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Q:
Life-course persisters may be considered "typical teenagers" who get into minor scrapes, first in adolescence and, later, in adulthood.
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to Life Course Theory, the early onset of antisocial behavior strongly predicts later and more serious criminality.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Late bloomers, as associated with trajectory theory, combine psychopathology with risk-taking behavior and poor social skills.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Loeber's covert pathway begins with minor, underhanded behaviors such as lying and shoplifting. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Problem behavior syndrome portrays crime as the by-product of other social problems. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Define and describe the concept of restorative justice and why it is considered an aspect of peacemaking criminology.
Q:
Some Native American communities use a peacemaking ceremony called ____whereby groups of tribal elders, victims and community members meet with offenders in order to determine the best resolution for those accused of breaking the law.a. a sentencing circle b. a tribal circlec. a community circle d. a resolution circle
Q:
One of the newer aspects of critical criminology is left realism. What are the concerns of left realism criminologists and how does left realism differ from other critical theories?
Q:
Explain the critical feminist view of crime. Include in your response how gender inequality accounts for crimes committed against women and for the crimes that women commit.
Q:
In what way are critical criminologists concerned with domination?
Q:
What are the research methodologies used by critical criminologists and how do these methods differ from mainstream criminology research techniques? What do the critical criminology research methods indicate about crime and criminality?
Q:
Discuss the differences between structural and instrumental theorists and their view of how crime is defined and how society works to control criminal behavior.
Q:
Define the term "state (organized) crime" and discuss the various categories of crime contained under the umbrella
of state crime. Include in your response a discussion of the overall impact of state crime on society.
Q:
How do critical criminologists view crime? Include in your response the critical criminology specialization called supranational criminology.
Q:
What elements of conflict are present in the American legal and justice systems? Respond to this question in terms
of how and why critical criminologists view crime as a political concept designed to protect the power and position of the upper classes at the expense of the poor.
Q:
Explain the development of critical criminology in light of evolving social conflict in society.
Q:
______is the belief in the existence of a culturally normative ideal of male behavior.
Q:
In regards to helpers working in the community, providing services in ____________may be clinically and ethically indicated and may be most beneficial to clients.a. mental health officesb. mental health institutions c. school counselor officesd. nontraditional settings outside the office
Q:
A system of society or government controlled by men is_____ .
Q:
The foundation of all ethical practice is promoting the welfare of clients. To overlook the abilities, strengths, and resources within the community is doing a great disservice to the individuals we serve. If we hope to bring about significant changes within individuals and communities, we:
a. need to use community resources as a way to quicken therapy.
b. must change the people who are affected by these conditions so they will accept them.
c. need to change conditions that affect people rather than merely changing people who are affected by these conditions.
d. must not work with client problems in their cultural context.
Q:
______is efforts to prevent crime through community organization and youth involvement.
Q:
Social justice is referred to as a_______________, which entails a paradigm shift beyond the individual and representsa proactive concern with advocacy and social change and focuses on changing systems and policies on multiple levels.a. community orientationb. systems inequityc. fifth forced. social change
Q:
Cultural mediators in a school system do NOT serve which of the following functions?a. Communicating with families and community organizations regarding marital issues and abuse b. Facilitating access to community resources and social service agenciesc. Creating and encouraging a supportive and culturally diverse school and community climate d. Serving as an information hub for culturally diverse families
Q:
The practice of sending suspected terrorists to foreign prisons that permit torture in the interrogation of suspects is_____________
Q:
Counselors___________ when they use their skills in helping clients challenge institutional barriers that impede their personal, social, academic, or career goals. a. are overstepping their boundariesb. function as advocatesc. are widely seen as hypocritesd. are going above and beyond their role requirements
Q:
Criminal acts committed by government officials are referred to as______ .
Q:
_____is the creation and maintenance of transnational markets.
Q:
The excess profits that are produced by the laboring classes and accrued by business owners are referred to as______________.
Q:
The_____________mental health professionals can understand how individual and systemic world views shape clinical practice and (b) when they are equipped with organizational and system knowledge, expertise, and skills.a. social justiceb. case management c. ego-psychologyd. social interest
Q:
Critical criminologists who view the law and justice system as serving the interests of the upper classes are_________________theorists.
