Q&A Hero

Q: A law enforcement officer needs reasonable suspicion or probable cause that a crime has taken place when using the "knock and talk" strategy. a. True b. False

Q: If a court finds that a person has been physically threatened or otherwise coerced into giving consent, the search is invalid. a. True b. False

Q: About ____ percent of misdemeanors are settled without a trial. a. 30 b.50 c. 70 d. 90

Q: Approximately ____ percent of felony cases are settled without a trial. a. 20 b.40 c. 60 d. 80

Q: Law enforcement officers are not allowed to access cell phone records of those locations without a warrant to trace the movement of suspects. a. True b. False

Q: The most frequent exception to the warrant requirement involves searches with consent. a. True b. False

Q: The case of Jared Lee Loughner, who shot Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords, is an example of _______ of the "wedding cake" model of justice. a. Level I b. Level II c. Level III d. Level IV

Q: For every 1000 serious crimes, about ____ percent are reported to the police. a. 15 b.35 c. 50 d.75

Q: A seizure is the act of taking possession of a person or property. a. True b. False

Q: For every 1000 serious crimes, about _____ adults are sent to prison. a. 5 b.10 c. 20 d.30

Q: At what stage of the formal criminal justice process does the defendant enter a plea of guilty or not guilty?a. Arraignmentb. Criminal trialc. Preliminary hearingd. Bail hearing

Q: When using a search warrant, law enforcement officers are justified in seizing items resulting from the crime in question. a. True b. False

Q: In California v Greenwoodthe U.S. Supreme Court felt that the suspect had a reasonable expectation of privacy when it came to his garbage bags. a. True b. False

Q: UnitedStatesv.Leonestablished the "good faith" exception to the exclusionary rule. a. True b. False

Q: If the prosecution can present sufficient evidence, the grand jury will issue a(n) ____, which specifies the exact charges on which the accused must stand trial. a. true bill of indictment b. information c. charging bill d. nolle prosequi

Q: In the formal criminal justice process, all defendants must go through which stage to ensure proper sentencing/punishment/dismissal/closure? a. Arraignment b.Criminal trial c. Grand jury hearing d. Bail hearing

Q: Which of the following is not a reason for a nolle prosequithe term used when a prosecutor decides to drop a case after a complaint has been formally made? a. Race of the defendant b. Insufficient evidence c. Reluctance of witnesses to testify d. Police error

Q: The exclusionary rule prohibits the use of illegally seized evidence. a. True b. False

Q: Most arrests are made without prior judicial approval in the form of a warrant because most arrests are the result of quick police reaction to the commission of a crime. a. True b. False

Q: What percentage of cases proceeds to a criminal trial? a. 1 percent b. 10 percent c. 25 percent d. 50 percent

Q: The burden of probable cause requires more than the mere suspicion on a police officer's part. a. True b. False

Q: Which of the following stages of the criminal justice process comes earliest in the process? a. Charging b. Investigation c. Preliminary hearing d. Arraignment

Q: Discretion by police officers occurs during the first four stages of the criminal justice process. In order, what are those stages? a. Initial contact, arrest, charging, custody b. Initial contact, investigation, arrest, charging c. Initial contact, investigation, arrest, custody d. Initial contact, arrest, investigation, charging

Q: Information provided by an informant is not sufficient to establish probable cause; rather, physical evidence must be present. a. True b. False

Q: The right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure is contained within the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution. a. True b. False

Q: Case 6-2 Officer Martinez pulls over Heather for speeding. As he is getting out of his vehicle, he hears over the radio that a stabbing just occurred a few blocks away. The suspect in the stabbing was described as a young female with red hair. As Officer Martinez approaches the car, he notices the female that is driving the car has red hair. He also notices that there is a bloody knife in the back seat of the vehicle. Officer Martinez immediately calls for backup and orders Heather out of the vehicle. Heather was brought into the police department for questioning. Detectives start questioning Heather about the stabbing. Heather chooses not to incriminate herself and refuses to provide information about the crime. Which constitutional amendment allows Heather to remain silent? a. Fourth Amendment b. Fifth Amendment c. Sixth Amendment d. Eighth Amendment

