Q&A Hero

Q: The crime control, due process, and rehabilitation functions of a court are secondary to its ____________________ function.

Q: A client is protected by attorney-client privilege if the client reveals a past crime. a. True b. False

Q: According to social structure theory, an offender weighs the consequences and benefits of their actions before engaging in criminal behavior. a.True b.False

Q: It is possible that the link between crime and mental illness is spurious: that is, both mental illness and criminal behavior may be the result of some other, independent variable. a.True b.False

Q: If a defendant provides less than truthful information there is no attorney-client privilege. a. True b. False

Q: Research shows a link between mental illness and crime. a.True b.False

Q: It is possible for a person to waive his or her Sixth Amendment right to an attorney and act as his or her own defense attorney. a. True b. False

Q: Generally speaking, there are two different types of defense attorneys: (1) private attorneys, who are hired by individuals, and (2) public defenders, who work for the government. a. True b. False

Q: Subcultural values are handed down from one generation to the next through the culture of poverty. a.True b.False

Q: Trajectory theory suggests that human development is controlled by a "master" latent trait. a.True b.False

Q: Prosecutors in every state and in the federal government are elected officials and must answer to the voters. a. True b. False

Q: Prosecutors are generally considered the most dominant figures in the American criminal justice system. a. True b. False

Q: Most offenders possess a gun, which explains why many anticrime advocates are against gun ownership. a.True b.False

Q: Marital status has no influence on one's likelihood of victimization. a.True b.False

Q: The attorney general is the chief law enforcement officer in any state. a. True b. False

Q: The clerk of the court has an exhausting list of responsibilities, including recording every word that is said in the courtroom. a. True b. False

Q: The courtroom workgroup consists of the judge and jury. a. True b. False

Q: Judges, prosecutors, and defense attorneys typically do not cooperate with one another. a. True b. False

Q: Young people face a much higher rate of victimization than older individuals. a.True b.False

Q: As most cases are decided through plea bargains rather than through trial proceedings, the judge often offers his or her services as a negotiator to help the prosecution and the defense "make a deal." a. True b. False

Q: Self-report studies indicate a significant rise in the number of teens using drugs. a.True b.False

Q: Most judges, in fact, work at the appellate level of the system. a. True b. False

Q: Supreme Court Justices may write concurring opinions, outlining the reason why they feel the majority's decision erred. a. True b. False

Q: Arrest and punishment is highly effective at deterring chronic offenders. a.True b.False

Q: There is no absolute right to appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court. a. True b. False

Q: Chronic offenders are serious and persistent offenders who are responsible for a small portion of a serious criminal behavior. a.True b.False

Q: Every state has at least one federal district court. a. True b. False

Q: The elderly crime rate has remained stable for the past 20 years. a.True b.False

Q: Deteriorating neighborhoods attract law violators; this is known as the relative deprivation hypothesis. a.True b.False

Q: The highest appellate court in a state is usually called the supreme court. a. True b. False

Q: Crime rates are highest in the fall months. a.True b.False

Q: Minor criminal matters, such as traffic violations, prostitution, and drunk and disorderly conduct, are typically handled in courts with limited jurisdiction. a. True b. False

Q: In the federal court system, there are nine U.S. courts of appeals. a. True b. False

Q: The availability of legalized abortion is one factor that has recently been theorized to explain the drop in crime rates. a.True b.False

Q: Domestic courts and mental health courts are considered to be specialty courts. a. True b. False

Q: Research suggests that gang members are responsible for a large proportion of all violent offenses committed during the adolescent years. a.True b.False

Q: Research shows that immigrants are much more crime prone than the general population, so that as the number of immigrants increases, per capita crime rates increase dramatically. a.True b.False

Q: Every state has at least one court of appeals (known as an appellate, or reviewing, court). a. True b. False

Q: An appellate court will rarely question a jury's decision; instead, the appellate judges will review the manner in which the facts and evidence were provided to the jury, and rule on whether errors were made in the process. a. True b. False

Q: While there are differences between crime data sources, the crime patterns and trends that are recorded are often very similar. a.True b.False

Q: Trial courts are primarily concerned with questions of law. a. True b. False

Q: The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) requires local police agencies to provide a brief account of each incident and arrest within 22 crime patterns, including incident, victim, and offender information. a.True b.False

Q: The U.S. military has jurisdiction over active personnel who commit crimes, even if those crimes occur outside the course of duty. a. True b. False

Q: The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) provides information on the personal characteristics of offenders that is not available from any other sources, such as attitudes, values, and beliefs. a.True b.False

Q: Explain what the "public safety exception" is with regard to the Miranda warning.

