Q&A Hero

Q: Which of the following statements has NOT been supported by research?a. Therapy is helpful to the majority of clients.b. Most people achieve some change relatively quickly in therapy.c. Generally speaking, therapies achieve similar outcomes.d. People change more due to specific factors.

Q: The boyhood friend of a convicted murderer is interviewed by the media and reports that the offender was withdrawn, suspicious, and negativistic as a youth. This is an example ofa. introspective reading. b. retrospective reading. c. enhanced reading.d. reflective reading.

Q: When considering administrating or interpreting testing, in order to increase the likelihood you are practicing in a culturally sensitive manner, it is important to pay attention to all of the following points EXCEPT:a. be familiar with any test you use, preferably taking it yourself first.b. know the standards pertaining to testing in your professions' codes of ethics.c. select, with your client's help, appropriate tests while keeping in mind cultural issues with testing. d. give clients the test scores only, suggesting they look online for results.

Q: _______________ uses assessment to understand the client's pattern of thinking and to identify selfdefeating beliefs.a. Feminist therapyb. Cognitive-behavioral approaches c. Behavior therapyd. Systemic therapies

Q: According to Lemert,______involves norm violations or crimes that have little influence on the actor and,therefore, can be quickly forgotten. a. primary devianceb. secondary deviance c. all criminal behaviord. a moral lapse

Q: In its purest form,_____theory argues that even crimes such as murder, rape, and assault are only bad or evil because people label them as such. a. social controlb. social reaction c. social structure d. social process

Q: Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding evidence-based practice?a. It is synonymous with the term "empirically-supported treatments."b. Psychodynamic therapy falls under the category of evidence-based practice.c. Therapeutic interventions that are not considered "evidence-based practices" are unethical.d. Clinical practice should not be based on the best available research.

Q: Which of the following issues has been raised regarding the validity of social control theory?a. Delinquency may lead to weakened social bonds, not vice versa. b. Social control theory has never been empirically tested.c. Social control theory applies primarily to lower-class youth and does not explain the criminal behavior of middle- and upper-class youth.d. Social control theory relies too heavily on social relationships that are difficult to measure.

Q: Which of the following factors is NOT a best predictor of treatment outcome?a. The client's motivationb. Severity of the client's symptoms c. The client-therapist relationshipd. Cost

Q: Travis Hirschi tested the principal hypotheses of social control theory. While evidence was strong and supportive, what is the most controversial aspect of Hirschi's conclusions?a. Youths who are strongly attached to parents were less likely to commit crime.b. Youths who were involved in conventional activities were less likely to engage in criminal behavior. c. Youths who maintained weak, distant relationships with people tended toward delinquency.d. Any form of social attachment is beneficial, even to deviant peers and parents.

Q: A theoretical orientation is best described as:a. a rigid framework that provides specific steps of how to conduct a counseling session.b. a set of general guidelines that counselors can use to make sense of what they are hearing and what needs to change.c. a conceptualization of the intrapsychic structures that dictate a client's behavior. d. a set of techniques that can be used to promote behavioral changes.

Q: Not possessing the competence to use the DSM-5 appropriately raises an ethical issue. Practitioners who use the DSM diagnosis must be trained. This training requires learning more than diagnostic categories; it involves:a. understanding V- and D-codes.b. knowing how to make a diagnosis fit criteria accepted by an insurance company.c. knowing how to work within some kind of diagnostic and assessment framework but not needing a clear picture of the client's problem.d. knowing personality theory, psychopathology, and seeing how they relate to therapeutic practice.

Q: Travis Hirschi states that the social bonds a person maintains with society are divided into four main elements.Which of the following is NOT one of these elements?a. attachment b. commitment c. affectiond. involvement

Q: Maria, a Mexican American woman, will live with her parents until she marries. A culturally competent and sensitive counselor will understand that:a. Maria's parents are enmeshed in her life. b. Maria is afraid to live alone.c. Maria must move out of her parents home if she wants to truly be a healthy individual. d. this may be a result of gender-role expectations in Maria's family and not enmeshment.

Q: Do criminals really neutralize? What does Topalli's research on street criminals indicate?a. Street criminals frequently respect and admire honest, law-abiding persons. b. Street criminals do not experience guilt that requires neutralization.c. Street criminals experience guilt and shame that require neutralization.d. Street criminals are often embarrassed about showing pride in their criminal accomplishments.

Q: Criminals sometimes neutralize wrongdoings by "appealing to higher loyalties." Which of the following would be an example of that technique? a. Vandalizing the home of a disliked neighbor. b. Attacking someone who is arguing with a friend. c. Stealing from a large department store that "has plenty of money." d. Blaming the police for being unfair.

Q: The purpose in using a technique is to:a. facilitate movement.b. impress clients with your creativity and skill. c. help clients rationalize their feelings.d. trigger strong emotions.

