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Counseling
Q:
In multicultural counseling, one must balance the importance of ______________ in assessment, diagnosis, and treatment.a. liberal and conservative viewsb. western approaches and southern approachesc. individualism versus collectivismd. cultural encapsulation and assimilation
Q:
Police are more likely to arrest the mentally ill, giving the illusion that they are crime-prone. a. Trueb. False
Q:
______________is a sense of identity that stems from common ancestry, history, nationality, religion, and race. a. Ethnicityb. Multiculturalism c. Pluralismd. Commonality
Q:
Nature theory argues that intelligence is largely determined genetically, that ancestry determines IQ, and that low intelligence, as demonstrated by low IQ, is linked to criminal behavior.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The word___________, interpreted broadly, is associated with a racial or ethnic group as well as with gender, religion, economic status, nationality, physical capacity or disability, and affectional or sexual orientation. a. ethnicityb. diversityc. stereotype d. culture
Q:
Psychopaths are the product of a destructive home environment. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Social learning theorists argue that people are not born with the ability to act violently. a. Trueb. False
Q:
According to Freud's version of psychodynamic theory, the human personality has a twopart structure: the id andthe ego a. True b. False
Q:
Evolutionary theorists believe that human traits that produce violence and aggression have been advanced by the long process of human evolutions.
a. True
b. False
Q:
There is a significant relationship between parental and child deviance levels. a. Trueb. False
Q:
There is a stronger link between criminal behavior and identical twins, than between criminal behavior and fraternal twins.
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to arousal theory, sensation seekers look for stimulating activities that may include aggressive, violent behavior patterns.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Neurophysiology studies twin behavior in order to understand criminality. a. Trueb. False
Q:
An overwhelming majority of females who experience anxiety and hostility before and during menstruation engage in violent criminal behavior.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Biosocial research has found that abnormal levels of the male sex hormones or androgens produce aggressive behavior.
a. True
b. False
Q:
________________ moves beyond cultural awareness and focuses on active support and advocacy, including promoting equality and justice for underserved and oppressed groups of people.a. Social justiceb. Cultural pluralism c. Color blindnessd. Cultural tunnel vision
Q:
People who say they are usually are trying to communicate that they do not discriminate and that they treat others equally; however, in doing so, they are ignoring a vital part of that person's identity.a. racistb. microaggressive c. color blindd. culturally aware
Q:
_______________includes factors such as culture, religion, race, ability, age, gender, sexual orientation, education, and socioeconomic level.a. Cultural empathy b. Diversityc. Stereotypes d. Racism
Q:
The "Twinkie defense" brought national attention to the view that biochemical conditions can influence antisocial behavior. a. Trueb. False
Q:
According to sociobiology, living in a disadvantaged neighborhood will cause a well-adjusted person to commit crime. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Counselors practice unintentional racism when they:a. show sensitivity to cultural variations among individuals.b. challenge stereotypes associated with culturally diverse clients. c. claim to be free of any traces of racism.d. accept unreasoned assumptions about other cultures without proof and without regard to rationality.
Q:
The early research of Lombroso and his contemporaries is regarded as scientific fact. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Which of the following court cases involved an employee assistance program provider who refused to counsel homosexual clients on the basis of religious beliefs and was eventually terminated by her employer?a. Jablonski vs. United States b. Jaffee vs. Redmondc. Bruff vs. North Mississippi Health Services, Inc.d. Tarasoff vs. Board of Regents of the University of California
Q:
Incapacitation theory suggests that placing offenders behind bars during their prime crime years should reduce their lifetime opportunity to commit crime. Not all criminologists buy into this incapacitation effect. Discuss why this is so.
Q:
Which one of the following reasons for the underutilization of mental health services by minority groups is NOT true?a. Biased nature of the servicesb. Child care issuesc. Transportation challengesd. The medical model of clinical counseling is a good fit for this population and is not utilized enough.
Q:
How do certainty, severity, and speed of punishment impact general deterrence? How does the criminal justice system support or hamper these general deterrence factors?