Q:
________________ involves access and equity to ensure full participation in the life of a society, particularly for those who have been systematically excluded on the basis of race/ethnicity, gender, age, physical or mental disability, education, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, or other characteristics of background or group membership and involves addressing the realities of oppression, privilege, and social inequities.a. Case management b. Ego-psychologyc. Social interest d. Social justice
Q:
According to critical theorists, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide are examples of______________ crimes.
Q:
The process of systemic change can be defined as:a. increasing personal awareness and making better choices for oneself.b. increasing public awareness, affecting public policy, and influencing legislation. c. an impossible and futile goal.d. replacing one system or method with a new and improved system or method, which is relatively easy to do.
Q:
Prevention programs that help people develop a wider range of competencies, such as interpersonal skills training or marriage education, are considered:
a. direct client services.
b. indirect client services.
c. direct community services.
d. indirect community services.
Q:
_____is the ability of persons and groups to control the behavior of others, to shape public opinion, and to define deviance.
Q:
Mario's job entails going to middle schools within the county to run counseling groups for students identified as having the potential for aggression. He is providing:
a. direct client services.
b. indirect client services.
c. direct community services.
d. indirect community services.
Q:
Which is not considered a criticism of globalization?a. exploitation of natural resources b. avoiding regulationc. taking advantage of desperate workersd. decrease the standard of living in third world countries
Q:
____________ is "a comprehensive helping framework that is grounded in multicultural competence and oriented toward social justice." The focus of community work is on preventing rather than remediating.a. Community agenciesb. Community counseling c. Community perspective d. Community workers
Q:
Globalism began with the fall of . a. Chinab. Germany c. Iraqd. Soviet Union
Q:
The average manufacturing wage in China is per hour. a. 20-25 centsb. 80-90 cents c. 1-2 dollars d. 4-5 dollars
Q:
A__________________ focuses on problems to be solved and holes to fill. It is concerned more with maintaining rather than changing conditions and is oriented toward fixing problems rather than preventing them. A service orientation relies on experts and reinforces power imbalances, whereas a developmental approach relies on partnerships and equalizes power relationships.a. developmental approach b. community approachc. service approachd. individual approach
Q:
Who believes that the law is designed to keep the capitalist system operating in an efficient manner?a. instrumental theorist b. left-realist theoristc. restorative theorist d. structural theorist
Q:
The goal of counseling from a social justice perspective is:a. to promote the empowerment of people who are marginalized and oppressed in our society. b. to study each agency's philosophy and policies.c. to be prepared to conduct intensive medical treatment.d. to promote the empowerment of people who are not marginalized and oppressed.
Q:
According to critical criminologists, the United States invaded Iraq in order to secure its for American use. a. mediab. metals c. oild. rubber
Q:
In regards to advocacy competencies, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Ethical practice requires counselors to assume an advocacy role that is focused on affecting public opinion, public policy, and legislation.
b. Practitioners need to develop an awareness of their own beliefs and attitudes regarding social issues and marginalized populations, the scope of their knowledge, and their level of skill at intervening within the different domains of advocacy.
c. Multicultural competence is essential in understanding the cultural relevance and appropriateness of advocacy interventions as counselors bring their own attitudes and beliefs to the sociopolitical history of their communities.
d. Counselors who have a social justice advocacy perspective demonstrate minimal leadership abilities and do not understand the importance of speaking out.
Q:
_______________ is a diverse pool of human-service workers whose primary duties include serving individuals within the community in a variety of community groups and includes social workers, community organizers and developers, clinical mental health counselors, psychologists, psychiatrists, nurses, counselors, couples and family therapists, artists, activists, clergy persons, human-service workers with varying degrees of education and training, and residents involved in the community.a. Community perspective b. Community workersc. Community agencies d. Community work
Q:
Max is fourteen years old. Late one evening, his parents receive a call that Max stole a neighbor's car. According to critical theorists, which approach should be utilized in order to involve the community in the process of dealing with Max and his crime?a. left-realismb. power-controlc. restorative justiced. supranational justice
Q:
_____________ include any institution public or private, nonprofit or forprofit designed to provide a wide range of social and psychological services to the community.a. Community perspectiveb. Community workersc. Community agenciesd. Community work
Q:
Tommy and Gina are discussing whether or not Gina should go back to work as an accountant again. Gina's against working in a capitalist system which ultimately oppresses women. This belief is most closely associated with which theory?a. left realism theoryb. critical feminist theory c. power-control theory d. peacemaking theory
Q:
Many professionals struggle with the issue of how to work within a system while retaining their dignity, vitality, and convictions. The most important component in any effort to bring about change is to:a. engage in honest self-examination to determine the degree to which the "system" is actually a hindrance. b. start the process of changing the system by speaking to the director of the organization.c. make assumptions about the reasons for the problems in the organization. d. scold those who appear to be at the root of the problem.
