Q&A Hero

Q: Fred is a 20 year old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred is thinking about committing various crimes in order to supplement his income.All of the following would be considered offense-specific to burglary that Fred might consider EXCEPT:a. the probability of security devices b. ease of selling stolen merchandise c. Fred's immediate need for moneyd. neighbors who might notice a break-in

Q: It is important for the counselor to refrain from self-disclosing:a. never.b. when the self-disclosure will make it more difficult to establish a trusting relationship. c. when the self-disclosure may help the client therapeutically.d. always.

Q: Which of the following is NOTtrue about referrals?a. Referrals have become common practice among mental health service providers at the expense of exploring other possibilities.b. The overuse of client referral among mental health providers often involves discriminatory practices that are rationalized as ways to avoid harming the client and practicing beyond one's level of competence.c. Referring clients has been discussed frequently in professional journals.d. The psychological community needs to critically examine why mental health practitioners may refer clients over value conflicts and why these practitioners assume that such practices are appropriate, reasonable, and acceptable.

Q: What happens when criminals try new offenses they had previously avoided because situational crime prevention programs neutralized their crime of choice?a. discouragement b. extinctionc. replacementd. specific deterrence

Q: The U.S. District Court, in Julea Ward vs. Eastern Michigan University, ruled that: a. the university was justified in dismissing the student for violating provisions of the code of ethics that prohibit discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, age, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, disability, marital status/partnership, language preference, or socioeconomic status. b. the university was justified to enforce standards expected of students in a counseling program, even when a student objects on religious grounds. c. the university was not justified in dismissing the student for violating provisions of the code of ethics that prohibit discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, age, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, disability, marital status/partnership, language preference, or socioeconomic status. d. the university was not justified to enforce standards expected of students in a counseling program, even when a student objects on religious grounds.

Q: According to researchers, counselor's personal religious values:a. do not affect the therapeutic relationship.b. only affect the therapeutic relationship when discussing spiritual issues. c. should be ignored at all times.d. may affect their therapeutic work, directly or indirectly, with clients presenting with end-of-life issues.

Q: What happens when crime reduction programs produce a short-term positive effect, but benefits dissipate as criminals adjust to new conditions?a. diffusionb. discouragement c. displacementd. extinction

Q: Which of the following statements is most accurate? a. Spirituality and religion tend to fluctuate in importance to Americans. b. Freud believed that religious faith was important in the lives of his patients, which stemmed from his own strong religious beliefs. c. Counselors must understand their own spiritual/religious beliefs (or lack thereof) if they hope to gain an in- depth appreciation of the beliefs of their clients. d. When clients are searching for meaning in life, it is appropriate for therapists to strongly suggest they seek religion as an answer.

Q: What happens when crime control efforts targeting a particular locale help reduce crime in surrounding areas and populations?a. diffusionb. discouragement c. displacementd. replacement

Q: Research has provided evidence that therapists' values influence:a. every phase of psychotherapy.b. every phase of psychotherapy except for termination. c. only the initial phase of psychotherapy.d. no phase of psychotherapy if it is conducted properly.

Q: What happens when efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another?a. diffusionb. discouragement c. displacementd. extinction

Q: The Death with Dignity Act is a law in which state?a. New York b. Texasc. Oregond. California

Q: What occurs when crime control efforts simply move, or redirect, offenders to less heavily guarded alternative targets.a. displacement b. diffusionc. extinctiond. replacement

Q: Referring a client for differing religious beliefs, sexual orientation, or cultural background is called:a. an appropriate referral. b. a value imposition.c. a discriminatory referral. d. a value conflict.

Q: Which of the following is a reason why some critics say it is premature to embrace three strikes policies?a. Most three-time losers are on the verge of aging out of crime anyway. b. Few career criminals engage in violent crime.c. Most crime is committed by juveniles who are not eligible for three-strikes punishment. d. Crime rates have dropped dramatically in the last decade.

