Q&A Hero

Q: ____________ is as essential as informed consent in counseling practice. It is beneficial to discuss the rights of supervisees from the beginning of the supervisory relationship in much the same way as the rights of clients are addressed early in the therapy process.a. The supervisory relationship b. The supervisee's experience c. Clinical supervisiond. Informed consent in supervision

Q: The totality of research on the effect of dropping out of high school indicates one fact - high school dropouts face a significant chance of entering a criminal career. a. True b. False

Q: Professional codes of ethics for supervisors agree that:a. social interaction with supervisees is essential to effective counselor training. b. all dual or multiple relationships with supervisees are unethical.c. sexual relationships between supervisors and students are unethical unless the student freely consents. d. supervisors occupy a position of power and should not engage in sexual relationships with the student.

Q: The family-crime relationship is significant across racial, ethnic, and gender lines. a. Trueb. False

Q: Susan is in a counselor training program and is infatuated with her supervisor. She has indicated that she is interested in pursuing an intimate relationship. In order to provide adequate supervision for Susan, her supervisor would need to: a. clearly define and maintain ethical, professional, and social relationship boundaries with Susan.b. adopt the role of counselor and work with her therapeutically. c. suggest that she transfer to another training program.d. let Susan know that there is no possibility for intimacy until she graduates from the program.

Q: Social control theory suggests that people learn techniques and attitudes of crime from close relationships with criminal peers. a. True b. False

Q: Social process criminologists focus on socialization rather than the environment when explaining crime. a. Trueb. False

Q: A primary aim of supervision is to create a context in which the supervisee can acquire the experience needed to become a:a. effective Gestalt therapist. b. independent professional. c. dependent professional.d. psychoanalyst.

Q: Which of the following is NOT described in the text as a method of supervision?a. Self-reportb. Audiotapesc. Live supervisiond. Instructional supervision

Q: Children who grow up in low-income homes are less likely to achieve in school and less likely to complete school than children who do not grow up in low-income households. a. True b. False

Q: ______________ pertains to the responsibilities supervisors have to oversee the actions of their supervisees. a. Breach of confidentialityb. Breach of informed consent c. Direct liabilityd. Vicarious liability

Q: The "truly disheartened" is the term used by William Julius Wilson to describe socially isolated people who dwell in urban inner-cities, who occupy the bottom rung of the social ladder, and who are the victims of discrimination. a. True b. False

Q: Walter Miller identified the unique conduct norms (focal concerns) that help define lower-class culture. Identify and use Miller's focal concerns to explain how cultural deviance theory combines the effects of social disorganization and strain theories.

Q: Which of the following statements is NOTaccurate?a. Supervisors are ultimately responsible, both ethically and legally, for the actions of their trainees. b. Supervisors should not supervise more trainees than they can responsibly manage at one time.c. Supervisors are not expected to maintain records pertaining to their work with supervisees. d. It is essential that supervisors are familiar with the caseloads of their supervisees.

Q: ______________ have a position of influence and operate in multiple roles. a. Co-workersb. Employees c. Superviseesd. Clinical supervisors

Q: Scott went to a community college and met Heather, and they now have two children. Heather is trying toconvince Scott of the need to move to her hometown and live with her parents. People in her hometown have a better life including better education, health care, and housing opportunities, and Heather wants the the children to have these advantages as well. This outlook is referred to as .a. Concentration effect b. Collective efficacyc. Focal concerns d. Relative deprivation

Q: Tommy lives with his grandmother in poverty. Tommy is potentially having a difficult time in school because he is being judged by , which are the standards by which his teachers are evaluating his performance in school.a. cultural transmission b. focal concernsc. middle class measuring rodsd. status frustration

Q: Which of the following is NOT a reason clinical supervisors are increasingly vulnerable and at risk for ethical and legal liability?a. Clinical supervisors are legally responsible for the welfare of those clients counseled by their trainees.b. Clinical supervisors have a legal and ethical obligation to respect the confidentiality of client communications. c. Clinical supervisors must see that trainees provide the information to clients they need in order to make informed choices.d. There are no formal courses a clinician can take to become a clinical supervisor.

Q: Which theory views that lower class youths have limited opportunities and thus join gaings as an alternate means to achieve universal success goals?a. anomie b. differential opportunity c. focal concern d. relative deprivation

Q: ______________is an integral part of your professional training and is one of the ways in which you acquire competence needed to fulfill your professional responsibilities.a. Multiple relationships b. Counselingc. Supervisiond. Gender-role socialization

Q: Robert Agnew suggests that criminality is the direct result of negative affective states. Identify Agnew's negative affective states and explain how they lead to criminality.

Q: Three legal considerations in the supervisory relationship are:a. supervisors' qualifications, along with their duties and responsibilities. b. issues with dual relationships.c. consent of trainees, clients, and third-party payers.d. informed consent, confidentiality and its limits, and liability.