Q: Criminal justice can be viewed as a process that takes an offender through a series of decision points, beginning with arrest and concluding with reentry. Which of the following is an extralegal factor that critics argue may be involved in this process?a. Offender's race b. Offender's prior recordc. Seriousness of offense d. Available evidence

Q: Case 6-2 Officer Martinez pulls over Heather for speeding. As he is getting out of his vehicle, he hears over the radio that a stabbing just occurred a few blocks away. The suspect in the stabbing was described as a young female with red hair. As Officer Martinez approaches the car, he notices the female that is driving the car has red hair. He also notices that there is a bloody knife in the back seat of the vehicle. Officer Martinez immediately calls for backup and orders Heather out of the vehicle. Which case announced that a warrantless search of a vehicle is allowed if the arresting officer believes that the car contains evidence pertinent to the same crime for which the arrest took place? a. NewYorkv.Belton b. Arizonav.Gant c. Coolidgev.NewHampshire d. Burgerv.NewYork

Q: What is known about the correctional population in the United States? a. The correctional population has been consistently decreasing over the past decade with 5 million people currently under the control of the correctional system. b. The correctional population currently consists of 7 million people under correctional supervision. c. The correctional population has fluctuated widely over the past decade with 21 million people currently under the control of the correctional system. d. The correctional population has decreased dramatically over the past decade and now consists of 2 million people under the control of the correctional system.

Q: Which of the following is not required as a legal condition for an arrest? a. Probable cause b. Deprivation of the individual's freedom c. Use of handcuffs d. Belief by the suspect that he or she is in police custody

Q: There are about ____ people employed in local, state, and county law enforcement agencies.a. 350,000 b. 500,000c. 1.1 million d. 2 million

Q: Case 6-2 Officer Martinez pulls over Heather for speeding. As he is getting out of his vehicle, he hears over the radio that a stabbing just occurred a few blocks away. The suspect in the stabbing was described as a young female with red hair. As Officer Martinez approaches the car, he notices the female that is driving the car has red hair. He also notices that there is a bloody knife in the back seat of the vehicle. Officer Martinez immediately calls for backup and orders Heather out of the vehicle. Officer Martinez places Heather in handcuffs and has her sit in the back seat of his police car. While Heather is being watched by the backup officer, Officer Martinez goes into the back seat of Heather's car and seizes the bloody knife and places it into an evidence bag. Which exception allows Officer Martinez to legally seize the bloody knife? a. abandoned property b. border searches c. plain view d. stop and frisk

Q: Case 6-1 Detective Collins was conducting an investigation on an individual who was suspected of being a drug dealer. Detective Collins and his team often used an informant who was able to provide specific information that the suspect often sold drugs out of his home. Previous information provided by this informant has proven to be reliable. Detective Collins also conducted surveillance on the suspect's home. Detective Collins saw many people walking up to the window located on the south side of the suspect's house. The individuals would walk up to the window and knock three times. Moments later an individual would open the window and hand something to the individual outside. Detective Collins and his team, with their arrest warrant, went to the suspect Jack's home. They knocked on the door. Jack was not home but when the suspect's brother, Tom, opened the door, he let them into the home. Detective Collins and his team asked if they could look around for the suspect. Tom said it was fine for the officers to look around the home. Soon after, Detective Collins found approximately 100 crack rocks on the table next to a window in one of the bedrooms. Which exception to the search warrant requirement allowed Detective Collins to seize the crack cocaine? a. incident to a lawful arrest b. consent c. stop and frisk d. hot pursuit

Q: The corrections system is vast and costs federal, state, and local governments approximately $_____ billion annually.a. $75 b. $110c. $165 d. $264

Q: Case 6-1 Detective Collins was conducting an investigation on an individual who was suspected of being a drug dealer. Detective Collins and his team often used an informant who was able to provide specific information that the suspect often sold drugs out of his home. Previous information provided by this informant has proven to be reliable. Detective Collins also conducted surveillance on the suspect's home. Detective Collins saw many people walking up to the window located on the south side of the suspect's house. The individuals would walk up to the window and knock three times. Moments later an individual would open the window and hand something to the individual outside. With the information received from the informant and his undercover operation and surveillance of the suspect, Detective Collins believed that he established probable cause, which meant that he would now be able to obtain an arrest warrant. Who is the only individual that can issue an arrest warrant? a. chief of police b. detective c. judge or magistrate d. prosecutor

Q: The contemporary criminal justice system can be divided into three main components: a. law enforcement, the courts, and the legislature. b. the courts, the correctional system, and the legislature. c. law enforcement, the courts, and the correctional system. d. law enforcement, the correctional system, and the legislature.

