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Counseling
Q:
What are the standards by which authority figures evaluate lower-class youngsters and often pre-judge them negatively?a. focal concerns b. middle-class measuring rods c. negative affective states d. status frustrations
Q:
According to the research, crime rates decrease when families receive supplemental income through a. church fundraisers b. college scholarshipsc. public assistance payments d. loans
Q:
All of the following are true about bartering EXCEPT:a. bartering can be a dignified and honorable form of payment for those who are cash poor but talented in other ways.b. bartering is a healthy norm in many cultures. c. bartering is illegal and unethical.d. bartering can be part of a clearly articulated treatment plan; like other interventions, bartering must be considered in light of the client's needs, desires, situation, and cultural background.
Q:
Which of the following statements about giving or receiving gifts is FALSE?
a. Lavish gifts certainly present an ethical problem; yet, we can go too far in the direction of trying to be ethical and actually damage the therapeutic relationship.
b. It is important to recognize when accepting a gift from a client is clinically contraindicated and that you be willing to explore this with your client.
c. In working with culturally diverse client populations, clinicians often discover that they need to engage in boundary crossing to enhance the counseling relationship.
d. It could be more problematic to accept a gift at a later stage of a counseling relationship.
Q:
Cloward and Ohlin's classic work Delinquency and Opportunity combined strain and social disorganization principles to explaina. violent crimb. gang formation c. vandalism d. drug dealing
Q:
Which researcher focused on cultural norms and focal concerns?a. Miller b. Cohen c. Cloward d. Ohlin
Q:
Which of the following is NOTa code of ethics in regards to sexual contact and the therapeutic relationship from various professional organizations?
a. Sexual intimacy with current clients, or their spouses or partners, is prohibited. Engaging in sexual intimacy with individuals who are known to be close relatives, guardians or significant others of current clients is prohibited.
b. Psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with current clients/patients; however, if a client/patient has not been treated within two years a relationship may become ethically approved.
c. Sexual or romantic counselor-client interactions or relationships with current clients or their family members are prohibited.
d. Psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with individuals they know to be close relatives, guardians, or significant others of current clients/patients. Psychologists do not terminate therapy to circumvent this standard.
Q:
Neglecting to attend to family-of-origin issues can lead to ____________ such as being attracted to clients. a. blind spotsb. barteringc. the ethical deterioration phenomenon d. the slippery slope phenomenon
Q:
Subcultural values are handed down from one generation to the next in a process called a. norms transmission. b. social transmission.c. belief transmission. d. cultural transmission.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a reason for discouraging the practice of accepting friends as clients or of becoming socially involved with clients?a. Therapists may not be as challenging as they need to be with clients they know socially because of a need to be liked and accepted by the client.b. Therapists may be as effective with clients they know socially as they are with clients they have never met previously to the therapeutic relationship.c. Counselors' own needs may be enmeshed with those of their clients to the point that objectivity is lost.d. Counselors are at greater risk of exploiting clients because of the power differential in the therapeutic relationship.
Q:
Cohen's theory of delinquent subcultures focuses on social conditions that prevent lower-class youths from achieving success legitimately. Cohen labels this form of culture conflicta. success frustration b. status frustrationc. social frustration d. lower-class delinquent frustration
Q:
Walter Miller identified the unique conduct norms that define the lower-class culture and that often clash with conventional values. Which of the following is not one of those norms?a. Fate b. Toughness c. Autonomy d. Education
Q:
APA ethics codes offer three helpful criteria in making decisions about multiple relationships in a small community setting. These include each of the following EXCEPT:a. risk of exploitation.b. loss of therapist objectivity.c. prospective multiple relationships fit into a single category. d. harm to the professional relationship.
Q:
Few professional codes of ethics specifically address the topic of giving or receiving gifts in the therapeutic relationship. The AAMFT does have such a guideline and it states that marriage and family therapists:a. cannot give to or receive from clients gifts of substantial value or that impair the integrity or efficacy of the therapeutic relationship.b. can give to or receive from clients small gifts of little monetary value.c. can give to or receive from clients gifts when given during an appropriate and healthy therapeutic relationship. d. cannot give or receive gifts under any circumstances.
