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Counseling
Q:
Obtaining consultation is important because:a. it creates a safety net when our actions are unethical.b. it is better to have someone else know who your client is in case something happens.c. our prejudices, biases, personal needs, or emotional investment creates an inability to view a situation objectively.d. the ethical codes state it is important.
Q:
Evidence shows that three strike laws are effective crime control policies. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Practitioners can help expand their awareness and clarify their values in dealing with the challenges of their work through:a. reading and reflecting on the standards. b. meditation and relaxation.c. years of experience.d. reading self-help books.
Q:
The major premise of incapacitation is that known criminals must be kept in prison and this will reduce crime rates. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Ethics codes are________________ for exercising ethical responsibility. a. unnecessaryb. necessary, but not sufficient c. cookbooksd. non-limiting
Q:
Retribution is the repetition of criminal behavior. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Less than 1/3 of all convicted felons are rearrested within three years of their release from prison. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Each major mental health professional organization has its own code of ethics; however, most of these codes are:a. specific and informative, giving answers to all ethical dilemmas.b. broad and general and do not provide specific answers to ethical dilemmas. c. not necessary to obtain or read.d. old and outdated, not pertaining to current ethical dilemmas.
Q:
Although the ethics codes of the various professional organizations have specific differences, some of the common themes include:a. being interested in the welfare of clients, avoiding harm and exploitation, and protecting client's confidentiality and privacy.b. practicing outside the scope of one's competence and utilizing mandatory ethics. c. avoiding discrimination of client ethnicity while providing minimal services.d. acting ethically responsible and focused on limiting professional sanctions.
Q:
Specific deterrence is also called particular deterrence. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Autonomy refers to:
a. the promotion of self-determination and the freedom of clients to be self-governing within their social and cultural framework.
b. avoiding doing harm to clients.
c. the act of increasing client dependency.
d. the process used to lead a client to a specific decision.
Q:
There is little evidence that incapacitating criminals will deter them from future criminality. a. Trueb. False
Q:
If the punishment for a crime is increased and the effectiveness and efficiency of the criminal justice system are improved, then the number of people engaging in that crime should decline.
a. True
b. False
Q:
When practitioners devote a portion of their professional time and skills to services for which there is no expectation of significant financial return, they are:a. using a sliding scale.b. being financially irresponsible. c. providing pro bono services.d. suffering from a martyr complex.
Q:
When a complaint is lodged against a member of a professional organization, the ethics committee:a. launches an investigation and deliberates on the case, eventually reaching a disposition. b. always dismisses specific charges within the complaint.c. imposes sanctions nine times out of ten. d. transfers the case to law enforcement.
Q:
According to deterrence theory, not only does the actual chance of punishment influence criminality, but so does theperceptionof punishment. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Locking gates, and putting unbreakable glass on storefronts are examples of crime discouragers. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Diffusion of benefits occurs when efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another. a. Trueb. False
Q:
The major duties of regulating boards include which of the following?
a. Completing investigations into the ethical practice of new members for a short period to determine the possibility of unethical practice in the future
b. Screening applications to determine appropriate candidates for the professional organization who will practice ethically and increase the positive image of the professional organization
c. Determining standards for admission into the profession, screening applicants applying for certification or licensure, conducting disciplinary proceedings involving violations of standards of professional conduct as defined by law, and regulating the practice of psychotherapy for the public good
d. Conducting evaluations of members' financial stability
Q:
When practitioners weigh multiple and often competing demands and goals, they must use:a. their attorneys to help them work through ethical issues. b. their former advisors as sounding boards.c. their professional judgment. d. common sense.
Q:
Situational crime prevention suggests that crime prevention can be achieved by reducing the opportunities people have to commit particular crimes.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following statements is true with regard to ethical codes?
a. Issues can be handled solely by relying on ethics codes.
b. Conflicts sometimes emerge within ethics codes and among various organizations' codes.
c. Ethics codes tend to be proactive rather than reactive.
d. Codes do not conflict with institutional policies and practices.
Q:
Rather than focusing on best practices, many ethics courses focus on:a. creating the safest environment for professionals to work. b. the unethical practices of university professors.c. record keeping guidelines.d. laws, disciplinary codes, and risk management strategy.
Q:
Edgework is the excitement or exhilaration of successfully executing illegal activities in dangerous situations. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Sociologist Jack Katz argues that there are immediate benefits to criminality which he labels the "lures of crime." a. Trueb. False
Q:
The first essential step towards ethical decision making is:a. identifying the problem or dilemma. b. knowing the applicable laws.c. choosing a solution.d. reviewing the process.