Q: Over the past 20 years, the crime rate in the United States has been steadily increasing. a.True b.False

Q: About two-thirds of Americans believe crime is increasing, despite the fact that crime has been decreasing for 20 years. a.True b.False

Q: Discuss the situations in which the Miranda warning is unnecessary.

Q: Approximately 75 percent of Americans self-report having a gun at home or elsewhere on their property. a.True b.False

Q: Why are ethics important in criminal justice? Choose a component of the justice system and discuss ethical issues of importance.

Q: List and explain the nine exceptions to the requirement for a search warrant.a) Incident to lawful arrestpolice officers may search the area within immediate

Q: Discuss when a police officer can make an arrest without a warrant.

Q: Discuss the role of ethics in the monitoring of sexual offenders from the perspective of two different personnel in the criminal justice system (police officer, corrections officer, defense attorney, prosecutor, etc.).

Q: List and explain the four elements that are needed for a police officer to make an arrest.

Q: Compare and contrast the rehabilitation perspective of criminal justice to the restorative justice perspective of criminal justice. How do these two perspectives differ and why?

Q: Explain the difference between a stop and a frisk, and indicate the importance of the case Terry v. Ohio(1968).

Q: Compare the crime control perspective of criminal justice to the due process perspective of criminal justice. How do these two perspectives differ and why? Elaborate how the use of one of the alternate perspectives on justice might change society's view on crime and criminals.

Q: The "wedding cake" model is an alternative to the traditional criminal justice flowchart. Using specific examples, elaborate the "wedding cake" model. Address how society and the justice system respond to crimes committed at each level.

Q: What is the plain view doctrine and what is the criteria that officers must meet to make a warrantless seizure under this doctrine?

Q: Discuss how the criminal justice assembly line results in the concept of a "criminal justice funnel." What are the potential consequences of this model on society?

Q: List the eight exceptions to the requirement that law enforcement officers have a search warrant.

Q: Explain how the formal criminal justice system differs from the informal criminal justice system. What factors in the formal system of criminal justice impact and influence the informal criminal justice system?

Q: What type of information must law enforcement officers provide to a judge or magistrate to get a search warrant?

Q: Compare and contrast two of the perspectives on justice. Which perspective would you advocate, and why?

Q: Explain under which circumstances law enforcement may search an automobile without a warrant.

Q: Explain what a "pretextual stop" is.

Q: Explain why Herbert Packer describes the criminal justice process as an assembly line.

Q: Discuss the scope of the current criminal justice system.

Q: List and discuss the four categories of items that can be seized by use of a search warrant.

Q: Contemporary criminal justice agencies are political entities whose structure and function are lodged within the ___, ___, and ___ branches of the government.

Q: The inevitable discovery rule states the legal principle that illegally obtained evidence can be admissible in court if police using lawful means would have "inevitably" discovered it. Provide an example of a situation in which this rule would apply.

Q: Explain the exclusionary rule and the exceptions to it.

Q: __________ is a money bond levied to ensure the return of the defendant for the criminal trial.

Q: According to the criminal justice assembly line, each stage is actually a _______________ through which the cases flow.

Q: Outline and discuss the four major sources that may provide probable cause.

Q: The Amendment guarantees protection against self-incrimination.

Q: Advocates of the ________________ perspective lobby for the abolition of legal restrictions on a police officer's ability to search for evidence and interrogate suspects. They do not want offender's to go free on a technicality.

Q: Advocates of the ________________ perspective view the efforts of the state to punish and control crime as encouraging crime rather than discouraging it.

Q: When an offense is committed in the presence of a police officer, the officer may make a __________________________________.

Q: The ____________________ perspective has influenced the development of sentencing policies that emphasize mandatory punishments.