Q: Federal funding makes up ___ percent of the contemporary criminal justice system. a. 10 b. 19 c. 27 d. 38

Q: The mean state corrections expenditure per inmate in approximately _______ per year. a. $12,000 b. $18,000 c. $28,000 d. $40,000

Q: Case 6-1 Detective Collins was conducting an investigation on an individual who was suspected of being a drug dealer. Detective Collins and his team often used an informant who was able to provide specific information that the suspect often sold drugs out of his home. Previous information provided by this informant has proven to be reliable. Detective Collins also conducted surveillance on the suspect's home. Detective Collins saw many people walking up to the window located on the south side of the suspect's house. The individuals would walk up to the window and knock three times. Moments later an individual would open the window and hand something to the individual outside. If Detective Collins went undercover and approached the window of the suspect's home and purchased crack cocaine, what source of probable cause would this be? a. personal observation b. information c. evidence d. association

Q: Case 6-1 Detective Collins was conducting an investigation on an individual who was suspected of being a drug dealer. Detective Collins and his team often used an informant who was able to provide specific information that the suspect often sold drugs out of his home. Previous information provided by this informant has proven to be reliable. Detective Collins also conducted surveillance on the suspect's home. Detective Collins saw many people walking up to the window located on the south side of the suspect's house. The individuals would walk up to the window and knock three times. Moments later an individual would open the window and hand something to the individual outside. Conducting surveillance on the suspect's home is what source of probable cause? a. personal observation b. information c. evidence d. association

Q: Case 6-1 Detective Collins was conducting an investigation on an individual who was suspected of being a drug dealer. Detective Collins and his team often used an informant who was able to provide specific information that the suspect often sold drugs out of his home. Previous information provided by this informant has proven to be reliable. Detective Collins also conducted surveillance on the suspect's home. Detective Collins saw many people walking up to the window located on the south side of the suspect's house. The individuals would walk up to the window and knock three times. Moments later an individual would open the window and hand something to the individual outside. What source of probable cause would be what the informantprovided to Detective Collins? a. personal observation b. information c. evidence d. association

Q: What commission, appointed by President Herbert Hoover, made a detailed analysis of the US justice system and helped usher in the era of treatment and rehabilitation? a. Chicago Crime Commission b. American Bar Foundation Commission c. Wickersham Commission d. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice

Q: Which of the following statements is true? a. During the nineteenth century, the United States experienced a surge in violent behavior. b. Organized gangs flourished in the largest cities of the United States in the early 1900s. c. The first criminal gangs formed before the Civil War in urban slums. d. All of the statements are true.

Q: If a suspect indicates that he or she does not wish to be questioned by police, thereby refusing to waive his or her Mirandarights, the officers should: a. send another officer in to continue questioning the suspect. b. attempt to convince the suspect to waive his or her Miranda rights. c. stop questioning the suspect immediately. d. continue questioning the suspect, but only until his or her attorney arrives.

Q: Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between criminal justice and the media? a. The media routinely features stories exposing brutal cops and violent prisons. b. Most criminal defendants receive a lengthy trial by jury in media representations of cases. c. The media leads many individuals to false impressions and unrealized expectations about criminal justice. d. All of the above statements are true regarding the relationship between criminal justice and the media.

Q: For Miranda to be required, a suspect must be in custody and also: a. transported to the police station. b. restrained in handcuffs. c. held at the police station. d. interrogated.

Q: A courtroom work group is made up of a prosecutor and defense attorney and helps to streamline the process of justice through the extensive use of deal making and plea bargaining.a. Trueb. False

Q: The direct questioning of a suspect to gather evidence of criminal activity and try to gain a confession is called a(n): a. frisk. b. interrogation. c. seizure. d. interview.