Q: ______________ is the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences.a. Feminist therapyb. Evidence-based practice c. Behavior practiced. Systemic therapy

Q: Criminals sometimes neutralize wrongdoings by maintaining that the crime victim "had it coming." This is an exampleof which technique of neutralization?a. denial of injuryb. denial of the victimc. appeal to higher loyalties d. denial of responsibility

Q: Neutralization theory points out thata. criminal behavior is learned in much the same way that conformity is learned.b. even the most committed criminals and delinquents are not involved in criminality all the time. c. criminality is a product of weak self-concept and poor self-esteem.d. law is differentially applied, benefiting those who hold economic and social power and penalizing the powerless.

Q: ____________is based on a medical model of mental illness that defines problems as residing with the individual rather than in society. It does not take into account the political, economic, social, and cultural factors in the lives of clients. a. The DSM b. V-codes c. Confidentiality d. Informed consent

Q: Which of the following is NOT a criticism of differential association theory?a. Differential association theory fails to account for the origin of criminal definitions.b. Differential association theory assumes criminal and delinquent acts to be rational and systematic. c. Differential association theory can account for isolated, psychopathic killing.d. Differential association theory ignores spontaneous acts of violence.

Q: According to professional ethical principles on testing, it would be unethical for a counselor to:a. perform testing and assessment services for which they have not been adequately trained.b. develop, administer, score, interpret, or use assessment procedures that are appropriate for the situation. c. test within the client's socialized behavioral or cognitive patterns.d. consider the validity of a given test and interpret data in the context of the cultural characteristics of the client.

Q: Empirical research______________ the centrality of the therapeutic relationship as a primary factor contributing to psychotherapy outcomes.a. downplaysb. exaggeratesc. consistently supportsd. inconsistently supports

Q: The process of _____refers to moving in and out of delinquency or shifting between conventional and deviant values.a. transfer b. waftc. driftd. sway

Q: Which of the following research findings supports the core principles of differential association theory?a. Criminal and delinquent acts are rational and systematic.b. Differential association accounts for spontaneous acts of violence. c. Differential association theory involves circular reasoning.d. Crime appears to be intergenerational.

Q: It is an ethical, and sometimes legal, obligation of therapists to be mindful that a medical evaluation is many times indicated. Which of the following is NOT a reason to refer for a medical evaluation?a. Dementiab. Schizophreniac. Manic-depression d. Marital discord

Q: Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory states that a. criminal behavior is a product of impaired social bonds.b. criminal behavior is learned like any other behavior.c. criminal behavior is a function of educational inequality within the lower class. d. criminal behavior is a function of media exposure.

Q: Which of the following is NOT true concerning therapeutic use of the DSM-5 to diagnose clients?a. Emphasis is on pathology, deficits, limitations, problems, and symptoms.b. Rather than using a multiaxial system, a nonaxial documentation of diagnosis has been created.c. It is based on the assumption that distress in a family or social context is the result of individual pathology.d. It is based on a systemic approach that views the source of distress as being within the entire system rather than on the individual.

Q: Which of the following is notone of the major principles of differential association?a. Criminal behavior is learned.b. Learning criminal behavior involves assimilating techniques.c. Differential associations may vary in meaning, reliability, and intention.d. A person becomes a criminal when he or she perceives more favorable than unfavorable consequences to violating the law.

Q: Practitioners must have a clear understanding of ____________and have a sense of the expected outcomes of their interventions.a. the creativity behind the techniques they employb. the client's family membersc. the techniques they employd. the client's entire life story

Q: Religion and belief impact criminal behavior. Even children in high crime areas are better able to resist drug use if theya. attend self-esteem building programs. b. attend religious services.c. have religious beliefs.d. have parents with religious beliefs.

Q: When examining the relationship between delinquent peers and fear of punishment,______ delinquent peers may outweigh the fear of punishment.a. loyalty to b. fear ofc. hostility fromd. skills learned from

Q: Practitioners who argue AGAINST diagnosis:a. claim that DSM labels stigmatize people.b. are likely to be psychoanalytically oriented therapists.c. often work in community mental health centers.d. are likely to work for a managed care system.

Q: According to the author, which of the following is accurate regarding why troubled kids choose delinquent peers?a. Troubled kids do so because they are not involved in after-school activities.b. Troubled kids do so because they fail to understand truancy and delinquency laws. c. Troubled kids do so out of necessity rather than desire.d. Troubled kids are biologically drawn or attracted to "troublemakers."

Q: ____________is a general term covering the process of identifying an emotional or behavioral problem and making a statement about the current status of a client.a. Medical diagnosisb. Differential diagnosis c. Psychodiagnosisd. Cognitive appraisal

Q: Adolescents who do not receive affection from their parents during childhood are a. more likely to be depressed and suicidal as they mature.b. more likely to use illicit drugs and be more aggressive as they mature. c. more likely to suffer mental impairment as they mature.d. more likely to engage in violent crime as they mature.

