Q&A Hero

Q: Martha has decided to move to San Francisco, California. She decides to attend a neighborhood watch meeting where the local police department is speaking. They are explaining the crime trends over the past 30 years. Which of the following is accurate information concerning the crime rates?a. Crime rates peaked in the 1970s and have been in sharp decline ever since. b. Crime rates peaked in the 1980s and have been in sharp decline ever since. c. Crime rates peaked in the 1990s and have been in sharp decline ever since. d. Crime rates peaked in the 2000s and have been in sharp decline ever since.

Q: Martha has narrowed her choices to New York in the Northeast, San Francisco in the West, and Miami in the South, and Ohio in the Midwest. Based on the research on the ecology of crime, which of these cities has the highestcrime rates?a. New Yorkb. San Francisco c. Miamid. Ohio

Q: Martha is particularly concerned with drug offenses and vandalism in the community that she will move to. These types of offenses are part crimes according to the official crime records.a. Ib. IIc. Violent d. Juvenile

Q: Martha is looking to move to a new city to raise her two young children. School quality and crime rates are her two biggest concerns that she will evaluate before deciding on which city to move to. Her employment is flexible in that she works from home. Thus she is able to work from anywhere in the country.Martha calls many police departments around the country wanting to find information about their crime statistics.One particular police department recommends that she look at the published UCR reports. What agency is responsible for publishing these UCR reports?a. ATF b. FBI c. DHS d. TSA

Q: Which region of the United States has the highest crime rates?a. Northeast b. Midwest c. Southd. West

Q: The majority of murderers use to commit their murder. a. blunt objectsb. firearms c. ropesd. knives

Q: Expressive crimes are committed to:a. attain power b. make moneyc. obtain desired goods d. vent rage

Q: All of the following would be considered an instrumental crime EXCEPT:a. pawning stolen merchandise b. rapec. selling drugs d. theft

Q: Which neurotransmitter is shown to facilitate aggressive behavior?a. dopamine b. melatoninc. octopamine d. serotonin

Q: What neurotransmitter is known to limit offensive behavior?a. dopamine b. histaminec. octopamine d. serotonin

Q: According to the research on chronic offenders, punishment was related to chronic offending. a. conditionallyb. contrapositively c. converselyd. inversely

Q: Who has become a central focus of crime control policy?a. chronic offenders b. elderly offenders c. mass murderersd. serial killers

Q: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a predictive factor for chronicity?a. beginning lawbreaking at an early age b. single parent householdsc. low intellectual development d. parental drug involvement

Q: Discovery of the chronic offender has forced criminologists to consider in their explanations of crime. a. marriage and employmentb. supervision and controlc. persistence and desistence d. age and gender

Q: Wolfgang et al.'s second cohort study tracked males andfemales. What percentage of chronic offenders were female?a. 1 percent b. 3 percent c. 6 percent d. 9 percent

Q: In Wolfgang et al.'s study of male juvenile delinquents, what percentage were chronic offenders?a. 6 percent b. 10 percent c. 16 percent d. 20 percent

Q: ____suggests that as the African-American population increases, so does the amount of social control directed at them. This type of racism could account for the higher rates of minority crime in UCR data.a. Police control theory b. Racial threat theory c. Racial control theory d. Police threat theory

Q: The view of crime suggesting that the social and economic roles of women in society controls their crime rates is termeda. liberation theory.b. the femininity hypothesis. c. the masculinity hypothesis. d. liberal feminist theory.