Q: In his theory of anomie, sociologist Robert Merton applied the sociological concepts first identified by Emile Durkheim to criminology. Discuss the foundations of Merton's anomie theory and the social adaptations found within this strain theory.

Q: Continuing professional education is important because:a. the continuing education schools are in need of the income.b. some practitioners did not receive the information in their educational program; until they attend continuing education programs, they cannot be held responsible for their actions.c. a practitioner's level of competence may diminish over time; changes in laws pertaining to mental health,evolving ethical standards, and new trends in professional and evidence-based practices continue to be made. d. the information they reveal has never been shared in academic programs before.

Q: Students should be advised as early as possible if their behavior is problematic, and:a. they should be given direction and opportunities to improve problem areas. b. they should be terminated from the program immediately.c. they should be ridiculed in a public arena.d. they should be allowed to continue without further direction.

Q: According to strain theorists, what is strain, what causes strain, and how does strain lead to crime?

Q: If each professional organization developed specific guidelines pertaining to students' successful completion of aprogram, faculty in training programs:a. would not have to work as hard to help students understand the material.b. would then have the backing of their professional association in determining the evaluation procedures to be used when decisions regarding retaining or dismissing students are made.c. would have the correct information needed to train students to become therapists. d. would be able to give the students the guidelines to study without training them.

Q: Discuss how collective efficacy and community cohesion are associated. Include in your discussion the three types of collective efficacy and how collective efficacy is associated with levels of crime in a neighborhood.

Q: ____________is a basic component of practitioner competence. a. Competenceb. Techniquesc. Accreditation d. Training

Q: Primary elements of the social ecology school include community disorder, community fear and siege mentality. Explain how these elements are associated.

Q: Social disorganization theorists, Shaw and McKay focus on transitional neighborhoods as "concentric zones" of crime. Discuss this theory and how they applied their theory to the city of Chicago.

Q: A school counselor was working with Quan, whose presenting problem was anxiety pertaining to academic success in college. This was within the scope of the school counselor's training. However, during the course of therapy, Quan became very depressed and engaged in selfmutilation and other forms of selfdestructive behavior. Quan's counselor recognized that these symptoms and behaviors reflected a problem area that was outside the scope of his practice. Ethical practice required that the school counselor: a. attempt to work with Quan's problems and only refer if he becomes suicidal. b. have another school employee present in all sessions after the discovery is made. c. make a referral to another professional who is competent to treat Quan's problems. d. make a referral to a substance abuse counselor because all client's with these symptoms are self-medicating.

Q: Social disorganization theory links crime rates to neighborhood ecological characteristics. Identify and discuss these characteristics.

Q: ________________statutes determine and govern professional practice. a. Certification b. Licensure c. Registration d. Accreditation

Q: According to social structure theory, the key to understanding the root cause of crime can be found in the nation's socioeconomic makeup. Explain what is meant by this statement.

Q: When a therapist believes referring a client to be the appropriate course of action due to a lack of competence in the client's issue:a. it would be considered unethical to not refer to a more competent therapist. b. it is the client's choice whether to accept or decline the termination.c. it is the therapist's choice to decide when and if termination should take place. d. the therapist should only refer the client if a conflict has been created.

Q: Training programs have a responsibility to complete all of the following EXCEPT:a. honor their commitment to the students they admit.b. protect future consumers who will be served by those who graduate.c. screen candidates so the public will be protected from incompetent practitioners. d. continue evaluating students up to five years after graduation.

Q: There are three separate yet overlapping branches within the social structure perspective " social disorganization theory, strain theory, and cultural deviance theory. Briefly discuss the main focuses of each of these theories.

Q: The process by which values, beliefs, and traditions are handed down from one generation to the next is_____.

Q: ________________ is a voluntary attempt by a group to promote a professional identity. a. Certificationb. Licensurec. Registrationd. Accreditation

Q: Values, such as toughness and street smarts that have evolved specifically to fit conditions in lower-class environments are referred to as___ .

Q: When therapists extend the boundaries of their practice, or when they branch out into an area requiring specialty competence, they should:a. be sufficiently prepared if they read books and journal articles pertaining to the new specialty area. b. seek consultation with a competent practitioner.c. return to graduate school and receive another degree.d. gain competence on their own before consulting with other professionals.

Q: Feelings of______ include envy, mistrust, and aggression resulting from perceptions of economic and social inequality.

Q: Those who are responsible for educating and training mental health professionals are ethically and professionally obligated to:a. focus exclusively on mentoring trainees.b. invest all of their efforts into mentoring trainees and being advocates for them and their clients. c. balance their roles as advocate and mentor of trainees with their gatekeeping role.d. focus exclusively on their gatekeeping responsibilities.