Q: What is the legal basis for the Miranda warning? a. First Amendment b. Fourth Amendment c. Fifth Amendment d. Eighth Amendment

Q: Federal funding accounts for most of all direct justice system spending. a. True b. False

Q: There has been a substantial decline in the crime rate, yet more than 11 million individuals are still arrested annually. a. True b. False

Q: According to the textbook, which of the following is NOTone of the exigent circumstances that exempt law enforcement officers from having to "knock and announce" their identity before entering a dwelling of an arrest warrant? a. a felony is being committed at the time the officer enters b. no one is home at the time of the execution of the warrant c. persons inside are destroying evidence d. suspect is armed and poses a strong threat

Q: A(n) is a situation that requires extralegal or exceptional actions by the police. In these circumstances, police officers are justified in not following procedural rules, such as those pertaining to search and arrest warrants. a. exclusionary circumstance b. exigent circumstance c. rare circumstance d. reasonable circumstance

Q: Use of discretion at all levels of the criminal justice system is one way in which ethical considerations arise. a. True b. False

Q: An ethical issue that has received recent attention is that of sexual violence by correctional officers against inmates. a. True b. False

Q: The issue of ethics is becoming less important in the criminal justice system, due to an increasing number of checks and balances. a. True b. False

Q: Arrest warrants are written orders based on probable cause and issued by a: a. law enforcement officer. b. prosecuting attorney. c. grand jury. d. judge.

Q: What is the justification required to make an arrest? a. exclusionary evidence b. mere suspicion c. probable cause d. reasonable suspicion

Q: Noninterventionists support the placement of first-time offenders who commit minor crimes into informal community-based treatment programs. a. True b. False

Q: A(n) is the taking into custody of a citizen for the purpose of detaining him or her on a criminal charge. a. arrest b. frisk c. seizure d. stop

Q: Decriminalization of marijuana would most likely be advocated by those having a perspective of equal justice. a. True b. False

Q: The crime control perspective views the justice system as a means of caring for and treating people who cannot manage themselves. a. True b. False

Q: What is the scope of the search during a stop? a. area within the suspect's immediate control b. area within the suspect's reach c. nothing can be searched d. outer clothing only

Q: Which case law established stop and frisk? a. Carrollv.UnitedStates b. Mappv.Ohio c. Terryv.Ohio d. Weeksv.UnitedStates

Q: The purpose of a frisk is to discover: a. weapons. b. evidence. c. the suspect's identity. d. narcotics.

Q: Less serious felonies make up the bottom layer (Level 4) of the criminal justice system wedding cake. a. True b. False

Q: In a probable cause hearing, the defendant and his or her attorney may appear and dispute the prosecutor's charges. a. True b. False

Q: A pat-down or minimal search by police to discover weapons with the purpose of protecting the officer or other citizens, and not to find evidence of illegal substances for use in a trial, is referred to as a(n): a. arrest b. frisk c. seizure d. stop

Q: Police officers can arrest someone if they have a "gut feeling" that the person is guilty of a criminal offense. a. True b. False

Q: To determine whether a stop is based on reasonable suspicion, the court uses a test. a. probable cause b. justification c. beyond a reasonable doubt d. totality of the circumstances

Q: Most criminal cases are processed through the entire formal justice system. a. True b. False

Q: The contemporary criminal justice system is society's instrument of formal social control. a. True b. False

Q: In a(n) the intent of the officer is to investigate suspicious activity. a. arrest b. stop c. frisk d. seizure

Q: A(n) is a brief detention of a person by law enforcement agents for questioning. a. arrest b. frisk c. seizure d. stop

Q: The of 1978 allowed for surveillance of a suspect without a warrant as long as the "primary purpose" of the surveillance was to investigate foreign spying and not to engage in criminal law enforcement. a. Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act b. Patriot Act c. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act d. Surveillance Enforcement Act

Q: The police department was created in the United States; the first formed in Philadelphia after the Civil War. a. True b. False

Q: Of the components in the Criminal Justice System, usually the correctional component comes before the other two components. a. True b. False

Q: Given the invasiveness of electronic surveillance, the Supreme Court has generally held that the practice is prohibited by _____________________. a. the Fourth Amendment b. the Fifth Amendment c. the Sixth Amendment d. the Eighth Amendment

Q: The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) continues to provide grants to local and state justice agencies to fund criminal justice activities. a. True b. False

Q: Crime is higher today than it was in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. a. True b. False