Q:
Which of the following focuses NOT ONLY on how professionals can harm clients, but also on how therapists can do better at helping clients?a. Mandatory ethicsb. Principle ethicsc. Aspirational ethicsd. Positive ethics
Q:
Auto thieves are not selective in their choice of target since all cars can be stripped for their valuable parts. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Robbers generally choose targets close to their homes or in areas to which they routinely travel. a. Trueb. False
Q:
The highest standards of thinking and a professional's willingness to reflect on the effects their interventions may have on the welfare of their clients describes what kind of ethics?a. Mandatory ethics b. Principle ethicsc. Aspirational ethics d. Positive ethics
Q:
Criminals structure crime. For instance, crack cocaine street dealers prefer the middle of a long block as the best location for dealing.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Reporting requirements in codes:a. are specific and follow state laws and regulations. b. may not align with state laws or regulations.c. may not align with state laws, but align with state regulations. d. may align with state laws, but not align with state regulations.
Q:
Referring to personality and criminal choices, Siegel states criminals are more impulsive and have less-self control than other people.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Ethics codes tend to be:a. reactive rather than proactive. b. no longer relevant.c. clear and direct.d. proactive rather than reactive.
Q:
The fact that a crime is offense-specific means that criminals must decide if they have the personal needs, skills, and prerequisites to commit a successful criminal act.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following models of ethical decision making focuses primarily on the social aspects of decision making and redefines the process as being interactive rather than intrapsychic?a. Social constructionist modelb. Transcultural integrative model c. Feminist modeld. Sociocultural model
Q:
In an attempt to convince her young client to practice safe sex, Valerie fabricated her own statistics and facts about the hazards of unprotected sex. In this instance, Valerie violated the principle of:a. fidelity. b. veracity.c. beneficence. d. justice.
Q:
The concept behind rational choice theory is that crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the potential offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Expulsion or suspension of members from professional associations:a. has no effect on the member. b. cannot be appealed.c. is never reported in the journals of the professional associations. d. is a major sanction.
Q:
Rational choice theory has roots in the positivist school of criminology. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Jan, an incest survivor, is covered for six sessions by her insurance. Her counselor is in private practice and knows that Jan needs more sessions. She decides to offer Jan her services pro bono. In making the ethical decision to ensure that her client has equal access to services, the counselor is using the basic moral principal of:a. fidelity. b. justice.c. nonmaleficence. d. autonomy.
Q:
Until about 40 years ago, crime victims were viewed by criminologists as passive targets who were considered to be
in the "wrong place at the wrong time."
a. True
b. False
Q:
Describe the household that is most likely and least likely to be victimized.
Q:
Richard is counseling a male Asian client and is encouraging him to go to college even though he is expected to take care of his aging parents. Richard is violating the following basic moral principle in making ethical decisions:a. non-maleficence. b. autonomy.c. beneficence. d. fidelity.
Q:
Virtuous professionals:
a. are motivated to do what is right, but tend to ignore it.
b. function within their professional code of ethics because they fear the consequences if they do not.
c. possess vision and discernment, which involves sensitivity, judgment, and understanding and leads to decisive ethical actions.
d. typically focus on moral issues with the goals of solving a particular dilemma.
Q:
State Victims' Bills of Rights generally include allowing the victim to be consulted in determining an appropriate sentence.a. Trueb. False
Q:
The counselor who asks the questions "Am I doing what is best for my client?" rather than "Is this situation unethical?" is functioning from which of the following ethical perspectives?a. Principle ethics b. Virtue ethicsc. Value ethicsd. Practical ethics
Q:
Every state has a Victim's Bill of Rights. What are the general rights legally accorded to victims of crime?
Q:
A formal complaint was filed against Harry for sexually harassing a female client. A repeat offender, he was previously warned that a major sanction would be imposed if he continued his unethical actions. The ethics committee of the professional association to which he belongs most likely recommended that Harry:a. be suspended with pay for one week. b. resign from his job.c. work without supervision on his word that he will not harass any client again. d. be expelled from the organization.
Q:
Describe how victim advocates and crisis intervention programs assist victims.
Q:
The basic purpose of professional codes of ethics is to:a. educate professionals about sound ethical conduct, provide a mechanism for professional accountability, and serve as a catalyst for improving practice.b. protect professionals from lawsuits.c. set standards that must be followed no matter the situation. d. enhance the image of the helping professions.
Q:
Explain how victim impulsivity is associated with victim precipitation. Why does this personality trait contribute to victimization risk?
Q:
Does prior victimization enhance or reduce the chances of future victimization? Explain how and/or why.
Q:
Elizabeth, a beginning practitioner, counsels in a manner in which she merely acts in compliance with the law and follows minimal ethical standards. She is at the first level of ethical functioning, which is:a. personal ethics. b. aspiration ethics. c. mandatory ethics. d. basic ethics.
Q:
Social and demographic characteristics distinguish victims from non-victims. Discuss gender, age, and marital status in terms of victimization risk.