Q: _______________ is a developmentally informed process that provides useful feedback during one's training and throughout one's professional career.a. Formative assessment b. Summative assessmentc. Developmentally-informed assessment d. Technique assessment

Q: The_____ is the goal of accumulating material goods and wealth through individual competition.

Q: According to Merton and his social adaptations,_____ reject both the goals and means of society.

Q: When a practitioner has a license, he or she is:a. competent to work with all populations.b. competent to work with populations he or she had never worked with before. c. not competent to work with all populations.d. finally exempt from having his or her competence evaluated.

Q: The anger, frustration, and resentment experienced by people who believe they cannot achieve their goals through legitimate means is______ .

Q: To qualify as a substance abuse counselor, the CACREP (2009) standards identify specific knowledge, skills, and practices in all of the following areas EXCEPT:a. personal substance abuse experience.b. counseling, prevention, and intervention. c. diversity and advocacy.d. research and evaluation.

Q: According to the American Counseling Association, counselors practice only within the boundaries of their competence, based on: a. their knowledge, skills, and practices in the following areas: foundations, diversity and politics, assessment, research and evaluation, and diagnosis. b. psychology does not currently have methods to readily or reliably assess the performance of professional functions. c. peer review boards or other appropriate bodies. d. their education and training, supervised experience, state and national professional credentials, and appropriate professional experience.

Q: The branch of social structure theory that focuses on the breakdown in inner-city neighborhoods of institutions such as the family is_____ theory.

Q: The______ theory is the view that disadvantaged economic class position is a primary cause of crime.

Q: Even though mental health professionals may not intend to harm clients, ________________ is often a major contributing factor in causing harm. a. incompetence b. unconscious impulses of an aggressive nature c. participation in a training program that is not CACREP accredited d. a decreased emphasis on ethics in training programs

Q: According to the American School Counseling Association, in order to apply our knowledge and skills competently: a. professional school counselors must be perfectly healthy. b. professional school counselors monitor emotional and physical health and practice wellness to ensure optimal effectiveness. c. self-care routines must be rigidly adhered to by professional school counselors on a daily basis. d. professional school counselors must attend to physical and emotional well-being more often than mental or spiritual well-being.

Q: The_____is the lowest social strata in any country, whose members lack the education and skills needed to function successfully in modern society.

Q: Referring clients to other professionals is:a. appropriate when counselors do not have the clinical training or expertise to work with certain clients. b. unethical since it leaves the client feeling abandoned.c. indicative of poor character. d. illegal in some states.

Q: ______are segments of the population whose members have a relatively similar economic level.

Q: In the______________, the court held that a faculty may require students to complete special requirements as long asrequirements are not arbitrary.a. Board of Curators of the University of Missouri v. Horowitzb. Shuffer v. Trustees of California State Universities and Colleges c. Jablonski v. the United Statesd. Hedlund v. Superior Court

Q: Out of the four friends, Anthony was the only one to graduate college and become successful. Anthony values hard work, family, and charity. Scott, Andrew, and Joseph place more value in being tough and street smart. According to Miller, these values of toughness and street smart are referred to as and specifically fit to conditions in lower-class environments.a. Concentration effect b. Collective efficacyc. Focal concerns d. Relative deprivation

Q: Barriers to dismissing a student who demonstrates dysfunctional interpersonal behavior from a training program include all of the following EXCEPT:a. lack of adequate procedures in place to support a dismissal decision.b. concern about the heightened resistance or defensiveness in the trainee. c. fear of legal reprisal by the institution.d. the potential for receiving criticism from other faculty members who were not involved in the trainee's remediation.

Q: Andrew ended up moving to Los Angeles to pursue a career in acting. After six months, Andrew became a bus- boy in an exclusive restaurant in Los Angeles where he serves very wealthy and even famous patrons. Hestarts to compare his life circumstances to these customers and begins forming negative self-feelings andhostility. Andrew's reaction is a response to:a. unmet expectationsb. collective efficacyc. deprived gratificationd. relative deprivation

Q: ___________ is an organized system by which practitioners within a profession assess one another's services. a. Networkingb. Mentoring c. Monitoringd. Peer review

Q: Joseph went into the military after high school. He was seriously injured while stationed in the Middle East.He returned home to find out that his parents had passed away in a car accident. As a result of his injuries and the loss of his parents, Joseph became addicted to prescribed pain killers and after that heroin. He no longer cares about himself and has decided it is better if he just withdraws from society and continues to use drugs. According to Merton, which social adaptation describes Joseph?a. Conformity b. Innovationc. Retreatism d. Ritualism

Q: Most professional organizations support efforts to:a. require pro bono work at the rate of at least 20 percent of the work week for all professionals. b. write regulations that encourage competition.c. make continuing education a mandatory condition of re-licensing.d. require personality tests from all practitioners to ensure that those who enter the field are in good mental health.