Q:
_______________is a three-stage developmental sequence, from multicultural awareness to knowledge and comprehension to skills and applications.a. Culture-centered counseling b. Oppressed counselingc. Cultural immersiond. Social justice work in counseling
Q:
The theory of specific deterrence holds that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that known criminals will never repeat their criminal acts. Critique this theory. What evidence exists to support specific deterrence?
Q:
According to the authors, the first step in the process of acquiring multicultural counseling skills in a training program should be that students:a. become involved in a self-exploratory journey to help identify their cultural and ethnic blind spots. b. start a social advocacy campaign and become politically involved on campus.c. free themselves from all racist thoughts, actions and feelings. d. have their value system conform to an "acceptable norm."
Q:
Denise is a Euro-American social worker who is a former welfare client. A divorcee and mother of four, she succeeded in completing her degree and getting off the system in four years. She is now working in a welfare-to- work program and sets similar goals for her multicultural clients. Denise's attitude and actions indicate that she:a. believes in her client's ability to achieve and live up to her expectations. b. is well intentioned and willing to challenge her clients.c. can serve as a model of what her clients can accomplish with their lives--if she could do it, so can her clients. d. is operating out of the majority value system and presuming that her clients have the same goals.
Q:
Situational crime prevention may produce unforeseen and unwanted consequences. Discuss what is meant by displacement, extinction, and replacement.
Q:
Sociologist Jack Katz argues that there are immediate benefits to criminality. Explain Katz's view.
Q:
What evidence supports the view that crime is rational? Include various types of criminal behaviors in your discussion.
Q:
It is the authors' position that counselors would NOT work well with diverse populations if they:a. are open to being challenged and tested.b. are flexible in applying theories to specific situations.c. believe that they are free from any racist attitudes, beliefs, and or feelings.d. are comfortable with differences that exist between themselves and their clients.
Q:
Explain what it means to say that criminals structure crime.
Q:
Marie is working with a lesbian client who is in a dysfunctional relationship with another woman. She is seeking counseling to sort out her options regarding leaving her emotionally abusive partner. Marie can assist her client by: a. automatically attributing her client's problems to her sexual orientation.b. attempting to change the sexual orientation of her client.c. supporting her client's attempt to leave the abusive relationship, work on her abuse issues, and eventually enter into a positive lesbian relationship.d. encouraging her client to realize how difficult it is to live in a lesbian relationship.
Q:
Frank is a Native American college student who is seeking information about his career choice from a male counselor. The counselor notices that he uses very little eye contact and needs to recognize that Frank:a. lacks trust about the information he is receiving. b. is unlikely to follow through with his suggestions.c. is likely to view direct eye contact as a lack of respect.d. would be more likely to have direct eye contact if the counselor were a female.
Q:
Explain how economic need, personal traits, and experience contribute to how criminals structure criminality.
Q:
According to the concepts of rational choice, what causes law violating behavior?
Q:
Statements such as "Minority groups need to take responsibility for their own predicament" and "In order to succeed, people need to stop complaining and start working" do not take into account environmental factors. These are examples of:a. stereotypical beliefs.b. guiding principles for action. c. cultural tolerance.d. challenging culture-bound values.
Q:
A cross-cultural counselor who perceives reality exclusively through the filters of his or her own life experiences is said to be culturally:a. immersed.b. ignorant.c. encapsulated. d. biased.
Q:
The culturally encapsulated counselor is characterized by:
a. defining reality according to the client's reality.
b. showing sensitivity to cultural variations among individuals.
c. evaluating other viewpoints and making attempts to accommodate the behavior of others.
d. define reality according to a narrow set of cultural assumptions and fail to evaluate other viewpoints, making little attempt to understand and accept the behavior of others.
Q:
Describe the development of rational choice theory and the philosophers central to the concept of rational choice.
Q:
The ______effect is the idea that keeping offenders in confinement will eliminate the risk of their committing further offenses.
Q:
________________counseling can be operationally defined as the working alliance between counselor and client that takes the personal dynamics of the counselor and client into consideration alongside the dynamics of the cultures of both of these individuals.a. Culturally encapsulated b. Diversity-sensitivec. Multicultural d. Transcultural
Q:
______________influences every facet of our existence, so it is essential that culturally responsive practice be central in all that we do.a. Oppression b. Stereotypes c. Racismd. Culture
Q:
The repetition of criminal behavior is _____.