Q: Crime peaks in adolescence and then declines rapidly thereafter. What is the peak age for property crime?a. 14 b. 16 c. 18 d. 20

Q: What biological process accounts for desistance and aging out?a. the level of hormone activity in the brain b. the end of growth spurtsc. better diets d. balding

Q: UCR data associates social class with crime, indicating higher crime rates in inner-city, high-poverty areas. An alternative explanation for the association between social class and crime is _____, not actual criminal behavior patterns.a. social stereotyping b. population diversityc. law enforcement practicesd. unemployment and under-employment

Q: People living in poverty are believed to engage in disproportionate amounts of____crimes, such as rape and assault, as a result of their rage, anger, and frustration against society.a. deliberate b. expressivec. instrumental d. defensive

Q: Referring to the ecology of crime, which of the following settings has the highest violent crime rate?a. an urban area in the northeast b. a rural area in northeastc. an urban area in the south d. a rural area in the south

Q: Referring to the ecology of crime, which statement about crime and temperature is accurate?a. Crime increases as temperature increases. b. Crime decreases as temperature increases.c. Crime and temperature are inversely related. d. Crime and temperature show no relationship.

Q: Franklin Zimring and Gordon Hawkins believe the____is the single most significant factor separating the crime problem in the United States from that of the rest of the developed world.a. degree of economic opportunityb. proliferation of handguns c. abortion rated. immigrant population

Q: Which of the following factors has been the most stable indicator of criminal likelihood?a. ageb. incomec. race/ethnicity d. temperature

Q: According to UCR data, what is known about today's property crime rate?a. The property crime rate has dropped more than 10 percent in the past decade. b. The property crime rate has increased by nearly 33 percent in the past decade. c. The property crime rate has significantly fluctuated in the past decade.d. The property crime rate has remained relatively stable in the past decade.

Q: How does today's violent crime rate compare to the violent crime rate in 1991?a. Today's violent crime rate has increased by nearly 20 percent. b. Today's violent crime rate has increased by nearly 40 percent. c. Today's violent crime rate has decreased by nearly 20 percent. d. Today's violent crime rate as decreased by nearly 40 percent.

Q: When evaluating the three primary sources of crime data, the crime patterns and trends a. are often quite dissimilar.b. are often quite similar.c. are incapable of providing an accurate picture of crime. d. are not consistent over time.

Q: According to the 2011 Monitoring the Future survey a. the crime problem is the same as indicated by the UCR. b. the crime problem is the same as indicated by the NCVS. c. the crime problem is less than the UCR and NCVS indicate. d. the crime problem is greater than the UCR and NCVS indicate.

Q: The reporting accuracy of self-report studies is impacted by a. the "missing cases" phenomenon.b. the "overreporting" phenomenon c. the "small cohort" phenomenon d. the "known group" phenomenon

Q: A validity concern associated with the NCVS involves a. victims overreporting crime.b. its large sample size.c. interviewing household members under the age of 12.d. police officers who fail to disclose crimes in which they are involved.

Q: While self-report studies can be used to examine the offense history of prison inmates and drug users, most self- report studies have focused ona. adult crime. b. youth crime. c. hate crime.d. school crime.

Q: Survey research involves____the process of selecting for study a limited number of subjects who are representative of entire groups sharing similar characteristics, called the population. a. locatingb. measuring c. samplingd. sectioning

Q: The NCVS annually samples more than 40,000______in order to estimate crime victimization.a. juvenilesb. householdsc. police departments d. offenders

Q: The UCR expresses data as raw figures, crime rates, and changes in the number and rate over time. How are crime rates expressed in the UCR?a. rates per 1,000 total U.S. population b. rates per 10,000 total U.S. population c. rates per 100,000 total U.S. populationd. rates per 1,000,000 total U.S. population

Q: What shortcoming in the UCR is addressed by the National Crime Victimization survey?a. the "Sampling Rule"b. the non-clearance issue c. the "Hierarchy Rule"d. the nonreporting issue

Q: The UCR contains data on Part I and Part II crimes. Which of the following is not a Part I crime?a. hate crime b. arsonc. forcible raped. aggravated assault

Q: The Uniform Crime Report is a primary source of crime data collected by the a. National Institute of Justice.b. Bureau of Justice Statistics.c. Federal Bureau of Investigation. d. Office of Juvenile Justice.