Q: Economist Steven Levitt concludes that each person put behind prison bars results in a decrease of_____ serious crimes per year.a. 20 b. 15 c. 5 d. 10

Q: If more criminals are sent to prison, the crime rate should go down. This is referred to as a. the incarceration effectb. the prison effectc. the incapacitation effect d. the recidivism effect

Q: Thomas has AIDS and has decided to end his life rather than continue suffering. The counselor he is working with does not condone rational suicide. In this case, the counselor needs to: a. work with Thomas rather than referring him, and seek supervision and education to assist the counselor to be more capable of working with Thomas. b. learn as much as possible about the course of Thomas's illness. c. explore the impact of Thomas's religious beliefs on making his decision to end his life. d. help Thomas seek medical treatment that will help him cope with his pain.

Q: Ruth is counseling a woman who describes an extremely unhappy marriage. Ruth suggests she consider leaving her husband; however, the client has a deep spiritual conviction that marriage is for life and is not willing to consider divorce as an option. Ruth attempts to change her client's viewpoint. In this case, Ruth is:a. teaching her client to look at the negative consequences of her decision. b. exploring the client's spiritual reasons for staying in the marriage.c. imposing her values on the client instead of exploring the client's reasons for staying in the marriage. d. helping her client to explore healthy options.

Q: The rationale for using "three strikes" sentencing policies relies on a. speed and certainty of punishmentb. specific deterrence and incapacitation c. general deterrence and incapacitation d. perception and speed of punishment

Q: Which of the following statements on spirituality and religion is true today?a. They are both ethically appropriate topics to discuss, can play a major part in the client's life, and can be a significant source of strength.b. The role of spirituality in counseling is not considered an appropriate topic for discussion. c. Spiritual and religious matters are not therapeutically relevant.d. The therapist does not need to be sincerely interested in the client's spiritual beliefs to utilize them in the therapeutic process.

Q: Certain anti-crime measures have greater impact on some individuals than others. These people are considered more________ . a. rationalb. displaceable c. deterrabled. discourageable

Q: Specific deterrence suggests that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that known criminals will never repeat their criminal acts. Which statement about harsh (powerful) sanctions and deterrence is not true?a. Harsh sanctions work as an effective deterrence to recidivism. b. Harsh sanctions may result in defiance rather than deterrence.c. Experiencing harsh sanctions may cause severe psychological problems.d. The stigma of harsh sanctions labels and locks people into criminal careers.

Q: A client-defined sense of spirituality: a. is not very important in therapy. b. can be a significant avenue for connecting with the client and can be an ally in the therapeutic change process. c. can create difficulty in the client's therapeutic process. d. is more important if the therapist shares a similar definition.

Q: Which aspect of deterrence theory do theorists believe to have the greatest effect on deterring crime?a. severity of punishment b. certainty of punishmentc. perception of punishment d. speed of punishment

Q: Mary is seeking abortion counseling from a practitioner who has been actively involved in the pro-life movement. The therapist has extreme discomfort with Mary's values and doesn't think he could maintain objectivity. It would be best if he: a. doesn't share his values with Mary and work within the value system of his client. b. help Mary understand his values so she can make a different decision concerning her pregnancy. c. not refer Mary, but work within the client's values rather than his own. If he cannot obtain objectivity, he will need supervision to work through his issues. Referring Mary to another therapist for this reason could be determined as abandonment. d. set firm boundaries with Mary on what she can discuss in regards to her pregnancy.

Q: With respect to values in the counseling process, the authors contend that:a. it is important that counselors clarify their values and the ways in which they enter the therapeutic process. b. counselors can avoid communicating values to their clients by not explicitly sharing them.c. it is best to keep values hidden so they won't contaminate their client's choices. d. their job is to help clients conform to socially acceptable standards.

Q: Self-compassion involves:a. searching for positive life experiences.b. a basic component of many counseling programs, providing students with the opportunity to share their values. c. developing attitudes of caring, being nonjudgmental, being accepting, and being kind to ourselves.d. rejecting clients.

Q: Research on the immediate impact of well-publicized executionsa. indicated that executions have an immediate impact on murder rate. b. evidenced an immediate impact effect at the state level.c. failed to find evidence that an execution produces an immediate decline in the murder rate. d. indicated that each execution equates to seven less murders.