Q:
Time spent in confinement in a jail or prison as a consequence of a judicial sentence is referred to as______________.
Q:
______deterrence is the view that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that offenders will never repeat their criminal acts.
Q:
A spiritual assessment provides:a. insight into how a client relates to spirituality and religion and how this may be affecting the client. b. the therapist with the opportunity to educate the client on the best religion to follow.c. an opportunity for the therapist to relax and not listen as intently to the client. d. minimal information about the client.
Q:
The "freedom of conscience" clause states:a. the client has the freedom to decide where to go in therapy.b. the therapist has the right to refer clients because of spiritual beliefs. c. the client has the right to know what the therapist is thinking.d. mental health professionals will not put their licensure status in jeopardy by denying services to clients on the basis of sincerely held religious beliefs.
Q:
_____occurs when criminals try new offenses to replace those neutralized by crime prevention efforts.
Q:
_____is an effect that occurs when efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another.
Q:
Value discrimination could be defined as:
a. when a counselor is too eager to suggest a referral when the client shares differing values on race, religion, national origin, age, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, disability, marital status/partnership, language preference, or socioeconomic status.
b. considering a referral only when you clearly lack the necessary skills to deal with the issues presented by the client.
c. a counselor directly attempting to influence a client to adopt their values, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior.
d. the ability of counselors to manage their personal values so they do not contaminate the counseling process.
Q:
The reason why many counselor education programs encourage or require personal therapy for counselors in training is to engage in:a. value imposition. b. personal values.c. value exploration. d. value conflicts.
Q:
People who serve as guardians of property or people are called____ .
Q:
The principle that crime can be prevented or displaced by modifying the physical environment to reduce the opportunity that individuals have to commit crime is referred to as____ space.
Q:
If a therapist is secure in his or her own values:
a. he or she should use them to steer the client toward any direction he or she wants to in therapy.
b. he or she will not be threatened by really listening to, and deeply understanding, people who think differently or do not share the same world view.
c. a referral to another therapist may be necessary.
d. he or she will focus on his or her problem rather than the client's.
Q:
In dealing with clients who hold different values, you are advised to:
a. work collaboratively to identify and clarify their value system and determine the degree to which they are living in accordance with their core beliefs and values.
b. persuade them to adopt your values.
c. persuade them to adopt the values of the counseling profession, which are based on the Judeo-Christian tradition.
d. forget about your own values temporarily.
Q:
The excitement or exhilaration of successfully executing illegal activities in dangerous situations is referred to as______.
Q:
Which of the following is ethical when referring a client?a. When a client discloses he or she consents in recreational sexb. When the client's values regarding same-gender sex differs from your own c. When a client discloses he or she is engaging in Internet infidelityd. When the therapist engages in supervision to diminish the effects of the value conflict, attempting to help the client in every way, but the client requests a referral because of his or her value differences
Q:
_____theory is the view that crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the potential offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act.
Q:
Disagreeing with a client or not liking what a client is proposing can create a:a. value imposition. b. value exploration. c. value conflict.d. personal value.
Q:
From a legal perspective, mental health professionals are expected to exercise "reasonable care" in working with clients who are considering abortion. If they fail to do so, clients can take legal action against them for:a. negligence.b. breach of confidentiality. c. being unreasonable.d. insufficient knowledge.
Q:
Trevor spent his ten year sentence in a maximum security prison. There he witnessed assaults and even murders. Often times, he was in fear for his life. Reflecting back on the past ten years and what he was exposed to, Trevor is determined never to commit another crime to end up in prison again. What crime control policy is in effect here?a. general deterrence b. specific deterrence c. incapacitationd. rehabilitation
Q:
The ability for counselors to manage their personal values so they do not contaminate the counseling process is referred to as:a. value conflicts.b. value exploration. c. discrimination.d. bracketing.
