Q&A Hero

Q: In the twentieth century, crime declined most between: a. 1930 and 1940.b. 1990 and 2000.c. 1950 and 1960d. 1970 and 1980.

Q: The "dark figure of crime" appears to be: a. much higher than suggested by the data of the UCR. b. much lower than suggested by the data of the UCR. c. slightly lower than suggested by the data of the UCR. d. consistent by the UCR.

Q: In what form of data collection are persons asked directly, through personal interviews or questionnaires or over the telephone, about specific criminal activity to which they may have been a party? a. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) b. National Victimization Survey (NCVS) c. self-reported surveys d. Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

Q: is a phrase used to describe the actual amount of crime that takes place. a. "Hidden figure of crime" b. "Dark prediction of crime" c. "Dark figure of crime" d. "Hidden prediction of crime"

Q: Which of the following is a Part I offense? a. driving under the influence b. embezzlement c. drug abuse violations d. larceny/theft

Q: Which of the following is a Part II offense? a. driving under the influence b. burglary c. arson d. motor vehicle theft

Q: The UCR comprises agency data that represents of the American population. a. 95%b. 88%c. 76%d. 65%

Q: When the UCR presents crime data as a rate, they are reporting: a. the amount of crime per 100,000 people b. the amount of change that has occurred since the previous year c. the total number of crimes d. the frequency with which a particular crime is committed within a 24 hour period

Q: The UCR is prepared by: a. the United States Census Bureau. b. the Department of Homeland Security. c. the Federal Bureau of Investigation. d. the United States Secret Service.

Q: The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) reports on three measurements. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. the number of persons arrested b. the number of crimes reported by victims, witnesses, or the police themselves c. the number of officers and support law enforcement specialists d. the number of Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents that compile the UCR

Q: Since its inception in 1930, the has attempted to measure the overall rate of crime in the United States by organizing "crimes known to the police." a. National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) b. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) c. self-reported survey d. Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

Q: Which of the following is NOT a violent crime? a. robbery b. assault c. burglary d. murder

Q: Which of these counts as a public order crime? a. murder b. prostitution c. larceny d. battery

Q: What is the newest variation on crime? a. hightech crime b. whitecollar crime c. public order crime d. organized crime

Q: Contrast the crime control and due process models of criminal justice. In your opinion, which of the two best represents the ideal American criminal justice system, and why?

Q: Define ethics and discuss how ethics in criminal justice are related to the concept of justice.

Q: Explain the pitfalls of discretion.

Q: List the four types of discretionary decisions made by judges. How does discretion impact fairness and justice?

Q: Explain what discretion is and how it creates two different criminal justice systems.

Q: Explain the difference between the informal and the formal criminal justice processes.

Q: Compare and contrast the three levels of law enforcement.

Q: Discuss the concept of federalism and how it affects the organization and structure of the criminal justice system.

Q: List and describe the essential elements of the corrections system.

Q: Describe the four goals of the criminal justice system. To protect society from potential future crimes of the most dangerous or "risky"

Q: Describe the two most common models of how society determines which acts are criminal.

Q: is the use of threat of violence to achieve political objectives.

Q: Civil liberties are the personal rights and protections guaranteed by the .

Q: A is a group of people, usually three or more, who share a common identity and engage in illegal activity.

Q: consist of any substance that modifies biological, psychological, or social behavior. In particular, an illegal substance with those properties.

Q: Police investigators are enjoying the benefits of perhaps the most effective new crime-fighting tool since fingerprint identification: .

Q: is the effort by a government to regulate or control the sale of guns.

Q: The model places primacy on the right of the individual to be protected from the power of the government.

Q: are the moral principles that govern a person's perception of right and wrong.

Q: thinking is needed for an ethical response.

Q: Discretionary decisions made by criminal justice professionals are said to produce an that does not operate within the rigid confines of formal rules and laws.