Q:
Josh will be starting the local high school next year, but have heard that Josh's proposed high school is considered a"dropout factory" because it has a completion rate of percent or less. a. 20b. 40 c. 60 d. 80
Q:
In their home, Gina and Tommy share the power. Each of them has worked and contributed financially to the household. Gina and Tommy have a(n) family.a. globalb. egalitarian c. patriarchal d. matriarchal
Q:
The_____________ is relevant to all communities, but it is particularly relevant to underserved communities. By addressing the cause of the problem within the community, we can help change the lives of many individuals not just the one person sitting in our office or clinic. a. community workersb. community agencies c. community approach d. community work
Q:
Chong is a legal immigrant who is having post-traumatic stress symptoms as a result of his experiences in Laos. He may be reluctant to use the available counseling recourses because of all the following reasons EXCEPT:a. he harbors the attitude that he should be able to take charge of his own life. b. he may perceive the resources as culturally insensitive.c. he may be reluctant to recognize his problems. d. his access is easy to understand and figure out.
Q:
Tony, a recently relocated Mexican-American man, is seeking help from a Spanish-speaking organization designed to meet the needs of newly arriving legal immigrants. Tony is quite depressed, but reluctant to talk to his counselor about his problems. The counselor refers him to an indigenous resource who is more likely to be trusted by Tony. He was most likely referred to:a. a paraprofessional worker.b. either religious leaders and institutions, energy healers, or respected community leaders. c. an intern from a counseling program.d. a community organizer.
Q:
Tommy and Gina are married with three children. Their two oldest children, Josh and Max are boys and their daughter Emily is the youngest. Emily is now five years old and should be starting school soon. Tommy is a supervisor at a local manufacturing company. Gina is a certified public accountant. Prior to having children, she was an executive at a large accounting firm. Gina has been a stay at home mom for the past five years.Tommy is concerned for his daughter. He believes that his daughter Emily is at a disadvantage because he believes that society is controlled by men and will oppress his daughter, making it what type of system?a. globalb. egalitarian c. patriarchal d. matriarchal
Q:
Jack found out that major employers in his community are establishing themselves in foreign markets. While Jack understands that this practice may provide jobs to third world nations he is concerned that this will take jobs away from people in his community. This practice is most commonly referred to as:a. globalizationb. instrumentation c. marginalization d. innovation
Q:
Counselors can encourage ethnic minority clients to learn skills they can use to interact successfully with various forces in their community by acting as their:a. advocate. b. broker.c. adviser.d. consultant.
Q:
In this role, counselors assist clients in recognizing oppressive forces in the community as a source of their problem and teach their clients strategies for developing political power to bring about change in the clients' social and physical environment.a. Change agent b. Consultantc. Adviserd. Ombudsman
Q:
Jack's father was recently fired from his factory job after 20 years of employment. The company claimed they were downsizing. As a result of his father's termination, Jack feels that his father has been pushed outside the economic mainstream. This push is referred to as:a. globalizationb. instrumentation c. marginalization d. innovation
Q:
Nakita is an African-American mother with four children who has had difficulty finding housing in a safe community.Lisa, her social worker, suspects that racial discrimination is involved and takes Nakita to sites that she has previously screened for availability. In this case, Lisa is acting as an:a. evaluator. b. adviser.c. advocate.d. ombudsman.
Q:
Jack believes that it is the supranational crimes that are most harmful to mankind. All of the following are considered supranational crimes EXCEPT:a. genocideb. drug crimesc. crimes against humanity d. war crimes
Q:
Counselors who base their practice on aspirational ethics oppose all forms of :a. community services.b. discrimination and oppression. c. client support systems.d. codes of ethics.