Q:
Because social conditions prevent them from achieving success legitimately, lower-class youths experience a form of culture conflict that Albert Cohen labelsa. status frustration b. youth deprivation c. juvenile constants d. teenage anomie
Q:
The ethics codes of most professional organizations provide guidelines for the ethical practice of bartering. Some more recent codes (APA, NASW, AAMFT, and ACA):
a. state the practice of bartering is unethical no matter the circumstances.
b. take a more strict attitude increasing the punishment for practicing bartering.
c. state bartering should take place of payment; therefore, the therapeutic relationship can become more trustworthy.
d. take a more flexible and less punitive attitude toward bartering.
Q:
General strain theory is not purely a structural theory because it focuses on how influence behavior. a. biological conditions b. rational choicesc. life events d. psychological conditions
Q:
____reflects the view that multiple sources of strain interact with an individual's emotional traits and responses to criminality.a. General strain theory b. Relative deprivation theory c. Focal concern theory d. Anomie theory
Q:
Agnew suggests that criminality is the direct result of______the anger, frustration and adverse emotions associated with destructive social relationships.a. siege mentality b. negative affective states c. relative deprivation d. focal concerns
Q:
When in conflict with clinical needs, context, competence, or consent, even the most well-intentioned nonsexual physical contact may be experienced as:a. appropriate, gentle, and wanted contact.b. aggressive, frightening, intimidating, demeaning, arrogant, unwanted, insensitive, threatening, or intrusive. c. passive, soothing, calming, comforting, gentle, and peaceful.d. completely indifferent for both therapist and client.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a possible multiple relationship in a small community?a. A therapist might attend the same church or community activities as the clients they serve.b. A therapist who is a recovering alcoholic and attends Alcoholics Anonymous meetings may meet a client at one of these meetings.c. A therapist isolates him or herself in order to limit the possibility of multiple relationships.d. In an isolated area, a clergy person may seek counseling for a personal crisis from the only counselor in the town someone who also happens to be a parishioner.
Q:
Judith and Peter Blau developed the concept of______,the idea that anger and mistrust result from perceptions of inequality that lead lower-class people to feel deprived and embittered in comparison with those more affluent.a. inequality concentration b. collective deprivation c. cultural inequality d. relative deprivation
Q:
Mentors often balance a multiplicity of roles. Which of the following would NOT be considered one of these roles?a. Teacher and counselorb. Role modelc. Guide and friendd. Partner
Q:
According to institutional anomie theorists, the______is both a goal and process to accumulate goods and wealth.a. American Dream b. American Hope c. American Ideal d. American Myth
Q:
What two elements of culture interact to produce anomie and/or anomic conditions?a. informal social control and public social controlb. middle-class measuring rods and educational underachievementc. culturally defined goals and socially approved means for obtaining them d. community cohesiveness and collective efficacy
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a controversy of boundary issues?a. Age, diagnosis, life experiences such as abuse, and culture are key elements of the therapeutic relationship.b. An unfortunate reality is that some practitioners have difficulty distinguishing where appropriate boundary lines shouldbe drawn.c. The goal of ethical decision making is to take a position where the potential for exploitation is minimized.d. Failing to establish clear boundaries can be very dangerous to both the client and the therapist.
Q:
Which of Merton's social adaptations is most closely associated with criminal behavior?a. conformity b. innovation c. ritualism d. retreatism
Q:
The notion that certain actions will inevitably lead to a progressive deterioration of ethical behavior is commonly referred to as:a. the slippery slope phenomenon. b. therapist decay.c. the ethical deterioration phenomenon. d. role erosion.
Q:
When members of the lower-class are unable to achieve symbols of success via conventional means they feel anger, frustration, and resentment. These feelings are collectively referred to asa. focal concerns. b. aggression. c. siege mentality. d. strain.
Q:
Miguel has been providing couples' counseling to Saundra and Steven for a couple of years and was recently invited to attend their 20thwedding anniversary party. Attending this event is an example of:a. a boundary violation.b. a potentially beneficial non-professional interaction. c. an unprofessional interaction.d. a lapse of judgment.