Q: When a counselor works in a managed care system, client's goals need to be:a. long-term and all encompassing.b. aimed at character reconstruction.c. geared toward the client gaining insight into his or her problems and movement toward self-actualization. d. highly specific, limited to reduction of problematic symptoms, and often aimed at teaching coping skills.

Q: All of the following family factors are associated with delinquency EXCEPTa. inconsistent discipline.b. poor parental supervision. c. non-coercive parenting.d. drug abusing parents.

Q: Practicing counseling without an explicit theoretical rationale is somewhat like:a. driving a car with a GPS device.b. trying to sail a boat without a rudder. c. flying a plane without a co-pilot.d. taking a train ride.

Q: _____refers to a style of parenting with parents who are supportive and who effectively control their children in a non-coercive way.a. Parent pathologyb. Low frequency parenting c. Parental efficacyd. Low coercion parenting

Q: Contemporary theories of counseling:a. are grounded on assumptions that are a part of Eastern culture.b. emphasize the uniqueness of the individual, self-assertion, and ego strength. c. focus on interdependence and losing self in the totality of the cosmos.d. emphasizes the social and cultural facts of human existence.

Q: Social reaction theory suggests thata. crime occurs when the forces that bind people to society are weakened or broken. b. only males have significant potential to become criminals.c. crime is a learned behaviord. people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such.

Q: Boundary issues in the supervisory relationship for school counselors include all of the following EXCEPT: a. multiple relationships. b. including discussions of personal concerns. c. discussing personal information of teachers and co-workers. d. discussing the evaluation process and procedures during the initial session.

Q: Social control theory suggests thata. crime occurs when the forces that bind people to society are weakened or broken. b. only males have significant potential to become criminals.c. crime is a learned behaviord. people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such.

Q: In general, supervision should address trainee's personal concerns: a. on a daily basis. b. only to the extent that they may impede their ability to effectively work with clients. c. when the trainee is experiencing personal difficulties. d. never.

Q: Social process theories share one basic concept. Which is it?a. All people, regardless of their race, class, or gender, are basically good.b. All people, regardless of their race, class, or gender, have the potential to become delinquents or criminals. c. Criminal behavior is genetic, regardless of race, class, or gender.d. Lower-class people, regardless of race or gender, are more prone to commit crime.

Q: Differences in culture, ethnicity, religion, age, gender, and sexual orientation: a. could have a negative influence on the supervisory relationship if not understood and integrated. b. could allow the supervisory relationship the opportunity for molding the supervisee into what the supervisor believes to be a better person. c. would have no effect on the supervisory relationship. d. are immediate reasons to request a referral to a different supervisor, similarly to the therapist-client relationship.

Q: With increasing numbers of problems and a greater responsibility for the mental health needs of children and adolescents:a. it makes sense for school counselors to be licensed to carry a concealed weapon while on a school campus.b. it is important to build larger juvenile detention centers to admit children and adolescents who misbehave in school in order to lessen the chance of a major breakdown, which could injure well-behaved children and/or adolescents.c. school counselors must adhere to state laws and refuse to work at a school where violence is prevalent.d. it makes sense for schools to carefully examine ways to develop clinical supervision programs dealing with treatment issues.

Q: According to the theory of differential association, people learn to commit crime from exposure to antisocial definitions. a. True b. False

Q: Diversion programs are used for both juvenile and adult offenders. a. Trueb. False

Q: Critics of technology-assisted distance supervision argue that: a. technology is a part of the future and the ability to supervise many trainees at one time is important. b. the inability of distance supervisors to physically assist their supervisees in a crisis response is unacceptable. c. it is important for supervisors to become adept at utilizing technology in their supervisory relationships because it will become a necessity in the near future. d. all professionals must begin educating on technology-assisted distance supervision because all states now have regulations for this issue.

Q: _____________ is critical to prevent potential problems in a professional program. If properly informed about what a program entails, there is less chance students will have a legitimate grievance over their rights being violated. a. Trust b. Self-disclosure c. Informed consent d. Acknowledging diversity

Q: Primary deviance has a significant long-term effect on the violator. a. Trueb. False

Q: Getting involved in sports and other activities helps prevent crime and delinquency. a. Trueb. False

Q: It is essential that a good portion of the supervisory sessions focus on:a. the personal stress experienced by the supervisee during client"counselor interactions.b. the interpersonal relationship between supervisor and supervisor's family. c. the supervisee's personal life.d. the supervisor's countertransference to the supervisor's clients.

