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Q:
Governor Smith is interested in overhauling the criminal justice system in his state. He realizes that this in a huge endeavor and will need the help of many experts in the field that make up the agencies of social control. He begins assembling his team to look at crime and the criminal justice system in his state.The lawyers on his team believe that acts prohibited by the criminal law constitute behaviors considered unacceptable and impermissible. They believe that government should achieve a number of social goals when outlawing certain behaviors. Which common goal is said to have been met by applying criminal punishments that are designed to prevent crimes before they occur?a. enforce social controlb. discourage revengec. teach moral valuesd. deter criminal behavior
Q:
For months after her husband left, Martha tried to obtain full-time employment in order to better provide for her sons. She applied to over 50 full-time jobs and never received a response. Martha perceives that she is not being hired because she is a woman and is contemplating committing illegal activities in order to provide for her children. Which view of the definition of crime is Martha most likely to support at this point in her life?a. conflict viewb. consensus viewc. criminal viewd. interactionist view
Q:
As a result of her husband's departure, Martha is forced to move her children into a small 2"‘bedroom public housing unit that is located in an urban neighborhood with high levels of poverty and poor performing schools. What school of criminology promotes that Martha should be concerned for the safety of her sons and also worried that they may start committing crime?
a. Chicago School
b. Detroit School
c. New York School
d. Richmond School
Q:
Martha is a mother of two boys, ages 6 and 10. Her husband recently left her and the children. Shortly after her husband left, the police came to Martha's house to inform her that her husband was wanted for several very serious crimes.Martha had always had the feeling that her husband was capable of hurting others. She believed that he "looked" like a criminal and explained to the detective that his physical features gave him a criminal appearance. What branch of criminology best explains Martha's perception of her husband's appearance and alleged criminality?a. classical criminologyb. contemporary criminologyc. positivist criminologyd. sociological criminology
Q:
In Donald's case, the jury deliberated for three hours before reaching a guilty verdict in a fashion.a. majorityb. hungc. tiedd. unanimous
Q:
Assuming Donald's guilt, rehabilitation would begin at what phase of the criminal justice process?
a. preliminary hearing
b. arrest
c. trial
d. incarceration
Q:
Who would argue that Donald weighed the potential costs and benefits of shooting the victim and decided to pull the trigger as a result of free will?
a. A conflict theorist
b. A critical criminologist
c. A positivist
d. A rational choice theorist
Q:
What subarea of criminology would most interested in understanding the victim's role in Donaldʹs case?a. Crime statisticsb. Penologyc. Sociology of Lawd. Victimology
Q:
Donald was arrested for murdering an acquaintance. At the trial, Donald takes the stand and testifies that he and the victim knew each other. He admits that they would drink and use drugs together. One night while "partying," Donald explains in his testimony, an argument got out of hand during a card game. Donald explains that the victim accused him of cheating and pulled out a knife on him and started swinging it in the air. Donald said that he had no choice but to pull out his gun and shoot the victim. The jury convicted Donald of manslaughter.According to Marvin Wolfgang, the incident described above is best characterized as:a. a criminological enterpriseb. a misdemeanorc. a victim precipitated homicided. a white-collar homicide
Q:
What is the term used to describe a jury that is unable to agree on a decision?a. broken b. hungc. mixed d. tied
Q:
The accused is brought before the trial judge and formal charges are read during which step in the criminal justice process?a. adjudication b. arrestc. arraignment d. disposition
Q:
Place the decision points of the criminal justice system in order of their occurrence. a. complaint, arrest, arraignment, investigationb. plea bargaining, grand jury, correctional treatment, appeal c. custody, arraignment, adjudication, dispositiond. disposition, investigation, correctional treatment, plea bargaining
Q:
Approximately how many people are arrested each year for serious felony offenses?a. 2 million b. 12 million c. 24 million d. 40 million
Q:
Police assume which role in the criminal justice system?a. apprehending suspects b. advocates for victims c. sentencing defendants d. incarcerating the guilty
Q:
Agencies of social control include all of the following EXCEPT:a. corrections b. courtsc. policed. legislatures
Q:
Criminologists may face an ethical issue whena. studying only poor, minority subjects while ignoring white-collar criminals b. using a mail survey instead of face-to-face interviewsc. publishing findings in a public journald. studying a juvenile rehabilitation program that does not include counseling
Q:
Criminologists should be ethical in their research because a. they may face a jail sentence if they are not.b. they are moral entrepreneurs.c. the lives of millions of people may be influenced by their research. d. they are seeking to validate their own theories.