Q:
If Jack typically rejects legal definitions of crime. What would he believe causes the least social harm?a. burglary b. classism c. racismd. sexism
Q:
As a young child Jack was always curious. He always questioned authority figures. As he entered his late teen years, Jack really became skeptical of society and government.Jack's parents have attempted to explain to Jack that the law exist to maintain a fair society. Jack disagrees and believes that the law is created by those who control society in order to maintain their wealth and social position, thus making Jack a_____ theorist.a. criticalb. developmental c. restoratived. social
Q:
The restorative justice model holds that____ should be applied to prevent and control crime. a. deterrenceb. incapacitation c. reconciliation d. retribution
Q:
Direct client services focus on:a. outreach activities.b client advocacy.c. consultation.d. influencing policymakers.
Q:
What type of offender is usually a part of a family group conference?a. drug offenderb. habitual offender c. violent offenderd. young first-time offender
Q:
_____________ aim to change the social environment to meet the needs of the population as a whole and are carried out by influencing social policy.a. Direct community services b. Indirect community servicesc. Community organization services d. Community counseling services
Q:
Which of the following is true regarding restorative justice programs?a. Restoration programs are relatively new having been developed only in the last decade.b. Restoration programs have been part of peacekeeping in Asian, Native American and Native Canadian communities for centuries.c. While used in Europe and Asia, restoration programs have yet to be implemented in the United States.d. According to Howard Zehr, the core value of the restorative justice process can be translated as therapy for all.
Q:
The____________in a community agency are more complex and difficult to resolve than ones pertaining to individual counseling. If a worker is not motivated, the system may tolerate this lack of motivation. If the system violates the rights of the client (community), then this is a real challenge to address.a. ethical violationsb. individual violationsc. systemic ethicsd. community ethics
Q:
____________is when the counselor facilitates communication and understanding between culturally diverse human systems that aid the educational progress of all students.a. Outreach activities b. Cultural mediation c. Change agentd. Paraprofessional work
Q:
Peacemaking criminologists view the efforts of the state to punish and control crime as a. an effective means of controlling the crimes of all social classes.b. encouraging crime rather than discouraging it.c. focusing on poverty rather than socioeconomic status. d. efforts to repair severed relationships in society.
Q:
The________________ is grounded on strengths, focuses on assets and capacities, promotes capability and power, changes conditions, and is aimed at prevention. This approach builds on identifying resources within the individual, the group, or the community that can be more fully activated.a. service approachb. community approachc. developmental approach d. individual approach
Q:
Lea and Young's left realism view of crime causation borrows from mainstream sociological theory and closely resembles the approach.a. social structureb. relative deprivation c. cultural devianced. social learning
Q:
John Lea and Jock Young, leaders of the leftist realism movement, contend thata. the poor are doubly abused, first by the capitalist system and then by members of their own class. b. the wealthy and poor are equally victimized and laws should reflect that equality.c. the economic inequality in capitalist societies serves to encourage lower class members to improve their economic status.d. critical feminists failed to address the patriarchal dominance in American society.
Q:
Mental health professionals must move forward and beyond the traditional approach of focusing solely on the intrapsychic, accept and recognize the impact of sociopolitical factors on our clients and their families, and determine how our advocacy can effectively address those issues. Part of their ethical and moral obligation is to:
a. decide how they will work within the system and how they can get the most out of it for themselves.
b. advocate with the aim of creating a just society in which all people have equal opportunities and resources to strive toward their personal goals.
c. not support the philosophy and policies of agencies they may work at.
d. change the agency's norms, values, and expectations to match their own.
Q:
According to power-control theory, which type of family produces daughters whose law-violating behavior mirrors that of their brothers?a. paternalistic families b. matriarchal families c. egalitarian familiesd. capitalist families
Q:
Voluntary participation is an important beginning point for a successful group experience.___________in a group raises a different set of ethical issues and the negative attitudes of some members can contaminate the entire group experience.a. Voluntary participation b. Supported participation c. Mandatory participation d. Group norms
Q:
Ethical practice demands that group practitioners inform prospective participants of the potential risks involved in the group experience and reduce unnecessary psychological risks. A variety of factors or events result in members having a negative group experience. Which of the following is NOT a factor or event?a. Leader supportb. Premature pressure to disclose c. Aggressive leadership styled. Lack of clarity about group norms