Q: What is known about police and certainty of punishment?a. The manner in which police approach their tasks may have more deterrence power than simply adding more police.b. Research indicates that routine patrol may have a significant impact on crime rates. c. Adding police on the street has no effect on crime rates.d. Evidence shows that cities with larger police departments do not experience lower levels of violent crime.

Q: An ethical obligation that provides a major link between ethics and self-care is:a. competence.b. countertransference.c. the therapeutic relationship. d. personal therapy.

Q: Ongoing problems associated with the work of helping professionals include all of the following EXCEPT:a. stress.b. burnout.c. vicarious traumatization. d. self-care.

Q: People who believe that they will be caught if they commit crime are the ones most likely to be deterred from committing criminal acts. What element of deterrence does this reflect?a. perception of punishment b. severity of punishmentc. speed of punishmentd. certainty of punishment

Q: The presence of chronic illness or severe psychological depletion that is likely to prevent a professional from being able to deliver effective services and results in consistently functioning below acceptable practice standards is called: a. empathy fatigue.b. burnout.c. impairment.d. client dependence.

Q: The concept of general deterrence holds that a. as people age they commit fewer crimes.b. if guardians become increasingly motivated, there will be less crime. c. motivated people will violate the law if left unrestricted.d. the decision to commit crime can be controlled by the threat of criminal punishment.

Q: Some sources of counselor stress include all of the following EXCEPT:a. a stressful work environment. b. practicing mindfulness.c. the stress that clients experience and talk about in therapy. d. working in managed care and educational systems.

Q: A method of crime prevention that seeks to eliminate or reduce particular crimes in specific settings is referred to as a. situational crime preventionb. guardable space c. defensible spaced. positional crime prevention

Q: When video cameras set up in a mall to reduce shoplifting also reduce property damage due to vandalism, this situational crime prevention benefit is termeda. diffusion b. dispersionc. discouragement d. displacement

Q: Ongoing self-care is an essential part of a therapist's professional competence and:a. legal requirements.b. personal wellness program. c. social justice.d. client autonomy.

Q: Informing students prior to entering a training program that self-exploration will be part of their training:a. more than satisfies the requirement for informed consent.b. only minimally satisfies the requirement for informed consent. c. has little to do with informed consent.d. is a scare tactic that many programs use to screen out prospective students who are not serious candidates.

Q: Situational crime prevention tactics generally fall into one of four categories. Which of the following is not one of those categories?a. increasing the use of probation for committing crime b. increasing the risk of committing crimec. increasing the effort needed to commit crime d. inducing guilt or shame for committing crime

Q: Closed circuit television (CCTV) surveillance cameras and improved street lighting are mechanical forms of a. crime discouragersb. crime inhibitorsc. crime obstructers d. crime monitors

Q: Marcus Felson argues that the risk of crime may be increased by improving the effectiveness of_____ . a. crime obstructers.b. crime discouragers. c. crime monitors.d. crime inhibitors.

Q: Cathy is an eating disorders specialist who has a past history of bulimia. Given her personal experiences with dysfunctional eating patterns, Cathy: a. can draw upon her life experiences in her work as a counselor. b. should abandon her specialization and choose a new area to specialize in so as to practice ethically. c. should assume that her clients developed their dysfunctional eating patterns for the same reasons that she developed bulimia. d. should be very open with her clients about her struggles with bulimia and tell them her own stories to make them feel more comfortable.

Q: Therapists who work with violent and suicidal clients:a. are less likely to experience burnout or impairments.b. will not feel the effects of stress if they do not experience countertransference. c. are particularly vulnerable to stress.d. are more likely to see a positive outcome in therapy.

Q: Client dependence is less of an issue:a. with the growth of managed care brief treatment and restricted number of sessions. b. if the therapist is experiencing problems and is unaware of these problems.c. when the therapist is in control of the session. d. when the therapist is not practicing self-care.

Q: The concept of situational crime prevention suggests that desperate people may contemplate crime, but only the truly______will attack a well-defended, inaccessible target and risk strict punishment. a. needyb. skilledc. experienced d. irrational

Q: It is believed that countertransference involves: a. ongoing personal therapy. b. the client's projection of their feelings or attitudes onto the therapist. c. the therapist's total emotional responses to a client including feelings, associations, fantasies, and fleeting images. d. a healthy relationship between client and therapist.