Q:
Clinicians who oppose any form of physical contact with their clients (e.g., non-erotic touching) believe all of the following EXCEPT:a. it can promote dependency.b. it can interfere with the transference relationship. c. it can be misread by clients.d. it can become a healthy romantic relationship.
Q:
What is the result of ineffective community social control efforts?a. Mutual trust increases. b. Neighborhood cohesiveness strengthens. c. Crime rates increase. d. Siege mentality decreases.
Q:
Cohesive communities with high levels of social control and social integration and where people develop interpersonal ties are also likely to developa. high levels of incivility. b. collective efficacy. c. mistrust of public social control. d. siege mentality.
Q:
In the authors' view, nonerotic touching between counselor and client should be:a. a spontaneous and honest expression of the therapist's feelings. b. incongruent with what they feel.c. a therapeutic technique used to extinguish catharsis. d. considered unethical.
Q:
As working and middle-class families flee inner-city poverty areas, the most disadvantaged population is consolidated in urban ghettos. This phenomenon results in a povertya. solidity effect b. concentration effect c. cohort effect. d. instability effect.
Q:
When a client is unable to afford therapy, it is possible that he or she may:a. offer a bartering arrangement or exchanging goods in lieu of a fee. b. offer sexual favors in exchange for services.c. force the therapist to continue treatment free of charge.d. report the therapist to his or her license board if he or she refuses to continue treatment and receive payment when the client can afford it at a later date.
Q:
According to professional codes of ethics, sexual relationships between client and counselor are considered to be ethical under which of the following circumstances?a. If the therapist is really in love with the client. b. If there is consent by the client.c. These relationships are not considered to be ethical under any circumstances. d. If the sexual relationship begins within six months of termination.
Q:
Social ecology school criminologists associate crime rates and the need for police services to a. community deterioration. b. community fear.c. community change. d. poverty concentration.
Q:
According to Shaw and McKay, a______neighborhood is an area wracked by extreme poverty and suffering high rates of population turnover.a. subcultural b. transitionalc. concentric d. ecological
Q:
Clients can file a legal complaint against a therapist for sexual misconduct by all of the following methods EXCEPT:a. filing a malpractice suit.b. filing an ethical complaint with the therapist's licensing board. c. lodging a complaint with the AARP.d. filing a criminal complaint or a civil suit.
Q:
According to the author, the most important of Shaw and McKay's findings was thata. crime rates increase as police services increase.b. over time crime rates shift outward from Zones I & II to the suburban zones. c. crime rates correspond to neighborhood structure.d. the number of abandoned buildings decreases as emigration increases.
Q:
Bonnie became sexually involved with her therapist soon after therapy began. This action was initiated by the therapist who saw Bonnie's provocative behavior as an invitation to become intimate. Which of the following is NOT a possible on-going consequence for the client being sexually exploited?a. Experiencing feelings of freedom and peacefulnessb. Experiencing feelings of shame and guilt and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder c. Experiencing depression, fear, and angerd. Experiencing isolation, a stronger distrust, and suicidal tendencies
Q:
Which one of the following is NOT considered a guideline to minimizing the likelihood of sexual transgressions by clinicians?a. Seek professional support during times of personal loss or crisis.b. Differentiate between having sexual attraction to clients and acting on this attraction.c. Avoid terminating the therapeutic relationship, even when sexual feelings obscure objectivity.d. Make it a practice to examine and monitor feelings and behaviors toward clients.
Q:
Shaw and McKay explained crime and delinquency within the context ofa. the changing urban environment and ecological development of the city. b. subcultures with blocked means of achieving majority status.c. redistribution of goals and means.d. biological changes resulting from transient neighborhoods.
Q:
Social disorganization theory was popularized by the work of two Chicago sociologists:a. Robert Agnew and Albert Cohen b. Robert Merton and Emile Durkheimc. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay d. Steven Messner and Richard Rossenfeld
Q:
Therapists can deal with powerful attractions to clients by:a. repressing their feelings of attraction.b. asking the client if the feeling is mutual. c. terminating the relationship immediately.d. monitoring boundaries by setting clear limits on physical contact, self-disclosure, and client requests for personal information.