Q: Andrew, Anthony, Joseph, and Scott have been friends since they were small children. They were raised in a lower-middle class community. Each of them graduated from high school. After high school they attempted to keep in contact with each other. After a few years they were all in different locations and eventually lost contact with one another.Anthony went up-state to attend college on a wrestling scholarship. He graduated college, married his college sweetheart and now is a physical therapist making approximately $85,000 per year. He has never gotten in trouble with the law and can provide comfortably for his wife and small child. According to Merton, which social adaptation describes Anthony?a. Conformity b. Innovationc. Ritualism d. Rebellion

Q: In________________, the Supreme Court considered that the student had been informed of the faculty's dissatisfaction with her clinical performance, and the student knew that unless she made significant improvement in this area, she would be dismissed from the program. The Court held that the decision to dismiss the student from medical school was based on a careful and deliberate evaluation by the faculty, and thus the student's dismissal was not a violation of her constitutional rights.a. Board of Curators of the University of Missouri v. Horowitzb. Shuffer v. Trustees of California State Universities and Colleges c. Jablonski v. the United Statesd. Hedlund v. Superior Court

Q: Tommy was arrested one evening for breaking into his neighbor's home attempting to steal their computer.He is transported to the police department for questioning. When the detective asks Tommy why he broke into his neighbor's home Tommy replies, "everyone else has a computer and I wanted one, too." According to Merton's modes of social adaptation, which applies to Tommy's actions?a. Conformity b. Innovationc. Ritualism d. Retreatism

Q: Tommy lives in a high crime area and is exposed to violence and drug use on a daily basis. In fact, crime is a constant fixture in his community. According to Shaw and McKay's concentric zone theory, which zone is Tommy most likely living in?a. Zone 2 b. Zone 4 c. Zone 6 d. Zone 9

Q: _______________is an end point evaluation typically completed at the end of a professional program or when applying for licensure status.a. Formative assessment b. Summative assessment c. Therapist competence d. Technique

Q: Registry is generally a voluntary listing of individuals who use a title or provide a service. _____________ represents the least degree of regulation of professional practice.a. Certificationb. Licensurec. Registrationd. Accreditation

Q: The skills and training required to effectively and appropriately treat clients in a specific area of practice, and is both an ethical and legal concept, is the definition for:a. formative assessment. b. summative assessment. c. therapist competence.d. techniques.

Q: When Tommy turned sixteen he dropped out of school. He attempted to find a job but could not be hired because he did not have a high school diploma. According to the , Tommy's legitimate opportunities are limited and thus it only makes sense that he join a gang and pursue a criminal career.a. concentric zone theoryb. differential opportunity theoryc. relative deprivation theoryd. social ecology theory

Q: Tommy is 12 years old. He lives with his grandmother because his father is incarcerated and his mother passed away from a drug overdose. Tommy is starting to defy his grandmother's orders. He is skipping school and hanging out with an older group of teenagers in his neighborhood.Tommy's grandmother is concerned that Tommy will join a gang because she is not able to provide Tommy with the material possessions he is asking for. If this is the case, Tommy is experiencing because cannot achieve the success as defined by the larger society.a. cultural transmission b. focal concernsc. middle class measuring rods d. status frustration

Q: From an ethical perspective, counselor educators and trainers are expected to present varied theoretical positions. Training programs would do well to offer students:a. a variety of therapeutic techniques and strategies that can be applied to a wide range of problems with diverse clients.b. the opportunity to specialize in one theoretical approach.c. a program with few bureaucratic constraints when teaching.d. the opportunity to learn to diagnose clients to fit the basic concepts of the theory being taught.

Q: What percentage of all children in the United States live below the poverty line?a. 11 b. 21 c. 41 d. 61

Q: As a part of the process of screening candidates for a therapist training program, counselor educators should complete all of the following EXCEPT:a. provide candidates with information about what will be expected of them. b. encourage candidates to screen the program to ensure a good fit.c. place most of the emphasis on candidates' GRE scores.d. inform candidates they are expected to engage in self-disclosure and to participate in various self-growth activities.

Q: The top 1 percent of households have percent of all wealth in the United States. a. 13 b. 23c. 43 d. 63

Q: According to the authors, a good training program encourages students to:a. build on their life experiences and personal strengths and provides opportunities for expanding self-awareness. b. emphasize skill training without consideration of personal development.c. achieve a high enough GPA to pursue a doctorate.d. specialize in one theory with the techniques and strategies that are unique to that theory.

Q: What are the standards by which authority figures evaluate lower-class youngsters and often pre-judge them negatively?a. focal concerns b. middle-class measuring rods c. negative affective states d. status frustrations