Q: The elderly are particularly resistant to the temptations of crime. a. Trueb. False

Q: Most people commit less crime as they mature. a. Trueb. False

Q: Rehabilitation is the current sentencing approach taken to deal with chronic offenders. a. Trueb. False

Q: Repeat offenders usually begin their career at a very early age. a. Trueb. False

Q: According to the research on chronic offenders, arrests and court experiences deter chronic offenders. a. Trueb. False

Q: Wolfgang and associates' second cohort study found that 6 percent of female delinquents were chronic offenders. a. Trueb. False

Q: Racial and ethnic differentials in crime rates are tied to economic and social disparity. a. Trueb. False

Q: Racial threat theory contends that as the percentage of African-Americans in the population increases, so does the amount of social control that the justice system aims at blacks. a. True b. False

Q: Chronic offenders eventually age out of crime. a. Trueb. False

Q: The weight of recent research suggests that serious crime is more prevalent in socially disorganized lower class areas. a. True b. False

Q: Those living in poverty engage in disproportionate amounts of expressive crimes, such as rape and assault. a. Trueb. False

Q: Most reported crimes occur during the months of April and May. a. Trueb. False

Q: As the number of guns in the population increases so to do violent crime rates. a. Trueb. False

Q: The age structure of the population has a significant influence on crime trends. a. Trueb. False

Q: Property crime rates have declined in recent years, dropping more than 10 percent during the past decade. a. Trueb. False

Q: While people are disturbed by media accounts of violent incidents, in reality media reports simply reflect the significant increase in violent crimes since 1991.a. Trueb. False

Q: Critics of self-report studies frequently suggest that expecting people to candidly admit illegal acts is unreasonable. a. Trueb. False

Q: The National Crime Victimization Survey addresses the nonreporting of crime issue inherent in the UCR. a. Trueb. False

Q: The "Hierarchy Rule" impacts the validity of the National Crime Victimization Survey. a. Trueb. False

Q: The Bureau of Justice Statistics collects data from local law enforcement agencies and publishes them yearly in its Uniform Crime Report (UCR). a. Trueb. False

Q: Identify and explain the three ethical issues that impact criminological research.

Q: What are the differences between felonies and misdemeanors. Provide examples of each of these types of crimes.

Q: By outlawing criminal behavior, the government expects to achieve a number of social goals. Discuss five of the goals that the government hopes to achieve by outlawing these behaviors.

Q: Compare and contrast the consensus, conflict and interactionist views of crime.

Q: Discuss the difference between deviant and criminal behavior.

Q: Compare and contrast critical criminology and social structure theory?

Q: Discuss the defining elements of positivist criminology. How do these elements contrast with the basic elements of classical criminology?

Q: While Lombroso's version of strict biological determinism is no longer taken seriously, discuss the evolution of Lombroso's biological determinism and its relationship to contemporary biosocial theory.

Q: Identify and discuss the various sub-areas that comprise the criminological enterprise.

Q: Explain what it means to say that criminology is an interdisciplinary science. Identify and provide examples of the included academic disciplines and how these disciplines are reflected in criminology.

Q: A _____is a serious offense that carries a penalty of imprisonment, usually for one year or more.

Q: The _______ is the foundation of Judeo-Christian moral teachings and a basis for the U.S. legal system.

Q: The written code that defines crimes and their punishments is_____ .

Q: A ____is an act deemed socially harmful or dangerous and is prohibited under the criminal law.

Q: A lack of norms or clear social standards is referred to as ______.

Q: _____is the branch of social sciences that uses the scientific method of the natural sciences and suggests that human behavior is a product of social, biological, psychological, or economic forces that can be empirically measured.

Q: ______is the study of the victim's role in criminal events.

Q: The treatment of criminal offenders that is aimed at preventing future criminal behavior is____ .

Q: A____ measure is a measure that actually measures what it purports to measure.

Q: ____are actions that depart from the social norm.

Q: a. classical b. biological c. conflictd. process