Q&A Hero

Q: Proactive policing is a cornerstone of community policing. a. True b. False

Q: Statutes that require lengthy prison sentences for those who are convicted of multiple felonies are: a. mandatory sentences. b. habitual offender laws. c. truth-in-sentencing laws. d. determinate sentencing.

Q: Statutorily determined punishments that must be applied to those who are convicted of specific crimes are: a. mandatory sentencing guidelines. b. habitual sentencing laws. c. indeterminate sentencing laws. d. determinate sentencing laws.

Q: Creating a feeling of security is one of the major purposes of police patrol. a. True b. False

Q: The detective bureau is considered the backbone of policing. a. True b. False

Q: A stipulation in many federal and state sentencing guidelines that allows a judge to adjust his or her sentencing decision based on the special circumstances of a particular case is called a(n) . a. aggravating circumstance b. departure c. disposition d. mitigating circumstance

Q: More than half the contacts the average police officer makes with citizens are for traffic-related matters. a. True b. False

Q: In an effort to eliminate the inequities of disparity by removing judicial bias from the sentencing process, many states and the federal government have turned to ____, which require judges to dispense legislatively determined sentences based on factors such as the seriousness of the crime and the offender's prior record. a. mandatory sentencing laws b. indeterminate sentencing laws c. sentencing guidelines d. truth-in-sentencing laws

Q: Sentencing guidelines require judges to determine a defendant's sentencing using: a. a list of statutorily created criminal sentences. b. a sentencing grid. c. a presentence investigation report. d. the prosecutor's recommendation.

Q: The average police officer can expect to make between 10 and 15 arrests per month for serious crimes. a. True b. False

Q: The time-in-rank system is designed to promote stability and fairness and to limit favoritism. a. True b. False

Q: A situation in which the length of a sentence appears to be influenced by a defendant's race, gender, economic status, or other factor not directly related to the crime he or she committed is: a. sentencing disparity. b. sentencing discrimination. c. sentencing bias. d. sentencing equity.

Q: College degrees may have little direct impact on promotion potentials for police officers. a. True b. False

Q: A situation in which those convicted of similar crimes do not receive similar sentences is: a. sentencing disparity. b. sentencing discrimination. c. sentencing bias. d. sentencing equity.

Q: Mitigating circumstances may include: a. a prior record. b. a passive role in the offense. c. use of a weapon. d. disregard for the safety of others.

Q: Most municipal police departments in the United States are linked to state police agencies and their administrative authority. a. True b. False

Q: A(n) circumstance is any circumstance accompanying the commission of a crime that may justify a harsher sentence. a. aggravating b. conviction c. mitigating d. real

Q: Private police outnumber public police. a. True b. False

Q: The Secret Service is housed by the US Justice Department. a. True b. False

Q: Any circumstance accompanying the commission of a crime that may justify a lighter sentence is known as a(n) ____. a. aggravating circumstance b. conviction circumstance c. mitigating circumstance d. real circumstance

Q: What is the primary factor in a judge's sentencing decision? a. aggravating circumstances b. judicial philosophy c. mitigating circumstances d. seriousness of the crime

Q: The US Marshals Service (USMS) is considered a Homeland Security Agency. a. True b. False

Q: Who prepares the presentence investigation report? a. the judge b. the probation officer c. the prosecutor d. the court clerk

Q: The O.J. Simpson case prompted a major era of police reform. a. True b. False

Q: Police unions really began to expand in the 1960s and continued to have a great impact on departmental administration in the 1980s. a. True b. False

Q: House arrest, electronic monitoring, and boot camp are all examples of: a. probation. b. incarceration. c. community service. d. alternative sanctions.

Q: A sum of money paid in compensation for damages done to the victim is: a. a fine. b. community service. c. restitution. d. bond.

Q: The first US police departments were created because of the need to control mob violence, which was common during the nineteenth century. a. True b. False

Q: Most early police reform efforts failed because they were initiated by persons outside of the law enforcement community. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following is NOT a judicial disposition? a. imprisonment b. fines c. parole d. probation

Q: _________________ rests on the assumption that a judge should be given ample leeway in determining punishments that fit both the crime and the criminal. a. Truthinsentencing b. Judicial discretion c. Sentencing guidelines d. Judicial disposition

Q: In colonial America, the sheriff did not patrol or seek out crime. a. True b. False

Q: Truth-in-sentencing laws, in the majority of states, require murderers and other offenders convicted of serious crime to serve at least of the sentence handed down by the judge. a. 60% b. 75% c. 85% d. 100%

Q: The forerunner of today's sheriff in medieval England was the constable. a. True b. False

Q: In medieval England, a group of 10 families who collectively dealt with minor disturbances and breaches of the peace was referred to as the watch system. a. True b. False

Q: What type of sentencing law requires that murderers and others convicted of serious crimes complete a certain percentage of their sentences with no time off for good behavior? a. determinate sentencing laws b. indeterminate sentencing laws c. mandatory sentencing laws d. truth-in-sentencing laws

Q: Thief takers were professional criminals that assisted burglars. a. True b. False

Q: A period of incarceration that is fixed by a sentencing authority and cannot be reduced by judges or other corrections officials is called sentencing. a. determinate b. indeterminate c. three strikes legislation d. truth-in

Q: Explain the concept of collaboration between federal, state, and local police agencies in regard to the war on terror.

