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Q:
regulates perceptions of pleasure and reward.
Q:
Dopamine is considered a , responsible for delivering pleasure signals to brain nerve endings in response behaviors that make us feel good.
Q:
is the scientific study of mental processes and behavior.
Q:
A proposition that can be tested by researchers to determine if it is valid is a(n) .
Q:
Chemical messages known as have been linked to criminal activity.
Q:
A is an explanation of a happening or circumstance that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning.
Q:
are researchers who study the causes of crime.
Q:
The refers to the actual amount of crime that takes place.
Q:
allow the victims of crime to speak directly to crime experts about their experiences.
Q:
Part II offenses are measured only by data.
Q:
The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) are compiled by the .
Q:
describes an illegal act or series of acts committed by an individual or business entity using some nonviolent means to obtain a personal or business advantage.
Q:
Prostitution and gambling are examples of .
Q:
is the act of taking property from another person through force, threat of force, or intimidation.
Q:
Prescription drugs are the most widely abused drugs after marijuana.a. Trueb. False
Q:
Heroin is the most often used drug in the United States.a. Trueb. False
Q:
Those who suffer from mental illnesses are much more likely to be victims of crime than perpetrators.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Women are much more likely to be victims of intimate partner violence.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Young African American males from urban neighborhoods are the most common victims of crime.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Crimes that involve strangers most often target women.
a. True
b. False
Q:
All individuals are at equal risk of being victimized by crime.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Victimology is a school of criminology that studies why certain people are the victims of crimes and the optimal role for victims in the criminal justice system.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Trait theorists believe that crime is best addressed by punishing criminal offenders.
a. True
b. False
Q:
All life course theorists believe in the continuitytheoryofcrime.
a. True
b. False
Q:
There are currently no theories that associate physical characteristics with criminality.
a. True
b. False
Q:
A correlation between variables means that one variable causes change in another variable.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Crime is an overwhelmingly male activity.
a. True
b. False
Q:
There are potential criminal penalties for subjects who admit to criminal activity in a self-reported survey.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The dark figure of crime refers to those offenses that are committed, but are unknown to the police.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Victim surveys are used to collect data from criminals and victims of crime.
a. True
b. False
Q:
UCR Part I offenses include attempted as well as completed crimes.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Part I offenses are recorded by the FBI to give a general idea of the "crime picture" in the United States.
a. True
b. False
Q:
There are seven Part II offenses listed in the UCR.
a. True
b. False
Q:
UCR crime rates are expressed per 10,000 people.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The UCR presents crime data collected annually from local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Gambling is considered to be a white-collar crime.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Robbery is considered a violent crime.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Assault and battery are the same crime.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Robbery is the unlawful entry of a structure with the intention of committing a serious crime such as theft.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Mayor Smith asks Chief Gomez how crime rates have changed since he became the chief of police in 1990. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true of crime trends in Anytown, USA if they are the same as national crime trends?
a. Total crime rates dropped in Anytown, USA from 1990 to 2000.
b. Total crime rates increased in Anytown, USA from 1990 to 2000.
c. The homicide rate dropped but the burglary rate increased from 1990 to 2000.
d. The burglary rate dropped but the auto theft rate increased from 1990 to 2000.
Q:
Chief Gomez asks Mayor Smith if he has any further questions. Mayor Smith asks the chief how they know the true number of crimes if there are people who do not report crimes to the police and the police never become aware of the crime. Chief Gomez explains that this is known as the:
a. hidden figure of crime.
b. dark prediction of crime.
c. dark figure of crime.
d. hidden prediction of crime.
Q:
Chief Gomez explains that the report is divided into two major categories: Part I and Part II offenses. Mayor Smith asks the difference between the two reports. Chief Gomez explains that Part I offenses are more serious offenses. Chief Gomez gives the mayor examples of Part I offenses. Which of the following would not be considered a Part I offense?
a. aggravated assault
b. drug abuse violations
c. motor vehicle theft
d. robbery
Q:
Case 2-2
Mayor Smith is the newly elected mayor of Anytown, USA. He is concerned with the increasing crimes rates in his city. He schedules a meeting with Chief Gomez, who has been the chief of the police department since 1990. He plans to discuss crime trends and ways to collect data to be able to measure the overall crime rate in Anytown, USA.
