Discuss quality of life and its subjective nature.

Q: Describe and define the three parts of Medicare.

Q: Discuss some of the demographic changes that will be apparent by 2030.

Q: Erikson (1982) talked about successful aging as___________.

Q: Keeping a balance between gains and losses that occur over time and keeping the influence of nonaging factors to a minimum are the keys to__________.

Q: The ratio of body weight to height is known as______.

Q: High levels of HDLs are considered a_______ factor.

Q: Guidelines suggest that about 150 minutes of_________weekly, along with some whole body strength training and balance work, is enough to produce positive health benefits.

Q: Cognitive interventions to help people with Alzheimer's remember things is an example of a _______ prevention.

Q: ________is usually divided into environmental, physical, psychological, and social domains of well-being.

Q: Physician services, outpatient hospital services, and medical equipment and supplies are covered under Medicare Part _____.

Q: To be eligible for Medicare a person must (a) be over age 65, (b) must have permanent kidney failure, or (c)_____________.

Q: Over most of the life of Social Security,__________were greater than payments.

Q: ________was created to "give some measure of protection to the average citizen and his family against the loss of a job and against poverty-ridden old age."

Q: If spending patterns do not change, by 2030 expenditures for Social Security and Medicare are expected to consume roughly % of the entire gross domestic product (GDP) of the United States.

Q: By 2030, the proportion of older adults in the United States will have_________.

Q: Both Generation X and the Millenials will feel the brunt of the baby boomers. One concern is whether this will cause __________ conflict.

Q: ________represent the largest generation ever to reach older adulthood.

Q: A serious concern with Rowe and Kahn's model is that it may send a negative message that a. older people with health problems have not aged "successfully." b. older people in poverty have not aged "successfully." c. older people who do not have large social networks have not aged "successfully." d. only young people are beautiful.

Q: A criticism of Rowe and Kahn's theory of successful aging is a. it is not based on research conducted on representative samples. b. it is based on largely Western ideas of what successful aging is. c. it makes several key assumptions (such as people having access to health care) that may not be universally true. d. all of these are criticisms of the theory.

Q: What is the relationship between income and health? a. There is no association between these variables. b. Lower income is associated with greater access to health care, knowledge of healthy behaviors, and the ability to engage in them. c. Higher income is associated with greater access to health care, knowledge of healthy behaviors, and the ability to engage in them. d. Those with higher incomes take more medications because they can afford to purchase them.

Q: The term "successful aging" a. means living until the age 90 or longer. b. means living to the end of one's life with no disabilities or other chronic conditions. c. can be objectively measured as it means the same thing to all people. d. has no consensus regarding its definition or how it might be measured.

Q: In the selection, optimization, and compensation model (SOC), changing how you exercise after sustaining an injury represents a. selection. b. optimization. c. compensation. d. a passive strategy.

Q: In the selection, optimization, and compensation model (SOC), developing and choosing goals would be considered under a. selection. b. optimization. c. compensation. d. all of these.

Q: The research findings that having long-lived ancestors was important to health only up to age 60 and that stress- related diseases before age 50 were not predictive of longevity point to the notion that a. variables that predict health in early life may not in old age. b. only exercise and diet can reliably predict longevity. c. longevity cannot be determined. d. the theory of programmed cell death is true.

Q: Vaillant's model of successful aging includes three criteria related to social engagement and productive activity. Which of the following is not one of these criteria? a. good mental health b. objective social support c. self-rated life satisfaction in eight domains d. length of undisabled life

Q: Vaillant (2002) proposed a model of successful aging based upon six criteria. Three of these are related to health. Which one below is not one of Vaillant's health criteria? a. no physical disability at age 75 as rated by a physician b. no problems with IADLs c. length of undisabled life d. BMI of 25 or less

Q: While Rowe and Kahn's model of successful aging posits three criteria, Vaillant's model proposes __________ criteria. a. only one b. four c. six d. ten

Q: Dennis is 70 years old and feels good about his life. He is healthy, has a successful business, two grown daughters and a lovely wife, and continues to enjoy golfing with his friends. Dennis is a. aging successfully. b. likely to develop a life-threatening disease. c. likely to have financial problems in the future. d. none of these.

Q: Successful aging involves a. being in good health. b. continued high cognitive and physical competence. c. continued engagement with life. d. all of these.

Q: High BMIs and very low BMIs are both related to a. optimal health. b. lower rates of CVAs. c. increased mortality. d. high cholesterol rates.

Q: The________ one's body mass index, the greater the risk of health problems. a. greater b. lower c. more similar body weight is to d. less similar body weight is to

Q: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines healthy weight as having a BMI a. of less than 15. b. of less than 25. c. of more than 25. d. of more than 35.

Q: The ratio of body weight to height is known as a. body fat index. b. body health. c. body ratio. d. body mass index.

Q: Grief is an active coping process in which people must do several things. What are these things?

Q: What is the Patient Self-Determination Act?

Q: What is the focus of a hospice? Which individuals are most likely to be hospice clients?

Q: Why might older people be more accepting of death than younger people?

Q: What is the debate regarding life-sustaining care?

Q: Several countries tolerate physician-assisted suicide provided five criteria are met. What are these criteria?

Q: Differentiate between active and passive euthanasia.

Q: Do opinions about euthanasia vary cross-culturally? Give examples to support your argument.

Q: List the current criteria for whole-brain death.

Q: Describe the variations in how death is perceived cross-culturally. Give examples.

Q: Feelings of sadness experienced on the birthday of a person who died 10 years ago reflect a(n)____________________ reaction.

Q: The psychological aspect of coming to terms with bereavement is called_______.

Q: _________refers to the culturally influenced ways in which we express grief.

Q: In a___________, people state their wishes regarding life support and other treatments.

Q: Hospice care is an approach to assisting dying people that focuses on pain management, also known as ______________.