Q:
Not only should criminological research do no harm to subjects, but this research should also a. lead to prestige and status for the researcher.b. result in financial gain for the researcher.c. result in financial gain for research subjects.d. be empowering and directly useful to research subjects.
Q:
Which of the following offenses would be classified as a misdemeanor?a. rapeb. assaultc. grand theft auto d. petit theft
Q:
Which of the following offenses would be classified as a felony?a. petty larcenyb. assault and battery c. burglaryd. disturbing the peace
Q:
Under common law, if a royal judge successfully applied a ruling in a number of different cases and published that ruling in order that other judges could apply the ruling in their subsequent decisions, the ruling would becomea. a precedent. b. a royal order. c. statutory law. d. a key decision.
Q:
The most famous set of written laws of the ancient world was a code based on punishment via physical retaliation, "an eye for an eye," but the severity of punishment was dependent on one's class standing. This code was known as a. the Code of Hammurabi.b. the Mosaic Code.c. the Judeo-Christian Code d. the Code of the Israelites
Q:
The American legal system is a direct descendent of a. Roman appellate law.b. British appellate law. c. British common law. d. Roman common law.
Q:
Malaprohibitumcrimes, such as traffic offenses and gambling violations, change according to social conditions and attitudes. Criminal law is used to codify these changes, reflecting which purpose of law?a. enforcing social control b. creating equityc. expressing public opinion and morality d. maintaining social order
Q:
Which of the following is nota legitimate social goal of the criminal law?a. enforcing social control b. encouraging revengec. expressing public opinion and morality d. deterring criminal behavior
Q:
For the conflict, or interactionist's view of crime, it is the _______that defines crimes and their punishments.a. social contractb. legal codec. moral code d. written code
Q:
Maleinsecrimes such as murder and rape reflect which view of crime?a. the consensus view of crime b. the conflict view of crimec. the interactionist view of crime d. the legalistic view of crime
Q:
Which view of crime sees society as a collection of diverse groups who are in a constant and continuing struggle to gain political power in order to advance their economic or social situation?a. the consensus view of crime b. the conflict view of crimec. the interactionist view of crime d. the legalistic view of crime
Q:
Which concept of crime implies that crimes are behaviors that allmembers of society consider to be repugnant, be they rich and powerful or poor and powerless?a. the consensus view of crime b. the conflict view of crimec. the interactionist view of crime d. the legalistic view of crime
Q:
In the 1930s, Harry Anslinger, then head of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, launched a successful effort to criminalize marijuana which had been legal until that time. Which concept of crime does Anslinger's moral crusade reflect?a. the consensus view of crime b. the conflict view of crimec. the interactionist view of crime d. the legalistic view of crime
Q:
Which of the following situations reflects an act of deviance as opposed to a crime?a. a thief who steals an unlocked automobileb. a passerby who observes a person drowning and does not offer aid c. a person who withdraws from family after joining a religious cultd. a man who rapes a woman
Q:
A deviant act becomes a crime when it is defined, _____a. challenged, and banned under common law.b. stigmatized, and banned under procedural law. c. prohibited, and punished under criminal law.d. prohibited, and punished under civil law.
Q:
According to the biological/psychological perspective, which type of forces account for crime?a. internal b. politicalc. ecological d. situational
Q:
According to the structural perspective, crime rates are a function of _____forces such as neighborhood conditions,cultural factors, and norm conflict.a. situational b. internalc. politicald. ecological
Q:
The writings of Karl Marx have had a great impact on______, which faults the economic system for producing the conditions that lead to high crime rates. a. classical criminologyb. positivist criminologyc. developmental criminology d. critical criminology
Q:
The___was a group of urban sociologists who examined how neighborhood conditions, such as poverty levels, influenced crime rates. Their sociological vision transformed into social structure theory.a. Philadelphia Schoolb. Seattle School c. Chicago Schoold. New York School
Q:
Individuals interact with various people, organizations, institutions and social norms as they mature and develop. This process is referred to asa. integration.b. socialization. c. assimilation. d. civilization.
Q:
Considered the "father of criminology" and the man who referred to offenders as "born criminals" wasa. Lombroso. b. Comte.c. Durkheim. d. Glueck.