Q:
About one month after his release, Trevor is frustrated that he has been unable to find a job. He is living on his sister's couch and is tired of hearing her complain about him eating all the food in the house. He feels he has no other option but to get money quickly. He develops a plan to rob the local convenience store late one
night. As he walks towards the convenience store, he notices that there are a lot of police officers doing a DUI checkpoint about a half a mile down the road. He decides that it would not be wise to attempt to commit this robbery. What effect has occurred here?
a. diffusion
b. discouragement
c. displacement
d. replacement
Q:
According to the effect, while in prison for ten years, Trevor was prevented from committing further offenses.a. general deterrence b. specific deterrence c. incapacitationd. rehabilitation
Q:
___________________is the appropriate and ethical course of action to take when a client's needs are outside the scopeof your competence. a. Referralb. Privileged communicationc. Consultation with an attorney d. Termination of services
Q:
The authors of this text view referrals:a. as the best option when they face a clash of values with their clients. b. as a moral imperative.c. as the last resort.d. as a need for the therapeutic relationship.
Q:
In total, Trevor has spent over twenty years of his life incarcerated, between juvenile and adult institutions.
His family cannot understand why he continues to commit crime. They are concerned that he will not be able to remain law"abiding. What does the research say about the effect of incarceration and an offender's likeliness to repeat criminal behavior?
a. Most offenders are rearrested within one year of their release from prison.
b. Most offenders are rearrested within three years of their release from prison.
c. Most offenders are rearrested within ten years of their release from prison.
d. Most offenders are never rearrested once released from prison.
Q:
It is NOT ethical to refer clients:a. when the client's issue is out of the counselor's scope of work. b. when the client requests a referral.c. when the client no longer advances in treatment over a long period of time. d. based solely on a difference of values between the counselor and the client.
Q:
Trevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed dozens of robberies, hundreds of burglaries and stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was fourteen when he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now forty-four years old and just got out of prison. He spent ten years in prison for an armed robbery.The judge explained to Trevor at his sentencing hearing ten years ago that if he is arrested and convicted of another crime after he serves his ten years, he is likely to get a lifetime prison sentence under strict sentencing guidelines. Trevor remembers the words of the judge when he is released from prison. If thejudge's words are what have convinced Trevor to remain crime free, what crime control policy has successfullykept Trevor law abiding?a. general deterrence b. specific deterrence c. incapacitationd. rehabilitation
Q:
What is the term used to describe Fred if he were to move to a different community to commit his burglaries?a. a lack of suitable targets to burglarizeb. increased police patrols in the neighborhoodc. other burglars moving into the aread. Fred becoming recognizable in the area
Q:
Marty believes that premarital sex is morally wrong. He has an agenda to convince his single clients to avoid having sexual intercourse before they are married. This is referred to as:a. value imposition. b. good sense.c. value exploration. d. duty to protect.
Q:
In order for people to best protect their personal property from people like Fred, they would need to improve the effectiveness of crime , which are people who serve as guardians of property or people who can help control would-be criminals.
a. abolishers
b. blockers
c. discouragers
d. preventers
Q:
According to the research on burglaries, in general, when do burglars prefer to commit their crime?a. 3am to 5am b. 9am to 11am c. 6pm to 8pm d. 11pm to 1am
Q:
The value system of the counselor:
a. may be better than the client's.
b. is important to follow in therapy.
c. can determine the direction of counseling if it is not monitored.
d. never creates stress or unethical situations in the therapeutic relationship.
Q:
Fred would also consider his needs, skills, and prerequisites to commit burglary. Which of the following would not be an offender-specific assessment that Fred would make?
a. whether he possesses the necessary skills to commit the crime
b. the ease of selling stolen merchandise
c. Fred's fear of apprehension and punishment
d. Fred's physical ability
Q:
In Jennifer Keeton vs. Augusta State University, the federal appeals court:
a. upheld the decision that the university was justified in dismissing Ward for violating provisions of the code of ethics that prohibit discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, age, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, disability, marital status/partnership, language preference, or socioeconomic status.
b. upheld the right of the university to enforce standards expected of students in a counseling program, even when a student objects on religious grounds.
c. upheld the decision that the university was not justified in dismissing Ward for violating provisions of the code of ethics.
d. decided the university did not have the right to enforce standards expected of students in a counseling program, even when a student objects on religious grounds.