Mayor Smith asks what specific information is measured by this report. Chief Gomez explains that the report measures all of the following except:
a. the number of persons arrested.
b. the number of crimes reported by victims, witnesses, or the police themselves.
c. the number of law enforcement officers.
d. the number of persons convicted of crimes.
Q:
Case 2-2
Mayor Smith is the newly elected mayor of Anytown, USA. He is concerned with the increasing crimes rates in his city. He schedules a meeting with Chief Gomez, who has been the chief of the police department since 1990. He plans to discuss crime trends and ways to collect data to be able to measure the overall crime rate in Anytown, USA.
Mayor Smith asks Chief Gomez if there is an annual report compiled to give an indication about how much criminal activity there is in Anytown, USA. He also wants to compare Anytown's crime rates to other cities of the same population in the United States. Chief Gomez explains that the U.S. Department of Justice releases such a report. What is the name of this report that Chief Gomez is talking about?
a. NCVS
b. self-reported surveys of criminals
c. UCR
d. NIBRS
Q:
Jane and her family moved to a new apartment in a high-crime neighborhood. The community has higher high school drop-out rates, vast unemployment, and many single-parent families. Jane starts committing even more crime. What theory would best explain Jane's criminal behavior?
a. strain theory
b. social disorganization theory
c. learning theory
d. control theory
Q:
Jane's mother says that she is not surprised that Jane committed this crime. Jane's uncle is a criminal who has committed many crimes, ranging from larceny to assault. He is now in prison for the crime of robbery. However, prior to his incarceration he spent the entire summer with Jane while Jane's mother was at work. What theory would explain Jane's crime if she was taught the skills to participate in crime by her uncle?
a. strain theory
b. social disorganization theory
c. learning theory
d. control theory
Q:
Case 2-1
Tina's mother bought Tina a new pair of jeans when she received all A's on her report card. Jane was jealous that Tina got new jeans because she wanted the same pair of jeans. But, Jane's parents were not able to afford them. One day, Jane skipped school and broke into Tina's house when she knew no one would be home. Jane took the jeans from Tina's bedroom and left the house.
What crime did Jane commit?
a. assault
b. burglary
c. fraud
d. robbery
Q:
Case 2-1
Tina's mother bought Tina a new pair of jeans when she received all A's on her report card. Jane was jealous that Tina got new jeans because she wanted the same pair of jeans. But, Jane's parents were not able to afford them. One day, Jane skipped school and broke into Tina's house when she knew no one would be home. Jane took the jeans from Tina's bedroom and left the house.
What category of crime did Jane commit?
a. violent crime
b. property crime
c. public order crime
d. white-collar crime
Q:
According to , crime occurs when three factors are present: a likely offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian.
a. choice theory
b. social disorganization
c. social process theory
d. routine activities theory
Q:
Which one is NOT one of the characteristics of someone with low self control?
a. rationality
b. impulsivity
c. thrill seeking
d. violence
Q:
states that lying, stealing, bullying, and other conduct problems that occur in childhood are the strongest predictors of future criminal behavior.
a. Learning theory
b. Life course criminology
c. Psychological theory
d. Control theory
Q:
_______________________ subscribe to the continuitytheory of crime, which essentially says that once negative behavior patterns have been established, they cannot be changed.
a. Learning theorists
b. Life course theorists
c. Selfcontrol theorists
d. Control theorists
Q:
More than of all prison and jail inmates in the United States have mental health problems.
a. one third
b. half
c. two thirds
d. three quarters
Q:
Sutherland's holds that individuals are exposed to the values of family and
peers such as school friends or co-workers.
a. psychological theory
b. trait theory
c. conflict theory
d. differential association theory
Q:
"As long as I leave home at 7:00am, I don"t have to worry about missing the bus." This is an example of a(n):
a. theory.
b. hypothesis.
c. observation.
d. verification.
Q:
"If I leave my house early then I will never miss the bus." This is an example of a(n):
a. theory.
b. hypothesis.
c. observation.
d. verification.