Q:
"Let the punishment fit the crime" refers to which criminological school of thought?a. positivist criminologyb. developmental criminology c. classical criminologyd. sociological criminology
Q:
Caesar Beccaria, in the 1700s, was one of the first scholars to develop a systematic understanding of why people commit crime. Beccaria help to form the core of what today is referred to as criminology.a. determinism b. classicalc. positivism d. Marxism
Q:
Criminologists interested in computing criminal statistics focus on creating____ and ____measurements of criminal behavior.a. tactical, strategic b. valid, reliablec. legal, positivistd. current, applicable
Q:
Gathering valid crime data, devising new research methods, and measuring crime patterns and trends fall under the ______subarea of the criminological enterprise. a. victimologyb. penology/sentencing/corrections c. theory constructiond. criminal statistics/crime measurement
Q:
Marvin Wolfgang's 1958 study, PatternsinCriminalHomicideis an example of which subarea of the criminological enterprise?a. developing theories of crime causationb. understanding and describing criminal behavior c. criminal statistics/crime measurementd. sociology of law
Q:
The academic discipline of criminology uses scientific methods to study the of criminal behavior. a. nature, extent, cause, and controlb. history, economics, and controlc. prevalence, placement, and reduction d. economics, politics, and policies
Q:
Developmental criminologists trace criminal careers over the life course. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Not all crimes are deviant and not all deviant acts are criminal. a. Trueb. False
Q:
At the preliminary hearing, the judge decides whether there is probable cause sufficient for trial. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Members of a grand jury are made up of law enforcement officers and judges. a. Trueb. False
Q:
Bail is established at the preliminary hearing.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Over the past decades, it has been shown that criminological research has been influenced by government funding linked to topics the government wants researched and topics the government wishes to avoid.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The distinction between whether a crime is classified as a felony or misdemeanor is based upon the age of the individual committing the crime.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Under common law, if a new rule was successfully applied in a number of different cases, it would become a precedent.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The social control function of criminal law is tied to its sanctioning power to punish offenders. a. Trueb. False
Q:
The term "criminal law" refers to the written code that defines crimes and their punishments. a. Trueb. False
Q:
The consensus view of crime suggests that the definition of crime reflects the preferences and opinions of people who hold social power in a particular legal jurisdiction.
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to the conflict view of crime, criminal laws are viewed as acts created to protect the haves from the have-nots.
a. True
b. False
Q:
A crime becomes a deviant act when it is deemed by lawmakers as socially harmful or dangerous. a. True
b. False
Q:
The juvenile delinquency research of Eleanor and Sheldon Glueck (in the 1940s and 50s) profoundly influenced criminology and formed the basis for today's trait theory.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Critical criminologists contend that society's economic system plays a significant role in producing criminal behavior.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Chicago School sociologists argued that social forces operating in urban areas created a crime-promoting environment; some areas were "natural areas" for crime.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Use of the scientific method to conduct research in an objective, universal, and culture free fashion is an element of classical criminology.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The mid-eighteenth century belief stressing that the relationship between crime and punishment should be balanced and fair can be traced to Cesare Beccaria.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The criminological enterprise sub-area of victimology is concerned with specific criminal behavior systems such as white-collar crime and violent crime.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Criminology is an academic discipline that uses scientific methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Explain a hypothetical scenario in which a plea bargain may be used for a criminal convicted of multiple felonies.
Q:
Explain the "process of justice" as illustrated in your text.
Q:
What are the differences between felonies and misdemeanors? Provide examples of each of these types of crimes.
Q:
An agreement between prosecution and defense in which the accused pleads guilty in return for a reduced sentence, reduction of charges, or some other consideration is known as ______.
Q:
A filing before an impartial lower-court judge who decides whether the case should go forward is known as ______.
Q:
Taking a criminal case to a higher court on the grounds that the defendant was found guilty because of legal error or violation of his or her constitutional rights is known as a/an _____.
Q:
Fingerprinting, photographing, and recording personal information of a suspect is commonly referred to as _____.
Q:
A written accusation returned by a grand jury charging an individual with a specified crime based on the prosecutor's demonstration of probable cause is known as ______.
Q:
A declaration that expresses the prosecutor's decision to drop a case from further prosecution is known as ______.
Q:
A pledge by the accused to return for trial, which may be accepted in the form of bail is known as _____.
Q:
A _______ is a serious offense that carries a penalty of imprisonment, usually for one year or more.
Q:
The ______ is the foundation of Judeo-Christian moral teachings and a basis for the U.S. legal system.
Q:
The written code that defines crimes and their punishments is ________________.
Q:
A _______ is an act deemed socially harmful or dangerous and is prohibited under the criminal law.
Q:
A lack of norms or clear social standards is referred to as ____________.
Q:
____________ is the branch of social sciences that uses the scientific method of the natural sciences and suggests that human behavior is a product of social, biological, psychological, or economic forces that can be empirically measured.