Q: Tanya seems to meet some of her personal needs through counseling her clients. This isa. a win/win situation for Tanya and her clients since it is always a sign of being highly invested in the process when counselors meet their own personal needs through their work.b. acceptable as long as these needs do not assume priority or get in the way of her clients' growth.c. never acceptable under any circumstances. d. illegal in 42 states.

Q: The authors state that, in many ways, therapeutic encounters serve as mirrors in which therapists can see their own lives reflected. As a result:a. therapy can become a catalyst for change in the therapist as well as in the client. b. many therapists become narcissistic.c. therapists tend to commit ethical violations stemming from blurred boundaries. d. the therapist cannot experience change.

Q: The "high" or the excitement/exhilaration of successfully executing illegal activities in dangerous situations is referred to asa. riskwork b. edgework c. buzzwork d. thrillwork

Q: Which of the following is NOT a way you can involve yourself in therapeutic experiences that can increase your availability to clients?a. Individual and/or group counselingb. Continuing educationc. Keeping a personal journal and readingd. Limiting travel and new experiences

Q: An ethical issue arises when: a. a new client temporarily experiences a period of dependence on the counselor. b. counselors encourage clients to come up with solutions to problems with minimal help from the counselor. c. a client develops an unhealthy dependence on their counselor and the counselor deals with it therapeutically, without blaming the client. d. counselors encourage and promote dependence on the part of their clients.

Q: Sociologist Jack Katz argues that there are situational inducements to criminality that directly precede the commission of crime and draw offenders into law violations. Katz termed these inducements thea. seductions of crime. b. thrills of crime.c. rewards of crime. d. lures of crime.

Q: Self-care involves:a. compassion for and dedication to serving others.b. searching for positive life experiences that lead to zest, peace, excitement, and happiness. c. good public relations skills and an outgoing personality.d. high verbal reasoning abilities and a high I.Q.

Q: Jacob's and Wright's research on robbers indicates that target selection can be a rational choice made to_____ rather than to generate capital.a. instill rageb. increase the robber's reputation c. send a messaged. generate fear

Q: "Awareness space" indicates that which crime is rational?a. robberyb. prostitution c. theftd. drug dealing

Q: As therapists, we are often in the role of giver; to preserve our vitality, we need to create spaces in which the "giver" can be supported. A necessary form of ongoing self-care to help in this support is:a. personal therapy.b. decreasing number of clients.c. engaging in fieldwork and internship experiences. d. to begin practicing psychotherapy.

Q: Why is drug dealing considered a rational crime?a. Because drug dealers approach their "profession" in a businesslike fashion. b. Because drug dealers are consistently able to avoid detection and arrest.c. Because drug dealers lure non-users with "samples" of their product to generate a greater number of hooked, hard-core users.d. Because drug dealers are more intelligent than other street offenders.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a sign of therapist decay?a. An absence of boundaries with clientsb. Accepting clients within one's scope of competencec. Living in isolated waysd. Being unwilling to seek professional help when experiencing personal distress

Q: Empathy fatigue is common in professionals who:a. practice self-care techniques.b. work in administrative positions and do not treat individuals.c. treat clients without empathy and rarely care about client outcomes.d. treat survivors of stressful and traumatic events; treat people with mood, anxiety, and stress-related disorders; and work in vocational settings with people with mental and physical disabilities.

Q: That thieves select German cars indicates that auto theft is rational becausea. VIN (vehicle identification numbers) codes are not as easily traced as VIN codes on American autos. b. German cars can be cheaply shipped to Europe where they are in high demand.c. parts on Germans cars are not etched with identifying codes. d. German cars usually have high-quality audio equipment.

Q: According to the rational choice approach, the decision to commit crime is structured by a. the presence of crime encouragers and absence of crime discouragers.b. the characteristics of the victim and how the victim may react. c. the absence or presence of competing offenders.d. where the crime occurs and the characteristics of the target.