Q:
Why are personal relationships, including establishing communication and common goals, strained in socially disorganized neighborhoods?a. Because the hostility of long-term residents makes it difficult for new people to move into the neighborhood. b. Because residents are constantly moving in and out of the neighborhood.c. Because police refuse to organize neighborhood groups.d. Because gang formation disrupts families in the neighborhood.
Q:
A common reaction of therapists who realize that they have sexual feelings towards their clients is to:a. feel angry at themselves.b. speak openly about the matter to the client.c. investigate to see if the client feels the same. d. feel guilty, anxious, and confused.
Q:
Strain theory holds that crime is a function of a. unequal distribution of wealth.b. loss of informal institutions of social control. c. conflict between people's goals and means. d. available methods of achievement.
Q:
Boundary management is:a. not an issue in sparsely populated areas.b. less challenging in rural areas than in urban areas. c. equally as challenging in rural and urban areas.d. more challenging in rural areas than in urban areas.
Q:
A counselor is likely to adopt stricter social boundaries and will be concerned about polluting the transference relationship if he or she is:a. psychoanalytically oriented. b. a behavioral therapist.c. working with culturally diverse clients. d. already engaged in an active social life.
Q:
According to social structure theory, the root cause of crime can be directly traced to a. individual socialization.b. socioeconomic disadvantages that have become embedded in American society. c. lower-class mistrust of social control institutions.d. the lack of political power within the under-class.
Q:
Cultural deviance theory combines elements of and social disorganization theories. a. strain b. povertyc. socialization d. transmission
Q:
Marty is counseling with an Asian client who recently returned from a trip to Japan to visit relatives. His client wants to give him an inexpensive souvenir. It is important for Marty to:a. refuse the gift on ethical grounds.b. explain that the gift would change their relationship and create a conflict of interest. c. be aware that accepting the gift may be culturally appropriate with this client.d. explain that he cannot accept the gift until the counseling relationship is over.
Q:
Which theory focuses on the urban conditions, such as high unemployment and school dropout rates, to explain crime?a. strain theory b. social disorganization theory c. cultural deviance theory d. general strain theory
Q:
Which of the following situations does NOT have the potential to harm or exploit a client?a. Entering a business venture with a clientb. Developing a sexual relationship with a clientc. Establishing a social relationship with a clientd. Setting healthy boundaries during the initial visit
Q:
______________is a serious breach that results in harm to clients and is therefore unethical. a. A slippery slopeb. A dual relationshipc. A boundary violation d. A malpractice suit
Q:
Oscar Lewis argues that the crushing lifestyle of lower-class areas produces______ that is passed on from onegeneration to the next.a. a culture of poverty b. physical deterioration c. social deterioration d. family disorganization
Q:
In regards to boundaries in the counseling relationship, Lazarus takes the position that:a. certain ethics and boundaries actually diminish therapeutic effectiveness.b. all boundaries should be eliminated because they destroy the counseling relationship. c. strong boundaries must be maintained in order to avoid malpractice suits.d. traits such as flexibility, spontaneity, and warmth tend to be characteristics of therapists who maintain strong boundaries.
Q:
_____are segments of the population whose members have a relatively similar portion of desirable belongings, and who share attitudes, values and norms.a. Social groups b. Social classes c. Social subcultures d. Social cultures
Q:
Linda is considering developing a multiple or dual relationship with her client. It's important for Linda to remember:a. that all multiple relationships should be avoided because they are usually harmful.b. that absolute answers are available to resolve dual or multiple relationship dilemmas. c. to be cautious in order to protect herself from censure.d. to consider whether the potential benefit outweighs the potential for harm.