Q: The criminal justice system relies on the discretion of individuals to offset the rigidity of criminal statutes and procedural rules.

Q: is the ability of individuals in the criminal justice system to make operational decisions based on personal judgment instead of formal rules or official information.

Q: We refer to our law enforcement agencies, courts, and correctional facilities as part of a .

Q: hold those convicted of minor crimes with relatively short sentences.

Q: is the most common correctional treatment.

Q: Once the court system convicts and sentences an offender, he or she is delegated to the system.

Q: The criminal court work group consists of the , , and .

Q: The two levels of the dual court system are the and .

Q: The combines the police powers of 24 federal agencies to protect the United States from terrorist attacks.

Q: The two types of state law enforcement agencies are __________ and ______________.

Q: The chief law enforcement officer of most counties is the .

Q: The framers of the U.S. Constitution, fearful of tyranny and a too-powerful central government, chose the system of as a compromise.

Q: Justice is the quality of that must exist in the processes designed to determine whether individuals are guilty of criminal wrongdoing.

Q: Criminal reflects those acts that we, as a society, agree are so unacceptable that steps must be taken to prevent them from occurring.

Q: The three main institutions of the criminal justice system are , , and _________________.

Q: _________is behavior that is considered to go against the norms established by society.

Q: A is defined as wrong against society proclaimed by law and, if committed under certain circumstances, punishable by society.

Q: Due to America's counterterrorism strategies, the risk of a spectacular attack in the homeland has significantly decreased since 9/11. a. True b. False

Q: The due process model focuses more on the rights of the accused through formal, legal restraints on the police, courts, and corrections. a. True b. False

Q: Psychoactive drugs affect the brain, causing changes in emotions, perceptions, and behavior. a. True b. False

Q: All drugs affect the brain, causing changes in emotions, perceptions, and behavior. a. True b. False

Q: Most gang-related homicides are not crime-related. a. True b. False

Q: The number of gangs has decreased since 2003. a. True b. False

Q: Police have become smarter and more disciplined over the past two decades. a. True b. False

Q: Discretion is associated with the informal criminal justice process. a. True b. False

Q: Probation is the most common correctional treatment. a. True b. False

Q: The most frequent type of release from a jail or prison is probation, in which an inmate, after serving part of his term in a correctional facility, is allowed to serve the rest of his term in the community. a. True b. False

Q: The United States has a dual court system; that is, we have two independent judicial systems, the federal level and the state level. a. True b. False

Q: Federal law takes priority over local and state criminal law. a. True b. False

Q: The scope and size of the federal government's participation in the criminal justice system has expanded over the past several decades. a. True b. False

Q: The chief law enforcement officer of most counties is the chief of police. a. True b. False

Q: Laws differ across states. a. True b. False

Q: The bulk of all police officers are employed at the federal level. a. True b. False

Q: Under the concept of federalism, government powers are shared by the federal government and the states. a. True b. False

Q: Justice is an easy concept to define. a. True b. False

Q: All deviant acts are criminal and all crimes are deviant. a. True b. False

Q: Deviance is an objective concept; society agrees on which behaviors should be criminalized. a. True b. False

Q: In very personal crimes like rape and assault, victims and relatives are able to prosecute the offender instead of public officials. a. True b. False

Q: In some instances criminal law can be determined by a powerful minority. a. True b. False

Q: Morals are principles of right and wrong behavior, as practiced by individuals or by society. a. True b. False

Q: The two most common models of how society decides which acts are criminal are the crime control and due process models. a. True b. False

Q: Different societies can have vastly different ideas of what constitutes criminal behavior. a. True b. False

Q: Society is static and its concept of criminality remains the same. a. True b. False

Q: According to the conflict model, different segments of society have different value systems and shared norms and are engaged in a constant struggle to control society. a. True b. False

Q: The consensus model assumes that as people gather together to form a society, its members naturally come to a basic agreement with regard to shared norms and values. a. True b. False