Q:
James and Mary were in counseling for marital problems. The counselor decided to meet each partner in an individual session before meeting them as a couple. James confided that he was HIV-positive and was not going to tell his spouse because she would know that he had been unfaithful. The counselor decided to break confidentially after attempts to encourage James to inform his wife of his condition were unsuccessful. The counselor's action:a. was legal and ethical.b. may be considered ethical, but the practitioner could be in violation of a legal standard. c. was unethical, but legal.d. was ethical and meets the American Counseling Association standard regarding contagious diseases, which states that practitioners must report when a client is HIV-positive.
Q:
Referencing the social ecology of victimization, when and where is a crime most likely to happen?
Q:
Robert runs into the office, unprepared and frustrated because he is late for his weekly appointment with his first client of the day. He is consistently late for his appointments. His behavior is:a. immoral. b. illegal.c. unethical.d. unprofessional.
Q:
________________is concerned with perspectives of right and proper conduct and involves an evaluation of actions on the basis of some broader cultural context or religious standard.a. Ethical conductb. Community standards c. Moralityd. Professionalism
Q:
Discuss the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on crime victims and explain how PTSD can lead to a"cycle of violence."
Q:
Identify and discuss the costs of victimization and the problems that victims experience.
Q:
Discuss how criminologists' views about the role of victims and criminal behavior have changed over time.
Q:
Criminologists who focus on victims of crime are known as ____.
Q:
The cycle of____is the concept that victims of crime, especially victims of childhood abuse, are more likely to commit crimes themselves.
Q:
_______precipitation is aggressive or provocative behavior of victims that results in their victimization.
Q:
______are effective deterrents to crime, such as police or watchful neighbors.
Q:
According to routine activities theory, costly jewelry, expensive cars, and easily transportable goods are considered______.
Q:
Victim ______theory suggests that crime victims may trigger attacks by acting provocatively.
Q:
Financial aid awarded to crime victims is referred to as_____ .
Q:
_____is provided for victims who feel isolated, vulnerable, and in need of immediate services.
Q:
A Victim's ____generally includes the right to be present at criminal proceedings.
Q:
Christopher's mother forbids him from allowing friends come over to his house because she does not trust them. She believes that since they are teenagers they will want to use drugs, drink, and possibly even steal from her home. Christopher's mother is classifying teenagers asa. capable guardiansb. motivated offendersc. suitable targetsd. suitable offenders
Q:
One afternoon Christopher is speaking to his friend Johnny on the phone. His mother is secretly listening to their conversation and realizes that Johnny was robbed at the corner store a few blocks from his house.Johnny is trying to recruit Christopher to help him retaliate against his attacker. Johnny knows the attacker is a kid who lives a few blocks away from him. According the deviant place theory, which term best describes the desire for Johnny to retaliate against his attacker?a. honor codeb. code of the plygroundc. prison rules d. street code
Q:
Christopher's mother is convinced there are certain places in their community that are deviant because they are home to "demoralized people." All of the following may be considered "demoralized people" EXCEPT:a. the homelessb. the drug addictedc. the mentally illd. the middle class
Q:
Christopher is convinced that if he carries a weapon, he will not be victimized. He is trying to convince his mother that when he turns 18, he should be allowed to carry a gun. What does the research say about victimization and carrying a weapon?a. Males who carried weapons were half as likely to be victimized than those who did not.b. Males who carried weapons were twice as likely to be victimized than those who did not.c. Males who carried weapons were three times more likely to be victimized than those who did not.d. Makes who carried weapons were three times less likely to be victimized than those who did not.
Q:
Christopher is a 17 year old high school senior who is constantly getting into arguments with his mother. She believes he should have a 9pm curfew and that he should not hang out with certain people in certain neighborhoods. She is fearful he will become a victim of crime. Christopher believes he is a strong man who should not have a curfew and can protect himself.According to the lifestyles theory, Christopher should associate with in order to lower his chances of victimization.a. athletesb. boysc. girlsd. college students
Q:
Beth's story of victimization coincides with the research on gender and victimization because of women victims knew or were related to their attacker.a. 1/3 b. 1/2 c. 2/3 d. 2/5
Q:
According to the social ecology of victimization, what time of the day were Beth's attacks more likely to take place?a. 8 am to 10 am b. 12 pm to 2 pm c. 3 pm to 6 pmd. 10 pm to 12 pm
Q:
Beth wrote an article about the cycle of which explained that victims of childhood abuse are more likely to commit crimes themselves.a. abuse b. crime c. raped. violence
Q:
Beth conducts a lot of research on children of abuse. According to the published research on children who are abused, victims are likely to be characterized by all of the following excepta. suffer lower self esteem b. be more suicidal as adults c. be abused as adultsd. have successful careers