Q: Martina has been working at a crisis intervention center for three years and is starting to have nightmares about her work. Despite having a strong work ethic, she dreads her job because she feels burdened by the lack of power she has in making decisions pertaining to the treatment of her clients. Martina is experiencing:a. burnout.b. institutional countertransference. c. institutional transference.d. the precursor to mental illness.

Q: Graduate programs provide insufficient training in:a. transference. b. self-care.c. termination.d. countertransference.

Q: Which statement reflects structuring criminality based on economic need?a. Career offenders have learned when to take a chance and when to be cautious.b. Offenders commit crime because they may know people who have made "big scores" c. Criminals appear to be impulsive.d. Offenders may commit crime when the "right target" presents itself.

Q: Sexual or romantic feelings toward a client:a. are the result of seductive behavior on the part of the client and need to be ignored. b. are an indicator that the client needs to be referred to another counselor.c. are unethical, counter-therapeutic, and also illegal in many states.d. do not necessarily mean that the counselor cannot effectively work with the client.

Q: Which of the following circumstances would prompt an offender to decide to forgo crime?a. The offender would receive respect from peers.b. The offender would stand a good chance of being caught and punished. c. The crime would be easy to commit.d. The crime would be thrilling to commit.

Q: When counselors become overly concerned with meeting their own needs or pushing their own personal agendas, their behavior becomes:a. annoying to the client. b. unethical.c. illegal.d. helpful to the client.

Q: According to Nobel Prize-winning economist Gary Becker, criminals engage in a(n) of crime. a. thrill-danger analysisb. irrational - unstable analysis c. lower-class analysisd. cost-benefit analysis

Q: Joanne finds herself wanting to solve her client's problems, which are similar to the issues her daughter is going through. Joanne gives advice and feels frustrated when her client won't follow through on her suggestions. Her emotional reactions to her client, which involve her own projections, is based on:a. transference. b. nurturance.c. countertransference. d. caretaking.

Q: Which of the following therapist behaviors might be indicative of a countertransference reaction?a. Refraining from giving adviceb. Allowing the client the space to experience and release anger c. Empowering a client to make decisionsd. Overprotecting or rejecting a client

Q: Termination of the therapy process:a. can be mandated by ethics codes alone. b. is regulated by state law.c. is decided jointly by both the client and the therapist. d. must always be decided solely by the therapist.

Q: ___________is the process whereby clients place past feelings or attitudes they had toward significant people in their lives onto their therapist.a. Transferenceb. Countertransference c. Projectiond. Mirroring

Q: Crime is because criminals will react selectively to the characteristics of an individual criminal act. a. offender-specificb. offense-specific c. reward-specific d. risk-specific

Q: Counselors who have unresolved personal conflicts: a. need to recognize that their problems may interfere with their effectiveness and refrain from activities that would harm a client. b. must resolve all their difficulties before counseling others. c. are quite effective because they know how difficult it is to resolve problems. d. need to repress anxiety-provoking issues in their own lives before becoming effective counselors.

Q: At the end of the 19th century, the popularity of the classical approach began to decline as_____criminologists focused their attentions on internal and external factors - such as poverty, IQ, and education - rather than personal choice and decision making.a. positivist b. ecological c. classicald. interactionist

Q: Ronald directs his clients toward solutions instead of encouraging them to seek alternatives for themselves. He is likely to have a strong need:a. for approval and/or to feel a sense of achievement and accomplishment. b. to allow the client to come up with solutions.c. to empower his client. d. to nurture his client.

Q: Rational choice theory has roots in the_____school of criminology developed by the Italian social thinker,Cesare Beccaria. a. ecologicalb. interactionist c. classicald. positivist

Q: Rhonda is a counselor at a drug and alcohol treatment center. She grew up in an alcoholic home and is not fully aware of the "unfinished business" she has with her parents. She is still angry and resents her parents for having to grow up in an alcoholic family system. It is most likely that Rhonda will:a. be able to understand her addicted clients through her own childhood experiences. b. examine her unresolved conflicts as she continues to work in the treatment center. c. obstruct the progress of her clients as they attempt to move towards recovery.d. feel comfortable with her clients because she is familiar with their behavior.