Q:
What is the school of criminology that is often associated with a critique of our capitalist economic system?
a. Labeling
b. social conflict
c. social disorganization
d. social process
Q:
Social conflict theory focuses on as a key component in explaining crime.
a. choice
b. the community
c. learning
d. power
Q:
Which theory states that the harsh penalties for "lowerclass" crimes, such as burglary, can be seen as a means of protecting the privileges of the "haves" from the aspirations of the "havenots"?
a. social psychology
b. social control theory
c. conflict theory
d. learning theory
Q:
According to , social bonds promote conformity to social norms.
a. learning theory
b. conflict theory
c. psychological theory
d. control theory
Q:
Jack Katz (SeductionofCrime) stated that:
a. criminals make decisions by rationally weighing the costs against the benefits of the crime.
b. people commit crimes because they have certain biological traits.
c. people commit crimes when they have the opportunity and there is no suitable guardian.
d. the inherent danger of criminal activity increases the "rush" a criminal experiences on successfully
committing a crime.
Q:
Learning theory was popularized by:
a. Cesare Lombroso.
b. Clifford Shaw.
c. Edwin Sutherland.
d. Henry McKay.
Q:
Psychological theories operate under the assumption that:
a. individuals have traits that make them more or less predisposed to criminal activity.
b. all individuals have mental disorders, but not everyone becomes a criminal.
c. criminals commit crime because of the thrill or "rush" attached to it.
d. criminals weigh the costs and benefits of a crime.
Q:
This theory believes that criminals must be taught both the practical and emotional skills necessary to participate in illegal activity.
a. labeling theory
b. learning theory
c. social process theory
d. trait theory
Q:
One of the basic assumptions of is that people are able to justify improper or even criminal behavior by convincing themselves that it is actually acceptable behavior.
a. rational choice theory
b. control theory
c. social psychology
d. trait theory
Q:
Criminologists focusing on sociology have argued that are the most important variable in predicting criminal behavior.
a. neighborhood conditions
b. mental illnesses
c. genetic traits
d. opportunities
Q:
According to , criminal offending is the result of interactions with parents, friends and peer groups.
a. choice theory
b. social disorganization theory
c. social process theory
d. trait theory
Q:
Shaw and McKay studied highcrime neighborhoods and discovered that these "zones" were characterized by
or a breakdown in schools, families, and community groups.
a. chaos
b. conflict
c. disorganization
d. disruption
Q:
Which theory suggests that certain biological or psychological traits in individuals could incline them toward criminal behavior given a certain set of circumstances?
a. choice theory
b. social process theory
c. social structure theory
d. trait theory
Q:
One influential branch of psychology________________________focuses on human behavior in the context of how human beings relate to and influence one another.
a. neurophysiology
b. trait theory
c. psychopharmacology
d. social psychology
Q:
Rational choice theorists believe the best way to deter crime is to:
a. increase the severity of the punishment for offending.
b. provide counseling and treatment for those individuals at risk for offending.
c. establish programs to strengthen communities.
d. divert juvenile offenders from the criminal justice system.
Q:
According to Jack Katz, the emotional or sensual rush a criminal experiences upon the successful completion of a crime is referred to as:
a. crime adrenaline.
b. criminal benefit.
c. rush sensation.
d. seduction of crime.
Q:
A theory of crime in which offenders weigh the possible benefits of criminal activity against the costs of being apprehended is:
a. rational choice theory.
b. social disorganization theory.
c. social process theory.
d. trait theory.
Q:
A proposition that can be tested by researchers to determine if it is valid is a:
a. hypothesis.
b. scientific method.
c. theory.
d. correlation.
Q:
A theory is:
a. a relationship between two variables in which they vary together.
b. an educated guess by a criminologist about the relationship between two variables.
c. a statement in which a variable is denoted as the cause of change in another variable.
d. an explanation for a phenomenon based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning.
Q:
What are criminological theories primarily concerned with?
a. assisting the criminal justice professional
b. constructing grounds to explain the behavior of criminal justice professionals
c. determining the reasons behind criminal behavior
d. providing support to criminal psychologists
Q:
Researchers who study the causes of crime are:
a. victimologists.
b. criminologists.
c. psychologists.
d. sociologists.
Q:
The study of crime is referred to as:
a. criminal justice.
b. criminology.
c. psychology.
d. sociology.
Q:
The number of women in prisons and jails is over time.
a. remaining stable
b. decreasing steadily
c. increasing substantially
d. slowly increasing
Q:
While traditionally overlooked in criminological research, are the fastest growing minority group in the U.S. prison population.
a. African Americans
b. Asians
c. Hispanics
d. American Indians