Q: What type of sentencing occurs when a judge determines the minimum and maximum terms of imprisonment? a. determinate sentencing b. indeterminate sentencing c. mandatory sentencing d. truth-in sentencing

Q: Discuss, using specific examples, ways in which technology has changed law enforcement.

Q: Discuss the contributions of private security to the criminal justice system.

Q: Differentiate between the roles of state, county, and local law enforcement.

Q: "John reportedly used the stolen money to fuel his cocaine and gambling habits. While in prison, he can receive treatment and training to address these problems." This would be an explanation for which sentencing philosophy? a. deterrence b. incapacitation c. rehabilitation d. retribution

Q: Which of the following sentencing philosophies is viewed as the most humane? a. deterrence b. incapacitation c. just deserts d. rehabilitation

Q: "Incarcerated criminals are not a threat to the general society for the duration of their time behind bars." This would be a basic example for which sentencing philosophy? a. deterrence b. incapacitation c. rehabilitation d. retribution

Q: Discuss the functions of four major federal law enforcement agencies

Q: "Punishment is society's means of expressing condemnation of illegal acts such as embezzlement." This is the basic principle of which sentencing philosophy? a. deterrence b. incapacitation c. rehabilitation d. retribution

Q: Discuss the impact of technology on policing through the use of specific examples.

Q: What is the oldest and most common justification for punishment? a. deterrence b. incapacitation c. rehabilitation d. retribution

Q: Discuss three of the events that occurred between 1960 and present day that continue to influence modern policing.

Q: Discuss the roles and perception of early US police agencies and the impact of professionalism on the perception of the police.

Q: The strategy of preventing crime through the threat of punishment is called: a. deterrence. b. incapacitation. c. rehabilitation. d. retribution.

Q: Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic philosophical reasons for sentencing? a. deterrence b. incapacitation c. retribution d. revenge

Q: Discuss two problems confronting today's police departments. How do these challenges compare to the challenges faced during early days of policing?

Q: Describe the main issues of the death penalty debate.

Q: Discuss the English roots of policing, including an elaboration of how this history has influenced the structure, duties, and functions of modern US policing.

Q: A majority of predatory crimes are concentrated in geographic ________ that can be identified by crime mapping.

Q: Discuss the arguments for and against the use of victim impact statements during sentencing hearings.

Q: Using mathematical models, __________ can identify up to 250 characters (minutiae) of a fingerprint.

Q: Discuss sentencing guidelines.

Q: The __________________ is a public"private partnership geared primarily toward equipping the private sector with information and training to defend against terrorism.

Q: In medieval England, an appointed official who administered and supervised the legal affairs of a small community was referred to as a ______.

Q: Explain some of the reasons why sentencing reform has occurred.

Q: List three reasons for sentencing disparities.

Q: The Gun Control act of 1968 and the Organized Crime control act of 1970 gave this federal agency, the ______, power over illegal sale, importation, and criminal misuse of various commodities.

Q: Discuss the factors that determine a sentence.

Q: _____________ are typically set up for the purpose of sharing information and intelligence, emphasizing terrorism prevention and crime fighting with extensive use of technology.

Q: ____________________ gives the police the power to analyze detailed visuals of crime patterns.

Q: Provide three examples of aggravating and three examples of mitigating circumstances.

Q: Discuss who has input in the sentencing decision.

Q: The states' strategic plan for homeland security prioritizes _______, protection, and preparation to respond and recover.

Q: The __________, created in 1835, was one of the first state police agencies formed.

Q: Identify and describe the four forms of punishment.

Q: The FBI, DEA, ATF, and USMS are housed under the __________.

Q: Define and illustrate indeterminate sentencing, determinate sentencing and truth-in-sentencing laws as structures of sentencing.

Q: Discuss restorative justice.

Q: The ____________________ assists local and state authorities in investigating illegal drug use.

Q: The ____________________ are responsible for fugitive investigations.

Q: Identify, define, and discuss the four basic philosophical reasons for sentencing.