Q:
Social strata are created by the unequal distribution of wealth. While the upper-class is exceptionally well-to-do,____people live in poverty in America. a. 1,000,000 b. 17,000,000c. 46,000,000 d. 67,000,000
Q:
The major premise of the relative deprivation theory is that crime occurs when the wealthy and the poor live close to one another.a. Trueb. False
Q:
Of the five social adaptations according to Merton, conformity is most closely associated with criminal behavior. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Which of the following actions would maximize the risks inherent in dual or multiple relationships?a. Setting healthy boundaries from the outsetb. Securing informed consent of clients and discuss with them both the potential risks and benefits of dual relationshipsc. Documenting any dual relationships in clinical case notes d. Becoming romantically involved with the client
Q:
Departures from commonly accepted practices that could potentially benefit clients are referred to as:a. unethical boundaries. b. boundary crossings. c. boundary violations.d. interpersonal boundaries.
Q:
Relative deprivation is felt most acutely by white youths. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Ted is a counselor educator and also acts as therapeutic agent for his students' personal development, since personal awareness is considered to be an intrinsic part of developing counselor skills in the program at the university in which he teaches. Ted is:a. totally unethical in attempting to guide his students towards self-awareness.b. involved in a situation in which he will become so subjective that he will be unable to teach his students.c. involved in role blending, which is inevitable in the process of educating and supervising counselor trainees. d. in a situation that automatically leads to a conflict of interest.
Q:
According to the National Organization for Human Services, the following is TRUE concerning dual relationships:a. There is a clear consensus among practitioners regarding nonsexual relationships in counseling.b. Due to the fact that there are clinical, ethical, and legal risks, all blending of roles must be avoided. c. Objectivity in counseling is enhanced with dual relationships.d. Professionals support the trust implicit in the helping relationship by avoiding dual relationships that may impair professional judgment, increase the risk of harm to clients, or lead to exploitation.
Q:
Crime rates may rise in a healthy economy because prosperity makes monetary rewards more attractive, encouraging people to gain financial success by any means necessary.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Affirmative action programs have erased the economic gulf between whites and minorities. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Examples of Walter Miller's lower-class focal concerns include achievement, status, and delayed gratification. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Joe has a counseling practice and is also teaching psychology part-time at a university. He is well-liked and trusted by students and some have asked for private counseling. Joe has decided to wait until semester break before taking them on as clients. Joe would be:a. exhibiting ethical behavior by telling his students that he will counsel them at the end of the semester. b. in a dual relationship with his students, which may cause ethical problems.c. playing favoritism by not counseling all of his students.d. not qualified to counsel his students because he is a part-time instructor.
Q:
_______________-is designed to encourage reporting of any suspected cases of child, elder, or dependent adult abuse; thus, therapists are advised to err on the side of reporting in uncertain circumstances.a. Reportable abuseb. Dependent abuse c. Elder abused. Mandatory reporting
Q:
The experts who testified at this trial believed the school board failed to provide adequate training for school personnel. Without training, school personnel will most likely underestimate the lethality of suicidal thoughts, statements, and attempts. The conclusion of this expert testimony was that the student would not have committed suicide if the employees had been adequately trained. Persuaded by this input,the court held that the school could be found negligent for failing to notify the decedent's mother. This explains thecourt decision in which court case?a. Eisel v. Board of Educationb. Wyke v. Polk County School Boardc. Hedlund v. Superior Courtd. Ewing v. Goldstein
Q:
Cultural deviance theory combines elements of relative deprivation and differential opportunity theories. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Agnew's focus on negative affective states offers a more general explanation of criminality among all elements of society rather than being restrictive to lower-class crime.
a. True
b. False
Q:
General strain theory is not purely a structural theory because it focuses on how life events influence behavior. a. Trueb. False
Q:
In this court case, the court found that school counselors have a duty to use reasonable means to attempt to prevent a suicide when they know about a student's suicidal intentions. The reasoning of the court was that an adolescent is more likely to share thoughts of suicide with friends than with a school counselor, teacher, or parent. The court found that reasonable care would have included notifying the student's parents that their daughter was at risk for suicide.a. Tarasoff v. University of California Board of Regents b. Ewing v. Goldsteinc. Eisel v. Board of Education d. Jaffee v. Redmond
Q:
There are three types of________________: health plans, health care clearinghouses, and health care providers who transmit health information by electronic means. a. covered entitiesb. computer transactions c. administrative positions d. HIPAA rules