Q: Donald Sutherland's version of social control is the most dominant version of control theory today. a. Trueb. False

Q: ___________________________is an effective way to assist school counselors in maintaining and enhancing their clinical skillsdevelopment.a. Confidentiality b. Competencec. Supervision d. Liability

Q: The public policy effects of social process theories have been felt mainly by young offenders who are viewed as being more savable than hardened criminals. a. True b. False

Q: Effective supervisors understand that: a. the supervisory relationship is key to the effectiveness of supervision as well as to the personal development of the supervisee. b. supervision is not as important as people think. It is the supervisees' past that makes the difference. c. supervisees may be nervous, but it is not their responsibility to help them work through the nerves to become a better therapist. d. they are competent to supervise trainees in all areas of counseling whether they have experience or not.

Q: Primary deviance involves resocialization into a deviant role and produces a deviance amplification effect. a. Trueb. False

Q: Which of the following topics would NOT be appropriate to discuss during the initial supervisory session?a. The supervisor's expectations regarding supervisee preparedness for supervisory meetings b. The supervisor's expectations regarding formal and informal evaluationsc. The supervisor's expectations regarding the structure and/or the nature of the supervisory sessions d. The supervisor's marital and family issues

Q: A major premise of social reaction theory is that the law is differentially constructed and applied, depending on the offenders. a. True b. False

Q: Olivia, a new supervisor, is creating a template for a supervisory contract she can use with supervisees. In the contract, she should include information related to all of the following EXCEPT:a. goals and objectives.b. her personal religious and sexual values. c. evaluation of job performance.d. cultural and advocacy competencies.

Q: Research indicates that people who are labeled with one positive trait are assumed to have other positive traits. a. Trueb. False

Q: Confidentiality in online supervision is: a. filled with potential problems such as the possibility of computer-savvy individuals hacking into confidential communications between supervisor and supervisee and the risk of confidential content being sent or forwarded to others in error. b. not a concern and online supervision is a better form of supervision than face-to-face supervision. c. discussed in all professional journals; they all agree it is not an issue and online supervision is becoming the best form of supervision. d. may be minimally difficult to adhere to; however, the benefits of online supervision far outweigh the possible breach in confidentiality.

Q: Leanne began to feel overwhelmed with her job at the counseling center. In addition to her regular duties, she was responsible for supervising all trainees. To manage her time, she spent a disproportionate amount of time with certain trainees and neglected others, assuming they had the skills to fend for themselves. If a client of one of her neglected trainees decided to file a lawsuit, it is likely that Leanne would bear:a. breach of confidentiality.b. breach of informed consent.c. no liability because her employer would be held responsible. d. vicarious and direct liability.

Q: Research affirms Hirschi's contention that delinquents are detached loners whose bonds to friends have been broken. a. True b. False

Q: Signs of an impaired supervisor include all of the following EXCEPT:a. boundary violations and substance abuse.b. availability, accessibility, and being technically competent. c. misuse of power and extreme burnout.d. sexual contact with supervisees and diminished clinical judgment.

Q: The stronger a person's commitment to conventional institutions, individuals, and processes, the less likely they are to commit crime. a. True b. False

Q: To ensure an optimal learning experience, a supervisee is responsible for all of the following EXCEPT:a. coming prepared to each supervision session. b. being an active participant in supervision.c. taking the initiative to ask for what is needed from your supervisor during supervision. d. establishing flexible boundaries with your clients.

Q: According to learning theories, even corporate executives may be exposed to pro-criminal definitions and learn to neutralize moral constraints. a. True b. False

Q: Sutherland's research on crime led him to dispute the notion that crime was a function of the inherent inadequacy of people in the lower classes. a. True b. False

Q: ________________occurs when a supervisor has concurrent or consecutive professional or nonprofessional relationships with a supervisee in addition to the supervisor"supervisee relationship.a. Multicultural supervision b. Clinical supervisionc. Multiple-role relationships in supervision d. Competence

Q: Differential association theory holds that people learn criminal attitudes and behavior during their adolescence from close, trusted friends or relatives. a. True b. False

Q: _____________can be incurred when the actions of supervisors are the cause for harm. a. Breach of confidentialityb. Breach of informed consent c. Direct liabilityd. Vicarious liability

Q: ______________ encompasses the full range of cultural factors including race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, ability status, privilege, sexual orientation, spirituality and religion, values, gender, family characteristics and dynamics, country of origin, language, and age.a. Multicultural supervisionb. Developmental supervision c. Feminist supervisiond. Social-constructivism supervision

Q: Religious participation seems to be a more significant inhibitor of crime than merely having religious beliefs and values. a. True b. False

Q: Kenneth is involved in a specialized professional process that involves sharing expertise with others in the helping professions so they can better serve their own clients. He is functioning in the role of a:a. therapist.b. consultant.c. paraprofessional. d. broker.

Q: The delinquent peer-crime relationship does not apply to popular kids because they are too busy to commit crime. a. Trueb. False